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r u t k e u n p a m a n g g i h p a r a a h l i E t n o b i o l o g i u m u m n a m a s a r a k a t d i m a n a - m a n a d i d u n i a n g a n g g a p s i m b o l i k n e g a t i f k a n a r u p a -r u p a s a s a t o a n l i a r d i a l a m . C o n t o n a w a e s r i g a l a d i a n g g a p s a t o l a k n a t d i S e p a n y o l . S a l i a n t i e t a , m a c a n t u t u l o g e d i a n g -g a p s a t o j a h a t k u g u y u b n a p e n -d u -d u k d i n a g a r a - n a g a r a A f r i k a ( K n i g h t 2 0 0 0 : 1 3 ) . K u m a h a d i m a s a r a k a t u r a n g d i I n d o n e s i a ? G a m b a r a n a n a h e n t e u j a u h b e d a . C o n t o n a w a e , c a r e u h , l u w a k a t a w a m u s a n g g u y b u n a k u j a l m a r e a d i a n g g a p s a t o j a h a t . M a r g a l a n t a r a n a c a r e u h o s o k r a j e u n i s e n g n g u l a r n-Sato luwak
Parodoxurus hermaproditus Pallas.
Ku Johan Iskandar
p r e n g k a k a m p u n g b a r i m a o k h a y a m p i a r a a n p e n d u d u k . K u s a b a b k i t u , u l a h h e r a n l a ~ n a y a m p a r i b a s a I n d o n e s i a , s a p e r t i ' m u s a n g b e r b u l u a y a m " . P a r i b a s a a n u n g a n d u n g h a r t i j e l e m a j a h a t t a p i t i n g k a h l a k u n a j i g a j a l m a b a g e u r . K u s a b a b k i t u j a d i g u y u b d i m a s a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a n g a n g g a p r e h n a c a r e u h s a t o - j a h a t , t e m a h n a k u k a l a k u a n c a r e u h b i a s a i s e n g m a o k h a y a m p e n d u d u k d i k a m p u n g .
P a d a h a l h a l i e u h e n t e u s a g e m -b l e n g n a b e n e r . N a h a k u m a h a k i t u ? K u s a b a b n u r u t k e u n b u k t i - b u k t i p a n a l u n g t i k a n p a r a a h l i e k o l o g i s a t w a d i a l a m , c a r e u h s a l i a n o s o k i s e n g m a o k h a y a m k a m p u n g , c a r e u h a n u d i n a b a h a s a I n d o n e s i a d i s e b u t m u s a n g , d i n a b a s a J a w a d i s e b u t l u w a k a w u , d i M a d u r a d i s e b u t m a s s e n g , j e u n g d i D a y a k K e n y a n K a l i m a n t a n d i s e b u t b u n i n , n g a r a n i l m i a h n a d i s e b u t P a r a d o x u r u s h e r m a p r o d i t u s P a l l a s , K a l u a r g a V i v e r r i d a e s e n e n g o g e b a r a n g d a h a r r u p a - r u p a m a n u k -j e u n g e n d o g m a n u k , c a c i n g , b e u r i t , r u p a -r u p a b u a h - b u a h a n , s a p e r t i b u a h c a r i n g i n , g e d a n g , k o p i j e u n g c a r u l u k .
10
C a r e u h b i a s a h i r u p n a d i l e u w e u n g k o l o t , r e u m a , h u m a , k e b o n j e u n g t a l u n . C a r e u h b i a s a n e a n g a n k a d a h a r a n w a k t u p e u t i n g ( n o c t u r n a l ) , a r i b e u -r a n g n a b i a s a n a l e u w i h s e r i n g i s t i r a h a t d i h a b i t a t n a .
K u s a b a b k i t u , s a b e n e r n a m a h c a r e u h t e h k a a s u p s a t o a n u n g u n t u n g k e u n d i a l a m , k u s a b a b d i a n g g a p b i s a n y e b a r -k e u n s i k i r u p a - r u p a t u t u w u h a n . C o n t o n a k u s a b a b l u w a k r e s e p n a e k t a t a n g k a l a n , s a p e r t i n a e k t a n g k a l k a w u n g ( A r e n g a p i n n a t a L . ) n e a n g a n b u a h c a r u l u k k o l o t j e u n g s a k a p e u n g n g i n u m t u a k c a r u l u k . T a h , k u k i t u n a l a m u n l u w a k n g a l u a r k e u n k o t o r a n d i m a n a - m a n a , s a p e r t i h u m a , r e u m a , k e b o n j e u n g t a l u n , b u a h c a r u l u k a n u p a c a m p u r j e u n g k o t o r a n l u w a k u m u m -n a t u w u h j a d i p e t e t a n k a w u n g . K u s a b a b k i t u , h e n t e u a n e h l a m u n l o b a j a l m a d i d e s a R a n c a k a l o n g , S u r n e d a n g n y a r i t a k e u n k a p a n u l i s c e n a h h a m p i r s a k a b e h t a n g k a l k a w u n g a n u a y a d i d e s a n a h e n t e u d i p e l a k k u j a l m a , t a p i n g a n s a u k u r d i s e b a r k k e u n k u c a r e u h ( I s k a n d a r z o i o ) , M a l i h a n c e n a h m a h c a r u l u k a n u d i h a j a d i p e l a k k u p a r a w a r g a d e s a m a h j a r a n g h i r u p a t a w a - h i r u p n a h e n t e u e n d a h s a p e r t i a n u d i s e -b a r k e u n k u c a r e u h . B i a s a n a c a r u l u k a n u d i h a s i I k e u n t i n a k o t o r a n c a r e u h , l e u w i h p u n j u l k u s a b a b s i k i c a r u l u k j a d i p o t e n s i l e u w i h a k t i f t u w u h k u s a b a b e n g g e u s d i b a n t u k u p a n g a r u h e n z i m a n u a y a d i n a p e u j i t c a r e u h .
S a m a l a h , k i w a r i c a r e u h b e u k i g u y u b d i t a r e a n g a n k u p a r a p a t a n i d e s a , k h u s u s n a p a t a n i k o p i . K i e u n a t e h k u s a b a b c a r e u h b i s a d i g u n a k a n p i k e u n n g a b a n t u n g a h a s i l k e u n k o p i l u w a k a t a w a k o p i c a r e u h a n u r a s a n a k a c i d a n i k m a t n a , r e u j e u n g m a h a l h a r g a , b i a s a d i d a g a n g k e u n d i k o t a - k o t a a t a w a d i e k s p o r k a m a n c a n a g a r a .
K o p i L u w a k a t a w a K o p i C a r e u h N u r u t k e u n s a j a r a h e t n o b o t a n i , a s l i -n a k o p i a r a b i c a ( C o f f e a a r a b i c a L . ) , K a l u a r g a R u b i a c e a e a s a l m u a s a l n a t i E t h i o p i a . K o p i m i m i t i k a p a n g g i h k u U r a n g E r o p a w a k t u p a n g a l a m a n
Mangle
No.
2318
KllplDg
Hum ••
ODp.d
2011
C o l u m b u s n g a l a l a n a k a s a b a b a r a h a n a g a r a d u n i a a n y a r ( D u n i a B a r u ) . W a k t u n g a l a l a n a C o l u m b u s n i t e n a n w a r g a - w a r g a l o k a l a n u n g a m a n g f a a t -k e u n r u p a - r u p a t u t u w u h a n , k a a s u p j e n i s k o p i . T a h , t i m a n g s a h a r i t a , k o p i l o b a p i s a n d i b a w a a n k a E r o p a k a t u t d i j a d i k e u n b a r a n g d a g a n g a n a n u k a c i d a n g u n t u n g k e u n a n a . L a j u , n u r u t k e u n s a j a r a h k o p i d i I n d o n e s i a , k o p i m i m i t i l o b a d i p e l a k d i m i m i t i a n d i l i n g k u n g a n l e u w e u n g p a g u n u n g a n P r i a n g a n d i n a z a m a n t a n a m p a k s a ( c u l t u u r s t e l s e l ) t a u n 1 8 3 0 - 1 8 7 0 , a n u a w a l n a d i g a g a s k u g u b e r n u r j e n d r a l W a l a n d a , J o h a n n e s v a n D e n B o s c h . T a n g k a l - t a n g k a l k o p i b i a s a n a d i p e l a k d i l e u w e u n g , d i l a h a n -l a h a n h u m a a t a w a r e u m a - r e u r n a p e n -d u -d u k a n u k a w i l a n g s u b u r . N u r u t k e u n a t u r a n t a n a m a n p a k s a , s a t i a p k a l u a r g a d e s a k u d u m a s r a h k e u n 2 0 p e r s e n l a h a n t a n i n a a t a w a k u d u g a w e 6 6 p o e s a g e i n -l e n g n a s a t i a p t a u n a p i k e u n n g a g a n t i b a y a r p a j e g k a n a g a r a . D i n a p r o g r a m s a t e r u s n a , k o p i o g e d i p e l a k d i s a b a b a r a -h a w i l a y a h d i J a w a T e n g a h , J a w a T i m u r , m a l a h d i s e b a r d i l u a r J a w a , s a p e r t i S u m a t e r a · B a r a t , S u l a w e s i T e n g a h U t a r a ( G e e r t z 1 9 6 3 ) . K i w a r i s a k u r a n g n a , a y a d u a j e n i s k o p i a n u b i a s a d i p a r e l a k k u p a t a n i d i I n d o n e s i a , n y a e t a k o p i A r a b i c a ( C o f f e a a r a b i c a L .) j e u n g k o p i r o b u s t a ( C o f f e a r o b u s t a
L i n d e n a t a w a n g a r a n l a i n n a C o f f e a c a n e p h o r a P i e r r e e x F r o e h n e r ) . D u a j e n i s k o p i e t a n g b o g a a n s i f a t k h u s u s a d a p t a s i k a n a l i n g k u n g a n , t a h a n s e r a -n g a -n h a m a p a n y a k i t j e u n g s i f a t p r o -d u k s i n a . U m u m n a k o p i a r a b i c a d i a n g -g a p k u a l i t a s n a p a l i n g h a d e . T a p i , k o p i r o b u s t a p r o d u k s i n a l e u w i h p u n j u l , t a h a n h a m a p a y a k i t , j e u n g b i s a g a n c a n g a d a p t a s i d i I i n g k u n g a n a n y a r . N u r u t k e u n a s a l - u s u l n a , a s l i n a b a h e u l a m e l a k k o p i b i a s a d i l e u w e u n g , d i h u m a a t a w a r e u m a a n u h a r i e u m k u t a t a n g k a l a n . T a p i , k u s a b a b t u j u a n u t a -m a n a p a m a r e n t a h m e l a k k o p i p i k e u n n g a h a s i l k e u n p r o d u k s i a n u l o b a , k e b o n - k e b o n k o p i t e h b i a s a n a d i p e l a k -n a k u p i h a k p a m a r e n t a h n g g u n a k a n s i s t e m m o n o k u l t u r . T a p i ; s a b e n e r n a m a h b i b i t b u i t n a a t a w a a s l i n a t a n g k a l -t a n g k a l k o p i b i s a d i a d a p t a s i k e u n d i l i n g k u n g a n l e u w e u n g a n u h a r i e u m k u t a t a n g k a l a n . K u s a b a b k i t u , s i s t e m k e b o n k o p i a n u d i p e l a k m a k e n e r a p -k e u n s i s t e m c a m p u r a n j e u n g k a k a y o n a n u h a r i e u r n , b i s a n g a h a s i l k e u n p r o -d u k s i k o p i a n u n y u g e m a k e u n . K u j a l a r a n t a n g k a l - t a n g k a l k o p i a n u d i p e l a k d i c a m p u r k a k a y o n n g a w a n g u n s i s t e m a g r o f o r e s t r i t r a d i s i o n a l ( t r a d i -t i o n a l a g r o f o r e s t r y ) a n u t a j u k
Mangle No. 2318
t u t u w u h a n n i r u k e u n l e u w e u n g , r a r i m -b u n s a b a b a r a h a l a p i s t a j u k t u t u w u h a n a t a w a m u l t i s t r a t a . P a n g a r u h n a , s i s t e m k e b o n k o p i m u l t i s t r a t a , b i a s a n a t a n g k a l - t a n g k a l k o p i h e n t e u k a s o r o t p a n o n p o e l a n g s u n g . U m u m n a l a m u n t a n g k a l k o p i k a s o r o t p a n o n p o e l a n g
-s u n g , b a k a l n g a h a s i l k e u n p r o d u k s i b u a h k o p i d i n a w a k t u l e b i h s i n g k e t . S a b a l i k n a , l a m u n t a n g k a l - t a n g k a l k o p i b i a s a k a h i e u m a n k u k a k a y o n , p r o d u k s i b u a h n a n u n g t u t a n j e u n g t o t a l p r o -d u k s i n a b i s a l e u w i h l o b a j e u n g c i t a r a s a n a p u n j u l . M o d e l a g r o f o r e s t r i k o p i m u l t i s t a r a o g e k a c i d a n g u n t u n g k e u n p i k e u n l i k u n g a n a l ~ m . M a r g a l a n -t a r a n a , k o p i a n u d i p e l a k p a c a m p u r j e u n g k a k a y o n , b i a s a n a t a j u k t u t u w u h a n d i k e b o n k o p i n g a l a p i s - l a p i s ( m u l t i s t r a t a ) j i g a l e u w e u n g , p a n g a r u h -n a r i s i k o e r o s i t a n e u h d i k u r a n g a n . S a m a l a h k a s u b u r a n t a n e u h d i k e b o n k o p i b i s a d i p i a r a a t a w a d i t i n g k a t k e u n k u s a b a b l o b a k a l a k a y d a u n - d a u n g a r i n g r a r a g r a g a n j a d i h u m u s s u m b e r h a r a d i t a n e u h . K o m o d e u i l a m u n k a k a y o n a a n u d i p e l a k n a b a r e n g j e u n g k o p i m a n g -r u p a j e n i s - j e n i s k a k a y o n k a l u a r g a k a c a n g - k a c a n g a n ( L e g u m i n o s a e ) a n u b i a s a n y u b u r k e u n t a n e u h , s a p e r t i p e t a i c i n a ( L e u c a e n a l e u c o c e p h a l a ) , p e u t e u y ( P a r k i a s p e c i o s a ) , j e n g k o l ( P i t h e c e -l o b i u m j e r i n g a ) , j e u n g j i n g ( A l b i z i a c h i -n e -n s i s ) , k i h i a n g ( A l b i z i a p r o c e r a ) d a n k i h u j a n ( C a s s i a s i m e a ) . J a d i , s a l i a n t a n e u h d i k e b o n k o p i j a d i s u b u r , t i n a p r o d u k s i r u p a - r u p a k a k a y o n o g e b i s a d i p a n e n s a g a l a r u p a h a s i l p i k e u n p a t a n i , s a p e r t i b a h a n p a k a n t e r n a k , s a y u r , j e u n g b a h a n k a y u , p i k e u n d i g u -n a k e u -n k a p e r l u a n k o n s u m s i d i r u m a h t a n g g a a t a w a h a s i l n a d i j u a l . S a l i a n t i e t a , a g r o f o r e s t r i k o p i o g e j a d i h a b i t a t p e n t i n g p i k e u n i m a h n a s a g a l a r u p a j e n i s m a n u k . B u k t i d i l a p a n g a n e c e s
p i s a n b e d a n a , r e h n a a n e k a r a g a m j e n i s m a n u k l o b a n g a n j r e k d i s i s t e m a g r o -f o r e s t r i k o p i t i n i m b a n g a n u n g a n j r e k d i s i s t e m k e b u n - k e b u n k o p i m o n o k u l t u r . K o m o d e u i a g r o f o r e s t r i k o g i a n u n e r a p -k e u n s i s t e m t a n i o r g a n i k , m a k e p u p u k o r g a n i k j e u n g p e s t i s i d a b u a t a n p a t a n i , r u p a - r u p a m a n u k b e u k i b e t a h h i r u p d i k e b o n k o p i , k a t u t h a s i l k o p i n a n g a n -d u n g a r o m a h a r u m , j a u h t i n a b a h a y a r a c u n p e s t i s i d a .
S a m a l a h , k i w a r i p i k e u n n g a h a s i l k e u n s i k i k o p i a n u p u n j u l t e h n g a h a j a p a r a p a t a n i n g i n g u c a r e u h . J a d i , a r i b a h e u l a m a h k o p i c a r e u h n g a n s a u k u r h a s i l m u l u n g a n s i k i s i k i k o p i k u p a r a p e n d u -d u k a n u b i a s a p a c a m p u r k o t o r a n c a r e u h . S i k i k o p i d i b e r s i h k e u n , d i p o e j e u n g d i s a n g r a y . H a s i l n a u t a m a n a p i
-k e u n k o n s u m s i k a l u a r g a , a r a n g d i j u a l d i b i s n i s k e u n . T a p i , k i w a r i l o b a p a t a n i k o p i d i P r i a n g a n a t a w a d i L a m p u n g , j e u n g t e m p a t - t e m p a t l i a n n a d i N u s a n t a r a , h u s u s n g u m p u l e u n s i k i - s i k i k o p i , k u j a l a n m i a r a c a r e u h d i k a n d a n g . C a r a n a , p e n d u d u k n g i n g u c a r e u h d i k a n d a n g - k a n d a n g . L a j u , u n g g a l p o e c a r e u h a n u d i k a n d a n g t e h d i p a r a b a n b u a h - b u a h k o p i h a s i l p a n e n t i k e b u n k o p i . U m u m n a s i k i - s i k i k o p i a n u a s a k d i h a k a n c a r e u h , j e u n g k u l i t d a g i n g n a d i a n c u r k e u n d i n a p e u j i t b e u t e u n g c a r e u h . T a p i , s i k i - s i k i k o p i n a a n u d i f e r -m e n t a s i k u e n z i m j e u n g b a k t e r i d i n a p e u j i t c a r e u h , m a s i h t e t e p h a d e d i k a l u -a r k e u n p a c a m p u r j e u n g k o t o r a n c a r e u h , B i a s a n a k o p i - k o p i a n u p a c a r n -p u r j e u n g k o t o r a n h i w a k d i k a n d a n g l u w a k , d i k u m p u l k e u n , d i k u m b a h , d i p o e , j e u n g d i s a n g r a y .
S a n a j a n r i u r u f k e u n s a j a r a h , k o p i c a r e u h e n g g e u s : l u m r a h d i o l a h k u m a s a r a k a t d e s a d i P r i a n g a n t i z a m a n w a l a n d a k e n e h . T a p i , k o p i c a r e u h l e u w i h k a k o n c a r a j e u n g n g u n t u n g k e u n p i k e u n b i s n i s m i m i t i k a k o n c a r a k i r a -k i r a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 - a n . P o p u l e r n a k o p i c a r e u h l a i n w a e d i s a b a b a r a h a t e m p a t d i N u s a n t a r a , t a p i o g e j a d i k a k o n c a r a k a m a n c a n a g a r a . K i w a r i k o p i c a r e u h d i k e -n a l m a -n g r u p a k o p i a n u p a n g m a h a l a n a d i d u n i a . D i s a b a b a r a h a t e m p a t d i I n d o n e s i a , k i w a r i s i k i k o p i c a r e u h l a k u d i j u a l a n u m u r a h n a R p 7 0 .0 0 0 ,0 0 / k g a t a w a a n u m a h a l n a k i r a - k i r a R p 1 ,2 j u r a / k g a n u a s a l t i p a r a p e t a n i k o p i . L a j u , d i t i n g k a t p a r a b a n d a r k o p i p i -k e u n d i e k s p o r k a m a n c a n e g a r a , k o p i c a r e u h b i s a l a k u d i j u a l k i r a - k i r a R p 2 ,5 j u r a / k g n e p i k a R p 4 ,5 j u t a / k g , S a m a l a h , l a m u n s i k i - s i k i k o p i n a d i o l a h h e u l a , s a p e r t i d i s a n g r a y h e u l a , k o p i c a r e u h b i s a l a k u d i j u a l p i k e u n e k s p o r , k i r a - k i a r a a n u m u r a h n a R p 3 ,5 j u t a / k g j e u n g R p 6 j u t a / k g .a n u m a h a l a n a .
J a d i , s a t o c a r e u h a r i b a h e u l a m a h g u y u b n a d i r n u s u h a n j e u n g b i a s a d i b u b u r a k k u j a l r n a - j a l m a , k u s a b a b d i a n g g a p j a h a t b i a s a m a o k h a y a m k a m -p u n g , k i w a r i m a n l o b a d i t e a n g a n k u p e n d u d u k d e s a , h u s u s n a a n u n g a b a r o -g a a n k e b o n k o p i . T a h , g e u n i n g u p a y a n g a r i k s a l i n g k u n g a n , r n i a r a a g r o f o r e s t r i k o p i , j e u n g m i a r a c a r e u h , l a i n o g e p e n -t i n g p i k e u n n y a l a m e t k e u n k a a n e -k a r a g a r n a n h a y a t i t a p i o g e b i s a n g u n -t u n g k e u n e k o n o m i k a p a r a p a t a n i j e u n g p a b i s n i s k o p i d i I n d o n e s i a .
JOHAN ISKANDAR
Dosen Etnob,iologi Jeung Panalunqtik
Lingkungan
PPSDAL-LPPM Uiipad.
