A STUDY OF PERSON DEIXIS USED IN
“INI TALK SHOW”
PROGRAM
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of
Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Wahyu Fatahillah
Reg. Number: A93212190
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
The Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah. M, App. Ling Key Words: Deixis. Ini Talk Show.
Person deixis is one of the categories of deixis which functioned to point the speaker himself. When people communicate with each other, they don’t need to say the full name of the place, time or person that they talk about. They just need to say the deictic expressions that refer to it. In this research, the researcher focuses on three types of person deixis that found in Ini Talk Show program, they are first person deixis, second person deixis, and third person deixis. The reason is because there are many variation of person deixis that used in Indonesia language. This researcher focuses on two research problems: (1) what are the types of person deixis used in Ini Talk show program?, (2) what are the interpretation of person deixis used in Ini Talk Show program?.
This research uses descriptive qualitative to describe the types of person deixis used by the participants in Ini Talk Show program. The data are transcribed utterances produced the participants in Ini Talk Show.
INTISARI
Fatahillah, Wahyu. 2016. A Study of Person Deixis Used in “Ini Talk Show” Program. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Raudlotul Jannah. M, App. Ling Kata Kunci: deiksis, Ini Talk Show
Deiksis persona adalah salah satu jenis deiksis yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan kepada pembicara itu sendiri. Ketika orang berkomunikasi satu sama lain, mereka tidak perlu mengatakan nama lengkap dari tempat, waktu, atau orang yang mereka bicarakan. Mereka hanya perlu mengatakan kata ganti deiksis yang merujuk ke hal tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti fokus pada tiga jenis deiksis persona yang ditemukan dalam program Ini Talk Show, mereka adalah pertama orang deixis, kedua orang deixis, dan ketiga orang deixis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua permasalah: (1) Apa jenis-jenis deiksis persona digunakan dalam program “Ini Talk show”?, (2) Apakah interpretasi deiksis persona yang digunakan dalam program “Ini Talk Show”?.
Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan jenis-jenis deiksis persona yang digunakan oleh para peserta dalam program Ini Talk Show. Data yang digunakan adalah ucapan-ucapan dari peserta yang sudah ditranskrip di Ini Talk Show.
INSIDE TITLE PAGE ... ii
DECLARATION ... iii
DEDICATION... iv
MOTTO... v
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vi
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
ABSTRACT ... xii
INTISARI ...xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study ... 1
1.2 Research Problems ... 5
1.3 Research Purpuse ... 6
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Pragmatics ... 9
2.2 Deixis ... 10
2.3 Person Deixis ... 11
2.3.1 First Person Deixis ... 13
2.3.2 Second Person Deixis ... 14
2.3.3 Third Person Deixis ... 15
2.4 Place Deixis ... 16
2.5 Time Deixis ... 16
2.6 Discourse Deixis ... 17
2.7Social Deixis ... 18
2.8 Context ... 18
2.9 Previous Studies ... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Research Design... 22
3.2 Research Instruments ... 22
3.3 Data and Data Source ... 23
3.4 Data Collection ... 23
3.5 Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... 25
4.1.1 Types of Person Deixis ... 26
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 50 5.2 Suggestion ... 51
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
In any kind of conversation such as broadcasting, conversation in talk show
and so on, it cannot be denied that in every conversation there must be deixis, because
it is used to know who the speaker is, what the purpose of the utterance that the
speaker says is. We know that every single conversation, deixis is always appear and
can’t be avoid by people. Laurence R (2006) stated that deixis is the study of deictic
or indexical expression in language, like you, now, today. It means that deixis is
talking about the expression that refers to something and sometimes makes the reader
misunderstand about something that they read or hear. For instance when we have the
conversation or communication with other people, we use deixis in our conversation
such as the word “you”, “here”, “now” and so on. Those deixis functioned for
indicating something or someone in conversation. In those examples, the word “you,
here, now” are used to point people, place and time.
There are five major categories in deixis, person, time, place, discourse and
social deixis (Levinson 1983). To interpret all of those deixis categories, we should
know the context of the utterance, because it doesn’t have permanent reference. For
instance, in the sentence
“I hate you”.
Both of the words
“I”
and
“you”
are different
though different speaker, time or place express them. People can directly imagine the
physical of
“room”
when someone says that word even if he is not in that place. This
way can’t be used to interpret the word
“I”
and
“you”
. But, when people know the
context of that utterance, for the example “
I”
here as
Andy
and “
you”
as
Nindy
, it can
be directly understood that the person who hated by
Andy
is
Nindy.
So to interpret
those words, people need to know about the context from the sentence “
I hate you”.
Fromkin (2003) stated that in all languages, the reference of certain words and
expressions relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance, and can only be
understood in light of these circumstances.
Considering that deixis is very important in conversation, many researchers
have conducted studies to investigate deixis in different objects. They have
investigated deixis such as Mutiara Sari (2015) discussed about person deixis used in
SBY’s speech in Harvad University. The result from her research that SBY uses all
three types of person deixis, and the most person deixis that used by SBY is first
person deixis. It is mostly used by SBY because he talks about himself as the
president of Indonesia. Second is Rasrizal (2010) discussed person deixis used in the
script of the movie pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl. This movie
tells about the adventures of a pirate named Jack Sparrow, who had to fall up to
survive with all the problems that he faced. The result of his research that person
deixis showed 119 times and the percentage is 99.3% which is consist of 17
3
them
and
it.
And the third is Wati (2014) discussed about deixis used in song lyric in
Taylor Swift’s “Red” album. She found that the most deixis which is used by Taylor
Swift as the song writer is first singular person deixis, because all of the song lyrics
tell about her life story. And the last is Aulia (2014) discussed about person deixis
used in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah talk show. The result of this research is
that first person deixis is mostly used in both talk shows because it is useful to create
humor by avoiding insulting third parties. (Bukan Empat Mata 58.1% and Show Imah
57.7%). It is followed by the second person (Bukan Empat Mata 34.9% and Show
Imah 32.5%) and third person deixis (Bukan Empat Mata 7.0% and Show Imah
9.8%).
So, we can conclude that deixis is always appears in every conversation that
done by people, either in written or in spoken. And it has been proved by several
researchers who have mentioned above that deixis is can’t be separated from every
conversation.
Among those researcher, it seems that talk show is still rarely becomes the
source of data, especially a talk show in Indonesia. And we know that there are some
different variation of deixis that used by Indonesian people, especially in person
deixis. So, the researcher decides to choose a talk show becomes the source of data
Talk show program is one of popular programs in Indonesian TV show. Most
of TV stations have that program, for instance
Bukan Empat Mata
in Trans 7,
Show
Imah
in Trans TV,
Indonesia Lawyer Club
in TV One,
Hitam Putih
in Trans 7,
Kick
Andy
in Metro TV and so on. By watching it, people will get a lot of information
from one or more people as the guest in that talk show. Among all those talk shows,
the researcher chooses
“Ini Talk Show”
in NET TV station as the source of data in
this research, because it seems many kinds of person deixis that appears in it.
Ini Talk show
is a talk show that has been conceptualized with the
comfortable and relaxes situation. The look of the room of this talk show was created
as a living room in a House. So it looks like the conversation of a family. This is also
evidenced by the presence of family members who participated in the talk show, such
as Parto as the security guards, Saswi as mamang Sule, Maya as a household assistant
which provide the drinks for the guest, and etc.
Ini talk show
is a talk show that discuss about an issues in society, or
something that could be an inspiration or motivation for the people who watch it. In
addition, jokes always appear in this program. This talk show showed every Monday-
Friday at 20.00- 21.30 PM. The concept of the show began on March 23, 2014 and
was showed firstly on TV on March 29, 2014. Then they decides that every March 29
5
In this research, the researcher only focuses on person deixis in
Ini Talk Show
because there are some variation of person deixis that used by the host and the guests
that comes to the show, such as
saya, kau, dia
and so on. Those kinds of variation
used by Indonesian people based on the context of the conversation. We use personal
deixis
“aku”
when we speak to our friends or in informal situation, for instance when
Andy
asked his best friend to pick him up at the Airport at 09.00PM, “
Pick me up at
the Airport at 09.00PM”
. The word
“me”
will be translated into Indonesian as
“aku”
, because they have known each other well, while person deixis “
saya”
is used
to show our politeness, for instance asking for help to somebody,
“would you do me a
favor?”.
The word
“I”
will be translated into Indonesia as
“saya”
for showing our
politeness.
So the uses of those variations deal with the context of situation. Besides
that, this program becomes one of favorite talk show program in Indonesia, because
two famous comedians “
Andre”
and “
Sule”
as host and co-host that always entertain
the audients by their jokes. For those reasons, so the researcher decides to take
Ini
Talk show
becomes the object of this research.
1.2
Research questions
Based on the background above, the researcher makes two possible research
questions, are:
2.
What are the interpretations of the person deixis based on the context in
“Ini
Talk Show”
program?
1.3
Research purpose
Based on the research question, there are two purposes of the study, are:
1.
To find out the person deixis that used in “
Ini Talk Show”
program
2.
To interpret the used of person deixis based on the context in “
Ini Talk Show”
program
1.4
Significance of study
Deixis is not as easy as we think because without understanding about it, we
can’t understand what especially the deixis means, and to what the deixis that we
found refers to. By doing this research, the researcher hopes it can be a valuable
contribution for everyone who is interested in this study and it also will be alternative
reference or supporting complement of the research that has been done.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
Regarding to the statement in the research problem, the researcher focuses on
the person deixis in
Ini Talk show
that showed on 22 October 2014, they are first
person, second person, and third person.
They are two reasons that make those parts become the object of this study: it
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to tell about the story of their life. So the person deixis will be used by them to refer
to themselves. The next reason is about using person deixis
“kau”
in this talk show.
The word
“kau”
is a dialect that used by people who live in Sumatra Utara,
especially in Medan, and it was uttered by
Babe Cabita
. This word used
Babe Cabita
because he was born in Medan, Sumatra Utara. In this video,
Andre
and
Babe
demonstrate how the people of Medan use their dialect. This pronoun will sound rude
for the people who never use the word
kau
. The example when the Javanese people
make a conversation with the people of Medan. They will feel that the words
kau
is
very rude because the Javanese use the word
kamu
to point to the singular of the
second person. Instead, the word
kau
will be a normal pronoun if it word used for
people who live in Sumatra, particularly in Medan. But this pronoun will be sounded
disrespectful when it is used with people older than us or in formal situations.
1.6 Definition of key term
To avoid misunderstanding in this research, the researcher clarifies the
following some term as terms:
1.
Deixis
Deixis is one of subfield in pragmatics that has the function as pointing via
language. And there are five categories in deixis: person, place, time, social,
and discourse deixis.
Talk show is a TV program which show one or more people as the guest stars
to make some discussion with certain topic, and lead by a host or presenter.
3.
Ini talk show
In talk show is an Indonesian talk show which is running on NET TV channel.
This talk show program was first aired on 24 March 2014, and the schedule of
this program started from Monday- Friday at 20.00 PM. This program not
only discuses about some issue from the guest, but also a joke that always
appear because of two famous comedians
Sule
and
Andre
as host and co-host
in this program.
4.
Person deixis
Person deixis is the type of deixis which pointing a person such as: I, you, he,
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a branch linguistics that related to the intended meaning. Bublizt
and Neal (2011) stated that pragmatics understood as investigation system for what
exactly people means in using of language. It means that pragmatic can be understood
as the part of the study in language that serves to investigate what the speaker means.
It is different when we talks about semantics and pragmatics. Semantics concentrates
with the real meaning, while pragmatics concentrates with the intended meaning
which can’t be predicted by linguistic knowledge. According to Peccei (1999) that
semantics concentrates on the meaning that comes from the purely of the linguistics
knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on the meaning that can’t be predicted by
the linguistics knowledge. In addition, Yule (1996) stated that pragmatics is the study
that concern in the meaning of the speaker’s says and interpreted by the listener. It is
also strengthened by Fromkin (2003) that pragmatics is concerned with the
interpretation of linguistic meaning in context. It means that pragmatics pays
attention more to the condition, situation which the utterances are uttered by the
speaker and only can be interpreted by the listener in that conversation. For instance
when we say “where is he now?”. The word “
he
” only can be understood by the
understood by the second person who exactly “
he
” in it. According to Mey (2001)
that pragmatics is studies about the use of language in human communication. Cruse
(2006) also stated that pragmatics is refers to meanings which a speaker intends to
convey.
All of the definition above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is concern
with the intended meaning which related to the language that used by the people. It
can’t be denied that pragmatic always appear in our conversation. Without understand
it, people can be wrong in interpret what exactly people said.
2.2
Deixis
Deixis is functioned as the pointing via language. Yule (1996) defined that
deixis means pointing via language. Pointing here means refers to person deixis,
place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.
Meye (2009) said that In
addition to having meaning, words also have a pointing function, and it is called as
deixis.
For the example when someone wrote the letter:
“I’ll be back in an hour”
From the underlined words in example above, it can be seen that
“I”
and
“an
hour”
refer to something which express to person, and time. But it still unclearly who
exactly the word
“I”
refer to and when the word
“I”
will be back, because it doesn’t
11
So we know that to understand about deixis is not as easy as we think,
because to interpret of deixis, it’s depending on the context. It is relate with Victoria
Fromkin (2003) that in all language, the reference of certain words and expressions
relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance. So without knowing about
the context of certain words and expressions, it’s difficult to understand it. Based on
Laurence R (2006) that deixis is the study of deictic or indexical expression in
language, like you, now, today. In other words, deixis is a form of referring that
depends on the speaker’s context including the time and place the speaker speaks as a
deictic center.
Deixis implicates not only the characteristic functions of the demonstrative
pronouns but also tense and person, and a number of other syntactically relevant
features of the context of utterance. As quoted from Levinson’s book “Pragmatics”
there are five kinds of deixis, they are:
person deixis, time deixis, place deixis,
discourse deixis
and
social deixis
.
2.3
Person Deixis
Person deixis is one of the categories of deixis which functioned to point the
speaker himself. Levinson state (1983) that person deixis is the encoding of the role
of participants in the speech event in which the utterances delivered. In addition
Huang (2014) stated that person deixis is focused with the identification of the
The basic grammatical distinctions in person deixis are three categories: first
person, second person and third person Levinson (1983). The speaker, known as the
first person, the addressee, known as the second person, and other significant
participants in the speech situation, neither speaker nor hearer; these are known as
third person. All of these, they come in singular and plural pronoun.
In social interaction, a speaker needs to consider the pronoun that he will use.
He has to choose the most appropriate ones to use. The choice of pronoun should be
socially acceptable because it can represent the speaker’s position in relation to
people around him in the society.
For example:
Bos: Kamu harus datang besok ke kantor jam 8 pagi.
Karyawan:
siap pak, saya akan datang jam 8 besok pagi
From the conversation above, it can be seen that the pronoun
“saya”
is used
to represent the speaker’s position as the employee and to show his respect to the
boss. The use of the pronoun
“saya”
will be replaced when the utterance took place
between two friends who have known each other. The speaker will use the pronoun
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The following table sumps up about the difference of person deixis between
English language and Indonesia language.
Pronoun
Singular
Plural
ENGLISH
INDONESIA
ENGLISH
INDONESIA
First person
I
saya, gue, aku,
We
Kami (exclusive)
Kita (Inclusive)
Second person
You
Kamu, kau,
anda, engkau,
lu/elu, dikau
You
Kalian, anda
sekalian
Third person
He, She, It
Dia, beliau, ia
They
Mereka
From the table above, it can be seen that there are three categories of person
deixis, and Indonesian language has more variation than English language. All of
them will be explained as following below.
2.3.1 First person deixis
The first category is that known as the speaker or first person deixis. It refers
to the speaker himself (Levinson 1983). In English language, it can be expressed in
singular pronoun such as I, myself, me. While in Indonesian language, it can be
(Indro)
Katanya kau anak medan juga?
(Andre)
Benar benar, mamak ku medan.
(Sule)
Berapa lama di obname waktu itu?
(Indro)
Terserah saya
(Sule)
Ia ga bisa dipaksa, orang dia yang di obname, ngapain nnyak2
sich, gua salah pakek nanyak2.
All the underlined words of the examples express the first person singular that
used by Indonesian people. It can be seen when
Andre
said
“Mamak ku”
. The word
“
-ku”
refers to
Andre’s
mother. Then the word “
saya
” is also refers to first person, it
is used by
Indro
to point himself
.
The last word is “
gue”
which refers to
Sule
the first
person singular.
The difference also prevails between Indonesia and English language in the
first person plural. Indonesia language, there are two different person deixis which
refers to the first person plural namely
kami
(excluded the addressee) and
kita
(included the addressee).
While English has the first person plural
we
that may cause
an ambiguity, for instance when someone says:
we should leave now.
The word
“we”
here becomes two meaning, whether the speaker asks permission to leave or the
speaker want the addressee also leave with him. So to understand the meaning of the
word “
we”
, the addressee should interpret based on the context.
2.3.2 Second person deixis
The next category is second person that functioned to encode one or more
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plural, they are
You, Yourself, your
etc. to interpret between
you
as the singular and
You
as the plural, the hearer should know about the context of the utterance.
For example:
Lecture: Do you understand Andy?
Andy : Yes, I do
From the example above, the word “
you”
is the singular person. It can be seen
from the word
“Andy”
which clearly refers to singular person. But it will different
when the lecture says:
do you understand guys?.
The word
“you”
here refers to the
students. So it called as the second plural.
2.3.3 Third person deixis
The last category of person deixis is the third person, such as:
he, she, it
and
the plural is
“they”.
The third person of
He
is expressed as the male, whereas
she
is
represented as female.
Third person is used in an utterance in referring to anyone
other than the speaker or ones being addressed. Levinson (1983) stated that the third
person encodes of the reference to person and entities which are neither speakers nor
addressee of the utterance. The example: when Andy’s mother asks
about his brother
and sister.
The underlined word of the examples above is reflected to the third person, so
the word “
they”
refers to Andy’s brothers. It can be concluded that we should
understand the context of the sentence before interpret it.
2.4
Place Deixis
Place deixis is deixis which indicates the location of some space between the
speaker and the listener. Levinson (1983) stated that space or place deixis concern
with the specification of locations in the speech event. Place deixis is where the
relative location of people and things being indicated. The deixis words that
functioned to point the locative adverb such as
here
(close to the speaker) and
there
(relatively distant from the speaker)
,
and the demonstrative pronouns such as
this
and
that
and any words that refers to location. For instance when a speaker says
let’s sit
here,
the word here means refers to a location which is identical close to where the
speaker himself is at the time of speaking. While
there
means refers to a location at
some distance away from the speaker himself but within view.
2.5
Time Deixis
Time deixis is the term of deixis that used to indicates a time. Lavinson
(1983) stated that time deixis is encoding the time at which an utterance was spoken
or written. The linguistic forms to express time deixis are the adverb of time in the
17
operated to point the time, such as calendar and a clock time. It can be understood if
the speaker and the hearer knows when the utterance was uttered. For instance:
“Tomorrow is my birthday”
The underlined word above is one of the example of time deixis which
functioned to point the time. When that word uttered at Saturday, so the word
tomorrow
refers to the day after it, Sunday. So it can be concluded that to distinguish
the moment of the utterance from the moment of reception is very important in order
to avoid misunderstanding in interpreting the time deixis.
2.6
Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis is concern to the expression within some utterance refers to
the discourse that contains the utterance. According to Lavinson (1983) that discourse
deixis deal with encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which
the utterance is located. The deictic word of it can be the demonstrative word such as
That
and
This
. For instance “
you should eat this food. This is very delicious”.
The
word
this
refers to specific one. It refers to the food which the taste is delicious. So it
can be concluded that discourse deixis used to refer to the certain utterance that have
2.7
Social Deixis
The choice of linguistic forms is affected by the speaker and the addressee’s
social
relationship. Pronouns are one of the tools to indicate social distance between
the
speaker and the addressee. According to Lavinson (1983) that social deixis
concern with the aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or determined by
certain realities of participants or social situation in which the speech event occurs. It
means that social deixis related to the social status.
Most language have at least two forms, an informal one when the utterance
occurs between friends and a more formal one is used for showing respect to the
person addressed, typically because they are older or more important than the
speaker. For example in Indonesian language, they will use
kamu
in informal
situation and will use
anda
in formal situation.
Social deixis can be expressed with ‘polite’ pronouns and the title of the
addressee. For instance when someone say
“I will submit my assignment to Professor
Smith today”,
it can be seen that the word
Professor
used by the speaker to show his
respect to the person. So it can be concluded that social deixis is a deictic expression
used to distinct social status.
2.8
Context
The term context has a great deal in a conversation because it can influence
19
identities of participants, temporal, and spatial of the speech even. Meanwhile, Yule
(1996) stated that context is the physical environment in which a referring expression
is used.
Context is a sentence or phrase in which a word appears in certain
circumstance in which an event happens in the use of language. So, many case of
language cannot be resolve without bringing elements of meaning that depend heavily
on the context. Context also influences the choice of the words or the deictic words
that used by the speaker (Mey 2001). It means that the speaker will choose the
utterance that is appropriate to the context of situation. There are two kinds of
contexts, social context and societal context. Social context is a context that happens
because of the interaction between community members within a particular social and
cultural community. While societal context is the context in which the determining
factor is the position of members of the community in the social intuition that exist in
the society and the culture. For instance in using the deictic word
anda
and
kamu,
those words are have same function as the first person deixis, but those words are
used in different context. The deictic word
anda
often used in formal situation of to
show our respect, while the deictic word
kamu
used by people in the same age or
2.9 Previous Studies
The researcher will present the previous researches that deal with deixis
analysis. There are some researchers who have investigated about this. So the
researcher will provide the previous study dealing with this topic.
The first is Udin (2009). He discussed about deixis of advertisement in time
Magazine. He explained that the person deixis “you” is dominant used in
advertisement in Time Magazine. It was used dominantly to indicate the readers and
customers. Besides, time deixis also used in this Magazine to represent of the places
in where the customers should use their mobile phone.
The second is Setyawati (2013). She investigated the deixis that used in the
novel “Emma”. She explained the deixis that used in this novel consist of four types,
they are: person, spatial, temporal, and discourse deixis. The dominant utterance that
used in each types of deixis consist of person deixis
I
that indicated Emma as the
main character in that novel. The spatial deixis that used in this novel are
here
and
There
to know how distance the speech situation of between the participants
happened. The temporal deixis that used in this novel to know the moment of the
utterance as the reference point in the conversation of the novel. Discourse deixis
used in this novel to know what is being or has been talk by the participant of the
21
The third is Haq (2016). He analyzed the deixis in Dave Pelzer’s a Child Call
“it” novel. In his research result explained that there were five types of person deixis
found in his research: person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. The most
dominant type that found in the novel is time deixis. This type shows the time of the
activities that happened in the novel.
Moreover, this research focuses on the person deixis that used in
Ini Talk
Show.
It becomes the unique one that can makes differentiates to the previous studies.
This research investigates the person deixis that used in
Ini Talk Show
which has
many variations than English language. Besides, we can avoid the misunderstanding
In this chapter, the researcher explained the general process in collecting and
analyzing the data that used by the researcher in this research. It is includes research
design, research instrument, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1
Research Design
This researcher used descriptive qualitative. It means that the researcher
describe the data based on the context in the form of word, phrase, or sentence. In this
research, the researcher described the types of the person deixis, they are first person
deixis, second person deixis, and the last is third person deixis. Here, the researcher
described all of those types that used in “
Ini Talk show”
program. And the analysis
will be explained clearly in the paragraph form.
3.2
Research Instrument
Research instrument is one of the important things in doing a research,
because it is the tools used by the researcher to collect the data. In this research, the
researcher uses the human as the main instrument for this research. So the researcher
himself will be the instrument of this research. To support of this research, the
researcher also needed some supporting instrument such as a computer to makes
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3.3
Data and Data source
The data is the word of deixis that appears in “
Ini Talk show”
which produces
by host/ co-host and guest stars that invited to that show. And the data source of this
research is the transcript of this talk show program.
3.4
Data collection
In collecting the data, the researcher uses some steps.
1.
The first step, the researcher tried to look for the talk show video in YouTube.
2.
After selecting the talk show video, then the researcher downloaded the video.
3.
Because the video is in the form of spoken language, then the researcher made
the transcript of the video.
4.
After making the transcription of the video, the researcher read the whole
contents of the talk show many times.
5.
The researcher selected the data by selecting the words in the talk show
transcription that includes three categories of person deixis they are, first
person deixis, second person deixis, and third person deixis.
6.
The word that indicated to the three categories of person deixis will be bolded
3.5
Data analysis
After collecting the data, the next step was analyzing the data from
Ini Talk
show
. There are several steps in analyzing of this research.
1.
The first step to analyze the data by identifying of the data which indicates the
person deixis used in
Ini Talk show
program by bolding the data in order to
get easier in analyzing of the data.
2.
The second is categorizing the data to three types of person deixis to deal with
the answering of the first question stated in the statement problem of this
research, then providing the result of the data into the form of tabling. The
next step understands well to types of person deixis based on the context used
in
Ini Talk show
in order to get helping the way of doing the interpretation.
3.
The last step is giving the interpretation to the data based on the context used
in
Ini Talk show
to deal with the answering of the second question stated in
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains an analysis of person deixis in Ini Talk show on NET TV that shown 22 October 2014. In this chapter, the researcher will answer both
of two research question that had been mentioned in chapter I. there are three
categories of person deixis: first person, second person, and third person. All of
them will be discussed as the following.
4.1 Finding
Person deixis is functioned as referring to someone or something. It means
that the speaker can uses the deictic words to point to anything, either for people
or things. By using it, our language will be more subtle and well-structured. The
sentence that uses person deixis is certainly more efficient than we have to say or
write the name of person or things continuously.
There are three categories of person deixis: first person, second person and
third person, all of them used by the speakers in Ini Talk show program. The deictic word that used by the speakers have several variations, such as saya, gue, aku which refers to the speaker himself, kau, kamu which refers to the addressee, dia, mereka which refers to someone other than the speaker.
After reading the transcript of the show, the researcher found three
No Person deixis The deictic words Percentage 1 First person deixis aku, saya, gue (singular)
kita, kami (plural)
56.45%
2 Second person deixis kamu, kau, -mu, lu/elu 25.26%
3 Third person deixis dia, -nya (singular)
mereka (plural)
18.27%
The deictic words above were found in Ini Talk show which produced by the host and the guest in their communication. All of them will be explained as
following.
4.1.1 The types of person deixis applied in Ini Talk Show program
[image:36.612.127.513.105.711.2]The following discussion is about the three types of person deixis in Ini Talk Show program, they are: first person, second person and third person.
Table 1. First person deixis
No Sentences Subject Object Possessive adjective 1 Sule: …Sebelum
saya melanjutkan omongan saya, kami persilahkan untuk duduk.
Sebelum saya
Kami persilahkan (plural)
Omongan saya
2 Andre: Dan inilah dia bintang tamu kita, Dona Harun.
26
3 Sule: mami Dona, bawak apa itu? Pasti buat saya.
Dona: ga ada sopan-sopanya ya, nanyak
dulu apa
kabar...siapa tau buat aku, buat cemilan aku takut disini ga ada cemilanya.
Pasti buat saya siapa tau buat aku
Buat cemilan aku
4 Dona Harun: aku juga begitu tu dulu beberapa, jadi proses terpuruknya itu dari lima tahun yang lalu…ya kalau kita ga ikhlas ya susah.
Aku juga begitu tu
Ya kalau kita ga ikhlas ya susah
5 Sule: ih, terasa, pas begitu gua megang, hati gua terasa dicubit- cubit.
Pas begitu gua megang
Hati gua terasa dicubit-cubit
6 Sule: tapi bener, istri saya juga begitu, kalau dirumah lagi mengandung ga mau
Ga mau liat saya
Istri saya juga begitu
liat saya. …Alhamdulillah anak saya bagus semua.
7 Sule: jadi bini gua, pengen gua baca koran sambil jalan-jalan ga pakek ape-ape ndre.
Pengen gua baca koran
[image:38.612.126.515.100.694.2]Jadi bini gua
Table 2. Second person deixis
no sentences Subject Object Possessive adjective 1 Mang Saswi: itu
ikan hiu yang kemarin kamu belik.
Sule: iya
Kemarin kamu belik
2 Sule: siapa ini? Mang saswi: ah, kamu mah suka lupa.
Ah, kamu mah suka lupa
3 Dona: Tapi bukan istri kamu aja lek…
28
Sule: oh gitu.
4 Babe: …kalau band kan keren, breakdance keren, kayaknya pacar kau siapa? Pelawak.
Pacar kau siapa?
5 Andre: sudah 2 tahun 6kau ga pulang-pulang cok. Mamakmu cok.
Sudah dua tahun kau
Mamakmu cok
6 Andre: udahlah, mendingan lu opening program dulu…
Mendingan lu opening
7 Sule: ndre, gua mau banyak ngobrol sama lu ya…
[image:39.612.127.513.102.563.2]Banyak ngobrol sama lu ya
Table 3. Third person deixis
no sentences Subject Object Possessive adjective 1 Andre: Dia ngebelain
diet, mengecilkan
badanya sampai kadang-kadang udah tinggal tulang. Sebenarna dia itu menarik perhatian laki-laki atau menarik perhatian anjing sih.
Sebenarnya dia itu
2 Andre: Dulu waktu
istrinya hamil…
Sule: ini dia paling paham…
Ini dia paling paham
Dulu waktu istrinya hamil
3 Babe: …wah sekarang gila karirnya sekarang bisa nge host,bisa dia terakhir juga main film ya kang ya.
Dia terakhir juga
Wah sekarang gila karirnya
4 Andre: sebenarnya kesuksesan seseorang bukan dinilai ketika dia sudah menjadi sukses, tapi adalah nilai ketika dia memperjuangkan dari nol untuk mencapai kesuksesan itu.
Dinilai ketika dia sudah menjadi kaya Tapi adalah nilai ketika dia menperjuangk an
5 Dona: Mungkin mereka juga liat aku
30
begini, katanya artis, tapi dandan cumak seigtu aja
4.2 The interpretation of deictic words used in Ini Talk Show
A. First person deixis
The first person deixis is used to indicate the speaker himself. The speaker
here as a center point or deictic center. It can be seen that the first person has two
parts, they are singular and plural. The singular deictic word that found in Ini Talk Show program: saya, aku, gue, and the plural are Kita, kami.
Example 1
Sule: …Sebelum saya melanjutkan omongan saya, kami persilahkan untuk duduk. Sule here as the host in Ini Talk Show program. That sentence was spoken when he did the opening and greeted the spectators who were watching the show.
It can be seen that the underlined word that used by Sule is the word saya and not the word aku or gue. It was happened because the deictic word saya is more efficiently used in formal situations and sounds more polite. From the sentence
above found three deictic words that used by the speaker, saya, saya, kami. In using of those deictic words, we should look at the condition before pronounce it.
The deictic word saya is the word that sounds smoother than the word aku and gue. In a formal forum or in a community, the deictic word saya is a suitable word
will not efficient if it used in a formal situation. This is supported by the data that
I found in Ini Talk show.
The underlined word saya has the same meaning with the next word saya in the sentence above. But both of them have different function. The first saya is categorized as the singular of the first person deixis which classified as the
subject. It means that the deictic word saya used as the subject of the verb. Whereas, the next word saya is categorized as the singular of the first person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective. It means that the deictic word
saya is referred to something which belongs to the speaker. Here, saya as the possessive adjective refers to the speech of the speaker.
Other deictic word are used by the speaker is kami. Deictic word kami is the word that indicates the speaker as the representation of other speaker, but
excluding the listener. It means more than one speaker is involved. So, the word
kami only involved the speaker and the partners of him, but excluding of the listener. So, choosing of the varieties of first person deixis is very important in
order to makes the sentence more efficient based on the situation.
For knowing the use of the right variation of person deixis is affected the
sentences, the researcher changes the word saya to the word gue which has the same meaning.
32
It can be seen that the sentence above sounds disrespectful and not
appropriate with the situation of the sentence uttered. The listener will feel
uncomfortable with that utterance.
From the table that present the finding or person deixis in Ini Talk Show, the plural of first person deixis not only the word kami but also the word kita. Both of the words have different meaning. The word kami used to represent the speaker excluded the listener, while kita represent the speaker included the listener.
Example 2
Andre: Dan inilah dia bintang tamu kita, Dona Harun.
From the data above, Andre as the co-host of the talk show invite the guest to come to the show. The guest that invited is Dona Harun. It can be seen that the underlined bold word kita is the plural of the first person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective. It means that the speaker represents himself and
involved al participants in the show to let their guest come in to that talk show
program. But it will be different if the deictic word kami used in that sentence. It will show that the guests which invited to the show only for the player of the show
without involving the audience who watched Ini Talk show. That’s why he used the deictic word kita in that sentence.
a young people used the word saya to point to themselves when they communicate with older people. It will sound more polite and respectful by the
other speaker. It is supported by the data that found in Ini Talk Show.
Example 3
Sule: mami Dona, bawak apa itu? Pasti buat saya.
Dona: ga ada sopan-sopanya ya, nanyak dulu apa kabar. …siapa tau buat aku, buat cemilan aku takut disini ga ada cemilanya.
From the data above, it can be seen that the deictic word used by Sule is saya which referred to the speaker himself. Two deictic words that appears in that sentence, they are akuas the object, and aku as the possessive adjective. All of the deictic words above are first person deixis.
This deictic word saya is first person deixis in which classified as the object. The word saya used by Sule to show respect and courtesy to the addressee. In the conversation above, the speakers use two different variations of
person deixis that indicate the singular of first person. The deictic word saya used by sule, while the deictic word aku used by Dona Harun. In this case, those variationshappened because the conversation deals between two people who have
different ages and status. So Dona Harun here has the older ages than Sule, also she was a senior artist among the participants in Ini Talk Show. Therefore the use of the word aku sounds normal if it used by Dona Harun.
34
ga ada cemilanya” as the possessive adjective. It means the speaker applied it for indicate that the snacks belongs to her.
As the explanation above, the deictic word aku is the second deictic word that found in Ini Talk Show that refers to the singular of first person deixis. The use of the deictic word aku also depends on the situation of the utterance uttered. In the use of the word aku in Indonesian language, it is used at the right time, depending on the opponent of the speaker. The use of the word aku as the first person singular indicates a higher status, older age, or the same age with the
speaker, or in the sentences of poetry or song.
Example 4
Dona Harun: aku juga begitu tu dulu beberapa, jadi proses terpuruknya itu dari lima tahun yang lalu. …ya kalau kita ga ikhlas ya susah.
There are two pronouns are used by the speaker. The first deictic word is
aku. The deictic word aku is a pronoun that categorized into the singular of the first person which classified as a subject. It can be seen when she said the story
that happened to her. She told that she had been grieving and it happened for
about five years. The sadness began to dissipate around five months ago. She
started to rise from the sorrow that befalls her. The pronoun aku here refers to the speaker herself. In this case the speaker Dona Harun and it is refers to her.
Whereas the second pronoun used by Dona Harun is kita. That deictic word is a pronoun that categorized into the plural of the first person which
were not faced the problem with a sense of sincere, then it will be difficult and we
will not be able to rise from sorrow. The pronoun kita here refers to herself, the audience and the people who listen to the show because the word kita is including the addressee.
Last is the deictic word gue. It is the first person deixis which only used by the people who live in Jakarta. It means this word as the dialect which usually
applied by people who live in Jakarta in their communication. It is used by the
young people or with the people in the same age. The speaker will not use that
deictic word when they communicates with people who older than them. It is
supported by the data that found in the video of Ini Talk show.
Example 5
Sule: ih, terasa, pas begitu gua megang, hati gua terasa dicubit- cubit.
From the data above, it can be seen that the speaker uses the word gua to point to the speaker himself. This word is categorized as the first person singular.
It is classified as the subject in which refers to Sule as the speaker. It is used by Sule to show the relationship between him and Andre. But, the deictic word gue will not be used by Sule when he communicates with Dona Harun which older than him. He will use the word saya to indicate himself. This is the data that supported of the explanation above.
Example 6
36
The conversation above showed that Sule use the deictic word saya to point himself. There are three words saya used by the speaker. All of them have their own functions. The deictic word Saya in “istri saya juga begitu” is categorized as the first person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective.
it means that the word saya pointed something belongs to Sule. The next word Saya in “kalau dirumah lagi mengandung, ga mau liat saya” is categorized as the first person deixis which classified as the object. And the last deictic word Saya in “makanya alhamdulillah anak saya bagus semua” is categorized as the first person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective.
It can be seen that the deictic word would be change based on the situation
of the utterance uttered. In the example 5, Sule use the deictic word gue when he communicated with Andre as his friend, while, the deictic word saya use by him when he communicated with Dona Harun as the guest of the show.
The other word used in the conversation above is kamu. It is categorized as the second person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective. It means the
deictic word kamu here as the deictic word that pointed something belongs to the speaker. It will be explain clearly in the categories of second person deixis.
Example 7
Sule: jadi bini gua, pengen gua baca Koran sambil jalan-jalan ga pakek ape-ape ndre.
ownership of something. The deictic word gua used by Sule to describe his wife about the strange request of his wife when she was pregnant. His wife asked him
to read the newspaper while walking without clothes.
The deictic word gue is a deictic word that is identical to the people who living in Jakarta. That word used by them when they talks to people in the same age. It will
be sounds normal and not be weird or disrespectful. But that deictic word would
sound rude if it used with the people who are older than us. In the data above, Sule use the work in Jakarta; inevitably they would speak using that dialect.
B. Second person deixis
Second person is encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more
addresses. In other word, second person deixis as a person who directly speak to
the first person and being the listener.
In the use of the word kamu in Indonesian language, it is used at the right time, depending on the opponent of the speaker. The use of the word kamu as the second person singular indicates a higher status, older age, or the same age with
the speaker. It is supported by the data that found in Ini Talk Show.
Example 1
Mang Saswi : itu ikan hiu yang kemarin kamu belik. Sule : iya.
38
the buyer of the shark which dead because placed in the same pool with other fish.
The word kamu is functioned to indicate Sule as the addressee in the conversation above. It is used by Mang Saswi because in the video of Ini Talk show, he has a role as the uncle of Sule which means that he was older than Sule. It sound normal if it used by older people than us, but it would be disrespectful if it used by Sule to communicate with Mang Saswi. So choosing the right variation based on the right situation.
The word kamu is not different from the other pronoun that used by Indonesian people, such as ente, lu. Those words have the same meaning which refers to the singular of the second person. It is different with the English
language that just use the pronoun "you" to refer to the singular and plural of the
second person. It is also used to communicate with people in the same age or even
to the older people than us. But it would be impolite if that word used to
communicates with the people who older than us. So the deictic word kamu appropriate to communicate between people of the same age, or the rank of
someone in organization, or even a boss to his employee.
Example 2
Sule: siapa ini?
Mang saswi: ah, kamu mah suka lupa.
older age, or the same age with the speaker. In the conversation above, the deictic
word kamu used by Mang Saswi because he became the uncle of Sule which means that Sule was younger than him.
Example 3
Dona: tapi bukan istri kamu aja lek… Sule: oh gitu.
From the data above, it can be seen that there is the deictic words appears
in that conversation, and it is kamu which classified as the possessive adjective. That pronoun is a pronoun which used to refer to singular of the second person. It
is classified as possessive adjective because it indicates the ownership of
something. Sule explains that when his wife was pregnant, she didn't want to see her husband because she didn’t want her son similar with her husband. Then Dona
Harun also reaffirms that not only Sule wife like that, but almost all the women who are pregnant feel lazy to see their own husband. The word Kamu that used by Dona Harun functioned to indicates Sule wife.
The next deictic word that used in Ini talk show program is kau. This word is the deictic word that only used by the people who live in Medan, Sumatra
Utara. It is one of the dialect that used by them. It will sound normal when that
word used among them. But it will sound harsh if it used to communicate with the
Javanese people, because they only used the deictic word kamu to indicate the singular of the second person deixis. Even though it is used by the people who
40
communicate each other. They will not use it to communicate to the people who
older than them.
Example 4
Babe: …Kalau band kan keren, breakdance keren, kayak nya “pacar kau siapa?” pelawak.
The data above, Babe as the speaker expressed his opinion about a comedy before he becomes the comedian. He thought at the time about being a comedian
was not cool. It’s better to be a dancer or become a player in the music group than
being a comedian.
It can be seen that the underlined word kau is the singular of the second person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective. It is shown in the
sentence “Pacar kau siapa?” which means the speaker asked the addressee about her boyfriend. In this sentence, Babe used the word kau because he was come from Medan, and he practiced how the people who live in Medan communicate by
giving the example in the sentence pacar kau siapa?. It can be seen that the deictic word used by Babe is kau and not the word kamu or elu, because this is how the people in Medan communicate among them.
For showing something that belongs to someone, usually the speakers also
use the deictic word –mu which means refers to something that belongs to addressee. It is supported by the data that found in Ini Talk Show.
There are three deictic words used in the conversation above, kau, -mu,-mu. The deictic word kau is second person deixis which classified as the subject. It is refers to the Babe as the addressee. It can be seen when Andre asked him to come back to home, the word kau as the representation of the addressee in this conversation.
Other deictic word that used in the conversation above is –mu. Both of the word –mu have a same meaning. This word categorized as the singular of the second person deixis which classified as the possessive adjective. It is used to
show that something belongs to the addressee. In this conversation, mamakmu here refers to Babe’s mother. Here, Andre as the speaker acted as Babe’s father and told himthat his mother is a woman. So it is clearly explained that the word – mu is used by Andre to point to Babe’s mother.
The last deictic word that used in the video of Ini Talk Show is elu/lu. The word elu/lu is the deictic word that functioned to indicate the addressee. The word lu/elu is the singular of the first person deixis which only used by the people who live in Jakarta. It is used by the young people or with the people in the same age.
The speaker will not use that deictic word when they communicates with people
that older than the speaker himself. It is supported with the conversation that
found in the video of Ini Talk show program.
Example 6
42
The data above explains that Andre asks sule to open the program first while waiting Dona Harun to come to the room. The deictic word gue categorized as the first person deixis which refers to the speaker. The underlined word lu is included as the singular pronoun of the second deictic element which refers to
Sule. This word used by Andre to point to Sule as the addressee in that conversation. It is often used because it seemed simple for people of the same age
or between the people who was known each other well.
In the conversation above, it can be seen that the deictic word lu used by Andre to point to the addressee, and here the addressee is Sule. Even though Sule was not born in Jakarta, he also uses that dialect when to communicate with other
people. It proves that the use of this dialect is not just because they were born in
Jakarta, but also because it is influenced by the environment where they live.
Example 7
Sule: ndre, gua mau banyak ngobrol sama lu ya…
In that sentence, Sule as the speaker talks about someone’s success. The deictic word gua is categorized as the first person that classified as the object. First person deixis was clearly explained in the types of first person deixis. In the
C. Third person deixis
Third person is used in an utterance in referring to anyone other than the
speaker or ones being addressed. The deictic word that included as the third
person which found in Ini Talk Show they are dia, mereka, -nya. It means that those deictic words used to replace the name of the subject or the object in a
sentence. In Indonesia, there is no disparity between third-person pronouns for
women and men. Both of them use the deictic word dia.
The deictic word dia and –nya are used to indicate the singular of the third person deixis. While the deictic word mereka used to indicate the plural of the third person deixis. But sometimes Indonesian people wrong in using the deictic
words dia and mereka.
Example 1
Andre: Dia ngebelain diet, mengecilkan badanya sampai kadang-kadang udah tinggal tulang. Sebenarna dia itu menarik perhatian laki-laki atau menarik perhatian anjing sih.
Andre as the speaker said that he feel confused about a girls in this world. He said that many women in this world who try to go on a diet in order to obtain
the ideal body. However, they sometimes do not pay attention to his body until
some women look like bones. It made him confused, in fact the women wish to
attract men or attract the attention of a dog.
44
sentence above, it can be seen that Andre as the speaker said that he feel confused with the women (Cewek-cewek). It means that word cewek-cewek here as the plural, but he uses the deictic word dia that actually refers to a singular of the third person deixis. The right one is by using the plural of the third person deixis, and it
is mereka.
Just like the first and second person pronouns, pronominal third person
pronouns also have ownership as a way to assert that the subject or object of the
intended recipients is the owner of an object that is mentioned.
Example 2
Andre: Dulu waktu istrinya hamil… Sule: ini dia paling paham…
From the conversation above, Andre seem to know all about Sule wife. He said that when his wife being pregnant she was so spoiled against Sule. Andre knows about it because he had been known Sule for long time. With his joke, Sule replied that Andre is always like that, he would know about Sule wife than Sule himself. Clarifying the underlined word above is indicated as the third person
deixis. The word –nya is possessive adjective which used to show the possession or ownership of something. In the data above, the deictic word –nya used by Andre is refers to Sule wife.
It is used so that language is more refined and good in the structure.
Sentences that use the pronoun is certainly more efficient than when it had to
conversation above, if the word nya isn’t used, then the sentence becomes "Istri Sule", but by using that pronoun, then the sentence becomes "istrinya" which means that the word "nya" refers to the wife of Sule.
Other
