PERSON DEIXIS IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA AND SHOW IMAH TALK SHOWS.

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PERSON DEIXIS IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA AND

SHOW IMAH TALK SHOWS

A Research Paper

Submitted to Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree

by

Inka Noor Aulia (0809081)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

PERSON DEIXIS IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA AND SHOW

IMAH TALK SHOWS

A Paper

By

Inka Noor Aulia 0809081

Approved by

Main Supervisor

Dr. Iwa Lukmana, M.A. NIP. 196611271993031002

Co-Supervisor

R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, M.Hum. NIP. 198110242005012001

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION

I hereby certify that this paper entitled “Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah Talk Shows” is my original work. I am fully aware that I have quoted some statements and ideas from other sources and they are properly

acknowledged in the text.

June 2014

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Inka Noor Aulia, 2014

Person deixis in bukan empat mata and show Imah talk shows

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

Main Supervisor: Dr. Iwa Lukmana, M.A. Co-Supervisor: R. Dian Dia-an, M.Hum.

This study entitled “Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah Talk Shows”

investigates the use of person deixis in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah talk shows, and person deixis contribution toward the structure of the talk shows. The study is based on a qualitative case study. The data include transcriptions of the both talk shows. The data were obtained by recording an episode of Bukan Empat Mata on January 22nd, 2013, and an episode of Show Imah on January 14th, 2013. They were analyzed using person deixis theory mostly proposed by Levinson (1998), Lyons (1977) and Yule (1998). They define person deixis as expressions which refer to objects such as humans or animals, or interlocutors in a communication situation. The study reveals two discoveries. First, it is found that first person deixis is mostly used in both talk shows (Bukan Empat Mata 58.1% and Show Imah 57.7%) due to the contents of the conversation are questions and answers about self-experiences, comments, and feelings to avoid insulting third parties by using self exploitation, and to gain shared-knowledge among interlocutors and audiences of the talk shows. The use of first person deixis is also

useful to create humor by avoiding insulting third parties and using “apparent contradiction”. Second, it is also found that person deixis contributes to the structure of the talk shows whether in the opening, body, or closing part to make the whole talk show more humorous, dynamic, and attractive. Overall, it can be said that variety of language use is very important in the talk shows and it shows the politeness among the interlocutors and audiences.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ABSTRACT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 1

LIST OF TABLES ... 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1Background of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3Aims of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4Clarification of Related Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.5Organization of the Paper... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2Categories of Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.1 Person Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.2 Spatial Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.3 Temporal Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.4 Social Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.5 Discourse Deixis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3Person Deixis in this Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4Language Formality ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5Humor ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.6Previous Studies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1Research Design ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3.2.1 Bukan Empat Mata ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.2 Show Imah ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata Talk Show ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.1 First Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.2 Second Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.3 Third Person Deixis in Bukan Empat Mata ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2Person Deixis in Show Imah Talk Show ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2.1 First Person Deixis in Show Imah talk show .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2.2 Second Person Deixis in Show Imah Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2.3 Third Person Deixis in Show Imah... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3The Contribution of Person Deixis to the Structure of Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah Talk Shows ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2Suggestion ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Bibliography ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDICES ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDIX 1 ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Personal deictic expressions in English, Indonesian, Javanese,

Sundanese ... 13

Table 3.1 Data analyses of identification & classification ... 22

Table 3.2 Tendency of the use of person deictic expressions ... 23

Table 3.3 Occurrence of person deixis in talk show ... 23

Table 4.1 The distribution of person deixis in Bukan Empat Mata ... 24

Table 4.2 Tendency of first person deictic expressions in Bukan Empat Mata .... 25

Table 4.3 Tendency of second person deictic expressions in Bukan Empat Mata ... 28

Table 4.4 Tendency of third person deictic expressions in Bukan Empat Mata ... 30

Table 4.5 The distribution of person deixis in Show Imah ... 32

Table 4.6 Tendency of first person deictic expression in Show Imah ... 34

Table 4.7 Tendency of second person deictic expressions in Show Imah ... 37

Table 4.8 Tendency of third personal deictic expressions in Show Imah ... 40

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The content of first chapter is about introduction of this research. Background of

the study, research questions, aims of this study, and organization of the paper are

presented in this chapter.

1.1 Background of the Study

In any kinds of daily communication such as conversation, broadcasting,

lecturing, and so on, people cannot avoid deixis. It will appear in communication.

For example, people use deixis realized lexically through the word „you‟, „here‟, and „now‟ to indicate something or someone in conversation. In this case, those

words are used to point people, places, and time. Thus, deixis, as O‟Keeffe et al.

(2011, p. 36) explained, enables people “to refer to entities in context”. It is

obvious that deixis involves in daily communication.

Furthermore, a conversation will be more effective by using deixis. People

usually use deixis when conversing with others. For instance, a person does not

need to say the full name of the place that the hearer knows in a conversation. The

person merely needs to say „here‟ or „there‟ to point the intended place. Through

this way, the communication will be more effective.

Considering the importance of deixis in daily communication, many

researchers have conducted studies to investigate deixis in different areas and

contexts. They have investigated deixis such as in daily conversation

(Rachmawati, 2011), in advertisement (Uddin, 2009), in children‟s utterance

(Stoyanova, 2005; Saputra, 2010), in literary texts (Sultan and Yoins, 2010), and

in entertainment program (Meylitasari, 2012). However, it seems that the use of

deixis in talk show has not been investigated yet. In fact, the presenters and

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According to Morissan (2009), talk show belongs to soft news and it means a TV

program which shows one or some people (guest stars) to discuss certain topic, and led by a

presenter In Indonesia, talk show programs are popular nowadays. Many Indonesian people

in all ages watch that kind of program. As a result, almost all Indonesian TV stations have

talk show programs such as Bukan Empat Mata in Trans 7, Show Imah in Trans TV,

Indonesia Lawyer Club in TV One, Hitam Putih in Trans 7, Sedap Malam in RCTI, Kick

Andy in Metro TV, etc.. By the existence of many talk show programs in television, there are

many Indonesian people watch the programs. By the frequency for watching the programs,

Indonesian people absorb much information from the shows, included language style.

Furthermore, the information they gain from the shows will influence their idea and attitude.

Television broadcasting gives the influence toward apparatus which produce thought and

attitude which are needed for the social and cultural reproduction of society (Marcuse in

Arifin, 2010, p. 16). According to scientific research that was done by LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu

Pengetahuan Indonesia), bad impacts in people‟s physic and psychics are also influenced by

TV broadcasting programs. The consequence is that talk shows influence the language, idea,

mental, moral, and attitude of Indonesian people. Therefore, it is very important to know how

the participants in talk shows speak and deliver their utterance, especially due to the very big

impact that is resulted from the programs toward people, especially language or linguistic

effect.

Considering that, the researcher takes two talk show programs as the samples to be

investigated. The two talk show programs are Bukan Empat Mata in Trans 7 and Show Imah

in Trans TV. Both talk shows were chosen due to the atmosphere of them are the same i.e.

comedy. Their popularity in Indonesia and their achievements to become nominees in

Panasonic Gobel Awards 2013 also became the reasons of the sample selection.

Therefore, the researcher is interested in investigating deixis in talk show. The present

study investigates deixis especially person deixis particularly in Show Imah and Bukan Empat

Mata talk shows. The person deixis is chosen in the present study because those talk shows

seem to use various personal pronouns. What make this study different from the previous

studies are the investigated data which is talk shows, and the investigation of contribution of

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This study will give two contributions, namely theoretical and practical contributions.

Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute to the linguistic study, especially in

pragmatic study, concerning person deixis theory in TV talk shows. This is also useful as a

reference for next research in pragmatics study. Then, practically, this research also motivates

other studies concerning the comparison of the talk shows. Furthermore, this study can be

used as reference or information about the way talk show participants, whether the presenters

or guest stars, produce their utterances.

1.2 Research Questions

This study is investigated to analyze the issues in the following research questions.

1. How is person deixis used in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah talk shows?

2. How does person deixis contribute to the structure of Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah

talk shows?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Considering the background and the research questions above, aims of this study are:

1. To analyze how person deixis is used in Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah talk shows;

2. To analyze how person deixis contribute to the structure of Bukan Empat Mata and Show

Imah talk shows.

1.4 Clarification of Related Terms

Some specific terms below are used in the present study and need clarifying. They are deixis,

person deixis, talk show, Bukan Empat Mata, and Show Imah.

Deixis is a branch of pragmatics study which comes from ancient Greek word

technically used to mean „pointing‟ or „indicating‟ via language (Lyons, 1977). Any linguistic form used to accomplish pointing expression is called a deictic expression (Yule, 1996, p. 9).

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Person Deixis, which is the focus of this study, is concerned with the identity of the interlocutors in a communication situation (Fillmore, 1997, p. 61). Furthermore, Yule (1998)

also defines person deixis as a type of deixis which points to a person such as me, you, him,

and them.

Talk Show is a TV program which shows one or some people (guest stars) to discuss certain topic, and led by a host or presenter (Morissan, 2009). In its process, talk shows

usually use personality interview which is a type of interview on the air. Baksin (2009, p. 91)

mentions that:

Personality interview is a question and answer about personality of the interviewee himself. Interview with a famous person (a movie star, a role model teacher, a sport champion, etc) about his experience, age, education, hobby, etc are examples of personality interview.

In this era, there are so many talk show programs in television, even in all TV stations

in Indonesia. In this study, there are only two talk shows are being investigated, namely

Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah. Bukan Empat Mata is a talk show program in Indonesia

TV channel, namely Trans 7 which is led by Tukul Arwana. Every episode presents certain

theme and added by humor. Bukan Empat Mata won the Panasonic Awards for two years

(2009-2010) as the Best Entertainment Talk show (Wikipedia.org). Show Imah is one of daily

TV talk shows in Indonesia that broadcasts in Trans TV channel every 3.30 PM from

Monday until Friday. The talk show is presented by Soimah, an Indonesian actress who is

also a comedian.

1.5 Organization of the Paper

The paper is presented in five chapters. Chapter I provide general information about

background of the research, research questions, aims of study, clarification of related terms,

and organization of the paper. Chapter II is about literary reviews that is relevant to this

study. Chapter III explains the way the data was obtained and the approach that is used to

process the data. Then, findings and discussion are discussed and analyzed in Chapter IV.

Finally, Chapter V presents conclusion and suggestion based on the analysis and discussion

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter explains the method which was used in this research. It covers

research design, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study is aimed at analyzing the use of person deixis in Bukan Empat Mata

and Show Imah talk shows; and analyzing person deixis contribution to the

structure of Bukan Empat Mata and Show Imah talk shows. The suitable approach

to be used in investigating those problems is qualitative. It was chosen because

qualitative approach observes the language use of a person in a particular way

(Duff, 2008). In addition, Silverman (2001, p. 25) stated that “qualitative study is

concerned with exploring people‟s life histories or everyday behaviors”.

Accordingly, qualitative approach gives a better understanding of a certain subject

matter dealing with the behaviors. Furthermore, Moleong (2004) stated that

qualitative approach is aimed at studying phenomena in a society. Since the social

world becomes the focus in qualitative approach, Croker (2009, p. 7) agreed that:

As qualitative researchers believe that meaning is socially constructed, their research focus is on the participants – how participants experience and interact with phenomenon at a given point in time and in a particular context, and the multiple meanings it has for them.

In line with those opinions, the present study is qualitative because it

observed the language use or language behavior of participants in the talk shows

and it is also studied social phenomenon in the talk shows. In line with Croker,

Bogdan & Biklen (1992) agree that “meaning is always subject to negotiation”. It

means that meaning will be seen differently by different people. The „participant perspectives‟ becomes the concern of a qualitative approach. It is suitable due to

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meanings or different referencess depend on the perspectives of communication

participants (Grundy, 2008). Afterwards, this study is in line with a characteristic

of qualitative approach which is the data are analyzed inductively (Bogdan &

Biklen, 1992).

There are various designs within qualitative approach due to “the term „qualitative approach‟ is an umbrella term used to refer to complex and evolving research methodology” (Croker, 2009, p. 5). However, the present study used a

qualitative case study. A case study is a qualitative design which focuses upon a

single entity (e.g. person, group, event, and so on) or a case within its real-life

contexts (Bromley, 1986; Yin, 2003). Besides, the data analysis on the case study

covers in depth (Gall, 2003 as cited in Duff, 2008). Accordingly, Creswell (2009)

pointed out that case study is a strategy of investigation where a program, event,

activity, process, or one or group is explored in depth. Furthermore, Hood (cited

in Heigham and Croker, 2009, p. 68) pointed that boundedness principle is central

in case study. Merriam (1998, p. 9) agreed that a case is a „bounded system‟ or a

defined individual or entity to be explored. Stake (in Creswell 1995) added that

cases are bounded by time and activity. In the field of applied linguistics, case

studies are usually associated with interpretive qualitative research (Duff, 2008).

In the present study, the talk show programs were considered as a single case and

they were analyzed and interpreted in depth. Therefore, case study was considered

as the proper design for the present study. 3.2 Data Collection

The data of this study were verbal communication in talk show programs. They

were collected by recording. As the data of the study was a spoken form, the data

need to be transcribed into written form for analytic use (Polkinghorne, 2005).

Two TV talk shows were chosen as the data i.e. Bukan Empat Mata in Trans 7

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popular in Indonesia and they became nominees in Panasonic Gobel Awards

2013. Besides, the situations of both talk shows are the same, namely comedy.

One episode of each talk show was chosen to be the samples on this study. An

episode of Show Imah talk show, which was live broadcasted in Trans TV was

recorded on January 14th, 2013, then an episode of Bukan Empat Mata, which was

also live broadcasted in Trans 7 was recorded on January 22th, 2013. Each episode

of both talk shows was chosen because it has the same numbers of participant

(one presenter / host, and two assistants / co-hosts). In addition, each episode

contains various person deictic expressions either in Indonesian or in Javanese

language. The use of Javanese language in both talk shows was probably

influenced by the background of primary hosts of both talk shows i.e. Tukul

Arwana and Soimah who come from Java. After the data were transcribed in the

written form then they were analyzed further.

3.2.1 Bukan Empat Mata

Bukan Empat Mata is a talk show program in one of Indonesia TV channels

namely Trans7. It is presented or hosted by Tukul Arwana, a comedian. Because

of the background of the presenter is comedian, the talk show goes on humorous

and casual atmosphere. Tukul Arwana is the host in this talk show. Moreover

there are also Peppy, Vega Darwanti, and Ola Ramlan as co-hosts who help the

main host to lead the program.

3.2.2 Show Imah

Show Imah is also a talk show program in Indonesian television. It is broadcasted

in Trans TV channel. What makes Show Imah different with Bukan Empat Mata

is the host or presenter is a woman: Soimah. Her background is also a comedian, a

traditional singer and a dancer. The same with Bukan Empat Mata, the

background of the host, which is comedian, also lead the program flows in a

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namely Yadi and Deswita Maharani in leading the talk show. They are acts as

helpers or assistants, while Soimah acts as a mistress in the talk show.

3.3 Data Analysis

As mentioned in the data collection, the data of the study were in the form of

transcription of the talk shows. There were several steps in analyzing data of the

present study i.e. identification, classification, quantification, and interpretation.

The first step was identifying the occurrences of person deictic expression based on the theory of Fillmore (1997), Grundy (2008), Levinson (1998), Lyons

(1977), O‟Keeffe (2011), and Yule (1998). They define person deixis or deictic expression as expressions which refer to objects or interlocutors in a

communication situation. The object can be humans, animals, or things. In this

case, a word is considered as person deixis when it is subject pronoun (I, you, we,

they, he, she, it), or object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them), or

possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), or possessive pronoun

(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs) and or reflexive pronoun (myself,

yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) (Fillmore in

O‟Keeffe, 2011). However, subject pronoun of I, we, they, you, he, she and it were non-deictic when the words are generic, or anaphoric. See Table 3.1 column (3) to

see the example of identification process.

The Example [8] exemplifies the identification of person deictic

expression saya from the utterance that was produced by Deswita when she talked

to Soimah to inform that she wanted to pick up her phone.

[8] Saya Mau angkat telepon

I want lift telephone

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Example [9] exemplifies the the identification of person deictic expression

that was produced by Soimah toward Deswita (H) when she was angry with

Deswita because Soimah thought that Deswita did not help Yadi.

[9] Kudune kowe ki sing resik Should you part part clean

„You should be clean‟

From the utterances in Examples [8] and [9], the pronoun saya and kowe

were identified as person deictic expressions. See Table 3.1 column 3.

The second step was classifying those person deictic expressions into three categories as proposed by Levinson (1983) and Cruse (2000) which include

first person (speaker inclusion), second person (addressee inclusion), and third

person (speaker and addressee exclusion). After they were classified in three

categories of personal pronoun, then the person deictic expressions were classified

based on the language formality.

The pronoun in Example [8], has been identified and classified into first

person deixis. Furthermore, from its language formality, saya is considered formal

Indonesian, while in Example [9], the second person deictic expression kowe

(you) is considered casual Javanese. To see the classification process, language

formality and the description, see the Table 3.1 column 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.

Table 3.1 Data analyses of identification & classification

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who acted as a mistress or the host of the talk show. the host. It was pointed to Deswita as hearer who acted as a maid or a co-host in the talk show.

The third step was quantifying or calculating occurrences of person deictic expressions in each category to discover the tendency of person deixis that

were used in those talk shows. Table 3.2 is applied to see the tendency of first,

second, and third deictic expressions in both talk shows.

Table 3.2 Tendency of the use of person deictic expressions

No. First / Second / Third Personal Deictic Expression

After the tendency of the occurrences of first, second, and third person

deixis were revealed, the total of each category was recapped in Table 3.3. Table

3.2 and Table 3.3 are applied in Show Imah or Bukan Empat Mata talk shows.

Table 3.3 Occurrence of person deixis in talk show

No Types of person deixis Bukan Empat Mata / Show Imah

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using such deixis. The interpretations were also followed by the discussion. The

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the summary of the findings and discussions briefly. It is

then followed by the suggestions for further study relating to person deixis in talk

shows.

5.1 Conclusion

The study examines (1) the use of person deixis in Bukan Empat Mata and Show

Imah talk shows, and (2) person deixis contribution toward the structure of Bukan

Empat Mata and Show Imah talk shows.

It is found that first person deixis is mostly used in both talk shows (Bukan

Empat Mata 58.1% and Show Imah 57.7%) due to the contents of the

conversation are questions and answers about self-experiences, comments, and

feelings. It is followed by the second person (Bukan Empat Mata 34.9% and Show

Imah 32.5%) and third person deixis (Bukan Empat Mata 7.0% and Show Imah

9.8%). The dominant use of first person deixis was triggered by some probable

reasons such as to avoid insulting third parties by using self exploitation, and to

gain shared-knowledge among interlocutors and audiences of the talk shows. The

use of first person deixis is also useful to create humor by avoiding insulting third

parties and using “apparent contradiction”. Furthermore, this is the detail of

person deictic expressions that were found in both talk shows. Participants in

Bukan Empat Mata talk show used first person deictic expressions such as saya,

kita, aku, ku, my, gue/gua, I, me, kami, noun phrase functioning as pronoun (tante,

nya/my), second person deictic expressions such as kamu, dirimu, lu/elu, -mu, you,

anda, vocatives (mas, ibu/bu, bro, pak), noun phrase functioning as pronoun

(-nya), and third person deictic expressions such as dia, mereka, them, then

participants in Show Imah talk show used first person deictic expressions such as

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(ndoro, -nya/my), second person deictic expressions such as kamu, sampeyan,

lu/elu/elo, kowe, kau, vocatives (mas, nya/nyonya, mba, bapak), noun phrase

functioning as pronoun (aa, neng) and third person deictic expressions such as

dia, mereka, and -Nya (God), noun phrase functioning as pronoun (-e. –nya/her,

mbak ayu, ndoro, nya/him, nyonya).

It is also found that person deixis contributes to the structure of the talk

shows whether in the opening, body, or closing part. The contribution of such

deixis is to make the whole talk show more humorous, dynamic, and attractive. It

is because the deictic expressions which were used in every part of the talk shows

varied ranging from formal to intimate style. However, there is a difference in the

opening part of both talk shows in which Bukan Empat Mata with wider range of

audiences used the formal and familiar person deixis in order to gain

shared-knowledge among interlocutors and studio audiences or to make clear the

references, while Show Imah with more local studio audiences and also local

atmosphere used person deixis in local variety of language such as Javanese and

Sundanese. Furthermore, this judgment still need further research to make sure the

validity.

Overall, it can be said that variety of language use is very important in the

talk shows and it shows the politeness among the interlocutors and audiences. The

realization of such politeness can be seen through the use of polite and formal

deictic expressions to address interlocutors. The expressions such as saya, kita,

vocatives (mas, ibu/bu, bro, pak/ bapak, nya/nyonya, mba), and noun phrases

functioning as pronoun (tante, nya/my, -nya, ndoro, aa, neng, -e. –nya/her, mbak

ayu, ndoro, nya/him, nyonya.

5.2 Suggestion

This section provides several suggestions on the basis of delimitation of the

present study. First, this study focuses only on talk shows in Indonesia TV

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TV talk show in Indonesia and abroad. Second, the study only concerns verbal

language. Further study may consider other semiotic resources such as gesture.

Third, this study employs manual text analysis. Further study may use corpus

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