ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS PERFORMED BY ALICE
IN “ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS” MOVIE SCRIPT BY LINDA WOOLVERTON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Veronika Oktaviani Astuti Student Number: 141214045
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
IN “ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS” MOVIE
SCRIPT BY LINDA WOOLVERTON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Veronika Oktaviani Astuti Student Number: 141214045
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
ILLOCUTIONARY
ACTS PERFORMED BY
ALICE
IN'ALICE
THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS" MOVIE
SCRIPT
BY
LINDA WOOLVERTON
ByVeronika Oktaviani Astuti Student Nurnber . 141214045
Approved by
Advisor
k-*-+
BY LINDA WOOLVERTON By
\ERONIKA OKTAVIANI ASTUTI Student Number .. 141214045
Defended before the Board ofExaminers on 4 December 2018
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A., Ph.D.
Secretary
Member
Member
Nlember
: Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M.
: Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd.
: Christina Lhaksmita Aaandari, S.Pd., Ed.M.
: Mega Wulandari, S.Pd., M.Hum.
Yogyakarta, 4 December 201
I
I
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotation and the references, as a scienti{ic paper should.
Yogyakarta, 4 December 2018
The Writer
Veronika Oktaviani Astuti
r4t2t4045
PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMISYang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Veronika Oktaviani Astuti
Nomor
Mahasiswa
: 141214045Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya mernberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS PERFORMED BY ALICE
IN (AI,ICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS' MOVIE SCRIPT
BY LINDA WOOL\'ERTON
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma
hak
untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Intemet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu memintaijin
dari sayamaupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Dernikiaa pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 4 Desernber 2018
vi
Astuti, Veronika Oktaviani. (2018). Illocutionary Acts Performed by Alice in
“Alice Through The Looking Glass” Movie Script By Linda Woolverton.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Movie script is one of the written works by a script writer. Movie script usually consists of dialogues, narrations, plot, and setting of the story. The dialogues inside the movie script contain intended meaning from each character. The intended meaning makes the story become interesting and understandable. It is called illocutionary act. In order to identify the illocutionary act, various kinds of intended meaning namely paradigm cases also need to be considered.
This study aims to identify the illocutionary act types and paradigm cases that occur in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script. The writer proposes two research questions: (1) What types of illocutionary acts are found in Alice’s utterances of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script? and (2) What paradigm cases underlie illocutionary acts performed by Alice in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script?
The writer employed qualitative research and content analysis as the methodology in the study. The movie script for this study was taken from
www.yify-subtitles.com that consists of 73 pages. There were 263 utterances
performed by Alice as the data of the study. The writer gathered the data from the script and conducted a content analysis on the utterances. The data of illocutionary act types were classified using a table. After that, the writer analyzes the paradigm cases based on the types and contexts which underlie them.
The findings showed 5 types of illocutionary acts were employed inside Alice’s utterances namely representative act, directive act, expressive act, commissive act, and declarative act. Representative act became the most frequent type in Alice’s utterances. There were 22 kinds of paradigm cases occurred based on the types that underlie them. Representative act had 5 cases; directive act had 4 cases; expressive act had 8 cases; commissive act had 3 cases; and declarative act had one case. The study found that paradigm cases of expressive act mostly underlie illocutionary acts inside Alice’s utterances.
In conclusion, the writer presented two conclusions based on the findings. First, Alice mostly used representative act in the script. Second, paradigm cases of expressive act underlie the illocutionary acts performed by Alice.
vii
Astuti, Veronika Oktaviani. (2018). Illocutionary Acts Performed by Alice in
“Alice Through The Looking Glass” Movie Script By Linda Woolverton.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Naskah film merupakan salah satu karya dari seorang penulis naskah. Naskah film biasanya terdiri dari dialog, narasi, alur, dan latar cerita. Dialog dalam naskah film mengandung makna yang dimaksudkan oleh masing-masing karakter. Makna yang sebenarnya dari dialog membuat cerita menjadi menarik dan mudah dipahami. Makna yang dimaksudkan disebut sebagai tindak ilokusi. Untuk mengidentifikasi tindak ilokusi, berbagai jenis makna yang dimaksudkan yaitu model kasus juga perlu dipertimbangkan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tindak ilokusi dan model kasus yang terdapat di dalam naskah film “Alice Through the Looking
Glass”. Penulis mengajukan dua rumusan masalah yaitu: (1) Apa saja jenis-jenis
tindak ilokusi yang terdapat dalam ungkapan Alice di naskah film “Alice Through
the Looking Glass”? dan (2) Apa saja model kasus yang mendasari tindak ilokusi
yang dilakukan oleh Alice dalam naskah film “Alice Through the Looking Glass”? Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dan analisis konten sebagai metode dalam penelitian. Naskah film diambil dari www.yify-subtitles.com yang terdiri dari 73 halaman. Terdapat 263 ungkapan yang dilakukan oleh Alice sebagai data dari penelitian. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari naskah kemudian melakukan analisis konten terhadap ungkapan tersebut. Data dari jenis tindak ilokusi diklasifikasikan menggunakan tabel. Setelah itu, penulis menganalisis model kasus berdasarkan tipe dan konteks yang mendasari maknanya.
Temuan penelitian menunjukkan ada 5 jenis tindak ilokusi yang dilakukan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan Alice yaitu tindak representative, tindak direktif, tindak ekspresif, tindak komisif, dan tindak deklaratif. Tindak representatif menjadi jenis tindak ilokusi yang paling banyak dipakai dalam ungkapan Alice. Terdapat 22 macam model kasus yang terjadi berdasarkan jenis yang mendasari makna ungkapan. Tindak representatif memiliki 5 kasus; tindak direktif 4 kasus; tindak ekspresif 8 kasus; tindak komisif 3 kasus; dan tindak deklaratif memiliki satu kasus. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa model kasus dari tindak ekspresif menjadi yang paling mendasari tindak ilokusi dalam ungkapan Alice.
Sebagai kesimpulan, penulis memberikan dua kesimpulan berdasarkan hasil temuan. Pertama, Alice umumnya menggunakan tindak representatif dalam naskah. Kedua, model kasus dari tindak ekspresif mendasari tindak ilokusi yang dilakukan Alice.
viii
“It’s the same cycle at the
beginning and the end. A new
ending is another beginning.”
– My Page, NCT Dream –
This thesis represents my hardwork since I started my study in the ELESP, and I specially dedicate this masterpiece for:
1. My parents; Bapak Yohanes Bambang Untoro and Ibu Rr. Mujiastuti, S.Pd. 2. My siblings; dek Theresia Dwi Handayani, dek Vincentius Yanuar Puji
Raharjo, and dek Yosefa Prihatsari Astuti.
3. My brother in heaven, mas Felik Bayu Setyo Aji, A.Md., S.E. 4. Myself
ix
First of all, I would like to say my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for all of the blessings He has given to me. I might never reach this stage without His companion and guidance. This thesis is dedicated for those who have motivated and encouraged me to finish my study soon.
Second, I would like to give my gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd., for her dedication and time she has spent to help me finishing this thesis. I also thank the best academic advisor of mine since 2014, Ms. Patricia Angelina Lasut, S.Pd., M.Hum., for all her companion, kindness and patience since the beginning until the end of my study in PBI.
Third, I would never finish my thesis well if I do not get a lot of support from my beloved family especially both my parents, Bapak Yohanes Bambang Untoro and Ibu Rr. Martha Mujiastuti, S.Pd.. I thank them for their endlesss love, support, and caring to me especially on financial and psychological matters. I am really grateful because they give me chances to choose my own path to walk.
I also thank my siblings, my partners in every single day. Firstly, it goes to my brother, dek Vincentius Yanuar Puji Raharjo, for all the struggles and battles that always reminding me about how challenging life is. Then to my younger sister, dek Theresia Dwi Handayani, for the time she has spent to be my living diary book. To my youngest sister, dek Yosefa Prihatsari Astuti, for being spirit and laughters in my life. Also my love goes to the one I cannot see the smile anymore, mas Felik Bayu Setyo Aji, A.Md., SE.. This is a blessing from God
x
person, I am sure that he is in a better place now. I thank him for his love, support, motivation, laughter and everything he has given to me. I would always remember his advices to be a tough girl.
My life would never be the same without the presence from my besties, Benita Saraswati, Antonia Eka Puspita, and Marie-Louise Catherine Widyananda. Thank you so much for always supporting me through my hardest time and for memories we have been through since the beginning. Then, for all my closest friends since I was a freshman in PBI, the Student Hall Squad members; Johan Tobias Kristiano, Angelina Lintang Venta Dewanti, Vincentius Yosa Rahardyan, Danin Christianto, Vinsensius Galuh Kusuma, Yohanes Mahatmo Suryo Widiasmoro and Aven Kristianus Madi. Thank you so much for always being good friends for me who also force me to show the best of me everyday.
For my councelor and my good friend, Anggito Cahyo Nugroho (Cahoy), who never forgets to remind me to finish my thesis soon and motivate me to have a good mindset. I would like to thank him for being such a good friend for me. My gratefulness goes to my juniors in college, Elsa, Valen, Yuniar, Edo, and Bipo, who often visit my boarding house, fulfill my room with laughters, bring me food, support me, and cheer my life up.
I would like to thank my PPL partners, Jesica, Erni Suryati, Emersani Navita Laka, and all members in Dandelion group of SPD who helped me much
xi
responsible and open-minded. I would never forget to say thank you to all of SPD GM members; Ranti, Herman, Wendy, Andre, Vidy, Feby, Bintang, Ayu, Emmy, Aji, and Danar, who have created good memories and laughters in these last two semesters of my study in PBI.
For PBI class A and class small B, I will never forget all memories we have made together during our journey to graduate. Also, I feel so grateful of having partners in my D class of the Thesis course. Thank you for spending good time together this semester. I want to greet and say thanks to all of my family members in EEPRO (English Education Production) batch 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017; EMC (English Mass Community); Equipment division of EWD 2016 and UC 2018; and also AYD 2017’s Volunteers for allowing me to become the luckiest person in this world because I could be the part of the events.
Last but not least, I want to thank all people whose name cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank you for supporting me since the beginning until the end of my journey in PBI. I am nothing without you all. May God always bless you and guide you to a better life.
Best love,
xii
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...v
ABSTRACT ... vi
ABSTRAK ... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xii
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ...xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...1 A. Research Background ...1 B. Research Questions ...6 C. Research Significance ...6 D. Definition of Terms ...7 1. Illocutionary Acts ...7
2. Alice Through the Looking Glass ...8
3. Movie Script ...8
4. Linda Woolverton ...9
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...10
A. Theoretical Description ...10
1. Pragmatics ...10
2. Speech Acts Theory ...11
3. Types of Illocutionary Acts ...15
xiii
6. Previous Study on Speech Acts ...26
B. Theoretical Framework ...28
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...30
A. Research Method ...30
B. Type and Source of Data ...32
C. Data Gathering Technique ...33
D. Data Analysis Technique ...35
E. Triangulation ...38
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...43
A. Types of Illocutionary Acts Performed by Alice ...43
1. Representative Act ...45
2. Directive Act ...47
3. Expressive Act ...49
4. Commissive Act ...50
5. Declarative Act ...51
B. Paradigm Cases Underlie the Meaning in Alice’s Utterances ...53
1. Paradigm Cases in Representative Act ...54
2. Paradigm Cases in Directive Act ...60
3. Paradigm Cases in Expressive Act ...64
4. Paradigm Cases in Commissive Act ...72
5. Paradigm Cases in Declarative Act ...75
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...77 A. Conclusions ...77 B. Implications ...78 C. Recommendations ...80 REFERENCES ...82 APPENDICES ...85
xiv
Tables Page
3.1 Example of Data Analysis Table for Illocutionary Act Types ...36
3.2 Example of Data Analysis Table for Paradigm Cases ...37
xv
Figure Page
xvi # : Number C : Code P : Page A : Alice’s utterances RE : Representative DI : Directive EX : Expressive CO : Commissive DE : Declarative
xvii
Appendices Page
1. Table of Illocutionary Act Types Results ...86 2. Table of Paradigm Cases Results ...100
1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers research background, research questions, research objectives, research significance, and definition of terms. In this part, the writer will focus on revealing the research background deeper. The writer draws the research towards two research questions to achieve the research results. In order to help the readers understand the key words of the research, the writer provides some terms to define difficult and unfamiliar terms from the research.
A. Research Background
Communication is important in people’s daily life. It is one of the ways to interact with others. In communicating with others, there are goals that are going to be achieved by both the speaker and the listener. Merihue (1980) defines that the effectiveness of communication can be mentioned as initiated behaviour on the part of the addresser which convey the intended meaning towards the addressee. It also causes the responses behaviour from the addressee. Therefore, it is obvious that communicating with others can convey and gather information at the same time. Through communication, the addresser can also express something towards the addressee or the listener so they can get the information from the addresser or the speaker.
Every individual has a certain purpose in communication. She or he wants to convey the purpose through sentences or utterances that she or he speaks. In
purpose and meaning.
In linguistics field, there is a study that focuses on meaning. The study of meaning is divided into two branches, namely semantics and pragmatics. Meanwhile, based on Cruse (2000), the branches of language meaning study are divided into four. The four branches are lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, logical semantics, and linguistic pragmatics. After the writer comprehends the study of language meaning, the writer chooses to develop a study in pragmatic field. The main reason of choosing pragmatics field is because the writer pays attention to the use of pragmatics aspects in daily conversations which sometimes also contain a lot of meanings and intentions.
Pragmatics, in general, is a study of meaning which is used by the speaker to communicate with others by altering a goal of every utterance spoken. It deals with the way a speaker conveys the utterance meaning which is spoken. Yule and Brown (1996) state that pragmatics concerns with the study of meaning as it is communicated by a speaker or a writer and interpreted by the listener or the reader in an exact way. Studying language using pragmatics brings advantages for the addresser and addressee. They can talk to each other about the intended meaning, the purposes or goals, assumptions, and the kinds of actions that they are performing while speaking by employing speech act in their conversation.
Speech act, in general, is a study that deals with how to do things with words. In other words, speech acts can be described as actions that people do by
study into one of the types of speech acts, namely the illocutionary act. The writer chooses the topic about illocutionary act because it is interesting to be analyzed. The first reason is people also apply illocutionary acts inside their daily communication toward each other to state the intended meaning even though they do not realize that they are performing the illocutionary act while conversating.
The second reason is illocutionary act analysis can help the writer to understand more about the intended meaning inside utterances since illocutionary acts are utterances which are used to deliver the meaning of what speakers are saying. In particular, illocutionary act is listed into speech acts theory and also pragmatics theory. Therefore, illocutionary acts is interesting to be analyzed since it also concerns about sentence and utterance meaning which becomes the main part of conversations.
Studies about illocutionary acts mostly have a connection towards language which are varies. The studies mostly discuss about dialogue analysis, translation, and dialogue interpretation of movie script or play script. The writer applies movie script as the data of the research by analyzing the utterancs which are spoken by the main character inside the movie script. Movie script is, indeed, a result of the human creation, but it reflects the perception of a society.
Movie script is performed to help the audience to understand the story lines. In this research, the writer employed a study about movie script analysis which focus on illocutionary acts analysis towards the script performed by Alice
writer will identify the utterances which contain illocutionary acts used by Alice inside the movie.
“Alice Through the Looking Glass” is the sequel movie of “Alice in Wonderland” movie in 2010. This is one of American fantasy adventure movies that is produced by Walt Disney Pictures based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll on his book “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”. This movie is directed by James Bobin and written by Linda Woolverton. Mia Wasikowska was chosen to perform as Alice Kingsleigh in the movie. She worked together with Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp or the Mad Hatter and Anne Hathaway as Mirana Marmoreal, the White Queen (Barnes, 2016).
“Alice Through the Looking Glass” has ever been nominated in some awards or movie festivals such as Golden Raspberry Awards, Golden Trailer Awards, People’s Choice Awards, Teen Choice Awards, Grammy Awards, and Hollywood Music in Media Awards. In those awards, the movie was only nominated as a candidate. However, the original soundtrack won as the best song in Sci-Fi or fantasy film in Hollywood Music Awards (Tartaglione, 2016).
The writer is interested in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie because this movie contains several issues such as feminism issue and also political issue which become one of the movie backgrounds. This movie tells about a rebellious girl named Alice who loves adventures and challenges. It is stated in the movie which portrays Alice as a fearless sea captain, a sincere friend,
since she is the only one who could save the Mad Hatter from getting madder of his problems. Alice is the main character in the movie, so she performs more parts than the others.
This movie also has connections to people’s daily life, especially for women around the world. Through Alice’s personalities, Linda Woolverton was trying to tell all woman that every of them has big dreams to achieve; deserves equal position in society as what men do; and every woman also has power to change the world either with their ability or beliefs (Dutka 1992). This is also one of the reasons of choosing “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie for the study. According to the writer, the utterances which were performed by Alice contain important meaning and intention which need to be portrayed through this study.
In short, illocutionary act has an important role in communications since it has relation to language meaning. By performing illocutionary act, the addresser is trying to deliver his or her intention toward the addressee who will receive the message intended and interpret the meaning by considering other aspects such as participants of the conversation, setting of place and situation, then also the purpose of conversation itself. In order to achieve the goals, the writer conducted the study about illocutionary act by employing “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script and took the utterances performed by Alice to be analyzed.
In this study, the writer will address two questions related to illocutionary act phenomenons that are performed by Alice inside “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie:
1. What types of illocutionary acts are implied in Alice’s utterances of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script?
2. What paradigm cases underlie illocutionary acts performed by Alice in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script?
C. Research Significance
The writer expects that this study can bring many benefits for the readers in advance. Here are some benefits that the writer provides:
1. ELESP Lecturers
Lecturer can practically use this research to help the language learning and teaching process in the classroom. Students can have better understanding about illocutionary acts. Through movie, lecturer can show the students concrete examples of illocutionary acts and how to classify them into the types and identify the meaning through analysis.
2. ELESP Students
Understanding the teaching material about illocutionary acts through watching movie is helpful. The students can analyze the types and paradigm cases by watching the movie and reading the script. They will easily understand how to
dialogues.
3. Other Researchers
Next researchers can investigate and make new research about illocutionary acts through other data resources such as novels, speeches, and direct observation of human activities in real life. Also, researchers can use movie or movie script as the main data sources to analyse other branches of speech act such as locutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
D. Definition of Terms 1. Illocutionary Acts
Illocutionary act is one of the speech acts parts in pragmatics. This is a complete speech act which contain utterances in an act of saying something (Searle, 1969). It can also become an act to say something opposed since illocutionary acts have an intention from the speaker toward others in their utterances such as a certain force for someone to do something.
Illocutionary acts force the speaker to pay attention to certain tones, feeling or emotion, and attitude towards others. It means that in communicating to others using illocutionary acts, there are some kinds of warning such as the requirements which have been mentioned above. According to Salgado (2011), illocutionary acts are utterances which attempt to achieve some communicative purposes. At the moment the utterances are produced, some actions are also performed. In this
commanding, and informing.
2. Alice Through the Looking Glass
It is a fantasy movie which was released on May 2016. It is the sequel of “Alice in Wonderland” that reached high rating on the cinema around the world. It was directed by James Bobin and was produced by Walt Disney Pictures (Barnes, 2016).
The movie is mainly talked about Alice’s adventures in Wonderland to save Hatter’s family who were missing. Alice risked herself to travel time using the “Chronosphere”, a kind of time maschine which delivered her to some events that happened in the past. Alice came across time to meet friends and also opponents at different points of their life. She put on her biggest effort to save Hatter before her time ran out.
3. Movie Script
Movie script or screenplay is a written work which is created by screen or script writers. This script is usually used inside a film, drama, television program, video game, and play performance. Movie script can be an original work of the writer or an adaptation from other works such as novel, comics, and other writing works from different writers. Inside the script, there are narrations of movement, actions, dialogues or monologues of the characters (Calvisi, 2011).
Linda Woolverton was born in America on December 19, 1952. She is an author, animator, screenwriter, producer, and playwright who is famous as the screenplay writer of Disney animated movie, “Beauty and the Beast” in 1991 (Dutka, 1992). In 2010, she wrote a screenplay which was an adaptation of Tim Burton’s “Alice in Wonderland” story and she was also in charge to write the screenplay of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” six years later. Her career as a writer made her winning several awards. The first award was from Laurence Oliver Award as the winner of The Best New Musical for Beauty and the Beast (1998). The second award was from Newport Beach Film Festival as the winner of Outstanding Contribution to Screenwriting in 2016 (Holden, 2016).
10
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter II provides the review of related literature. There are two sections which will be discussed in this chapter. They are theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description will explain about all theories related to the topic which the writer employs. Meanwhile, theoretical framework only frames the main theories which the writer needs to apply.
A. Theoretical Description 1. Pragmatics
Linguistics has two main fields that study about meaning, namely semantics and pragmatics. Semantics focuses on the real meaning or the literal meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Meanwhile, pragmatics focuses more on the use of language and considers it with the situations. Pragmatics aims to explain that there are other factors outside the language which influence both literal meaning and non-literal meaning in the communication using the language (Portner, 2006).
The discussion of utterance‟s meaning is presented in pragmatics study. As Yule (1996) states that the concern of pragmatics is on the the study of meaning as it is communicated by a speaker to others and then it is interpreted by the listeners. Based on the definition, it is important to set a better understanding to everyone about the importance of the meaning in doing communication. Both
listener and reader will succeed the communication if they understand how to deal with what the speaker or the writer has said.
According to Mey (2001), the interest of pragmatics is in the process of producing language and in its producers, not only in the final product which is language. Pragmatics does not only focus on the sentences which are uttered by the speaker or written by the writer. It also pays attention to when, where, how, who are the participants, and why an utterance is stated.
2. Speech Acts Theory
One reason for concentrating the study on speech acts is because all communications are involved by linguistic acts. A speech act is one of the pragmatics discussions which relates to what a certain utterance or sentence possesses certain act within it. Speech acts are used to express certain attitude in communication such as expressing a statement as a belief.
Speech acts are also the interest in the type of acts. They are structurally related to the sentences which form the speech acts. This act has become one of the basic elements of pragmatics since a long time ago that the concept was introduced by J. Austin. Austin (1962) states that he has set about demolishing or the language view would place truth conditions as central to language understanding. He uses his method to note that ordinary language declarative sentences, contrary to positivist assumptions which focus on its logic. They are
not apparently used with intentions of creating true or false statements. Below are ilustrations to form a special class:
I bet you six pence it will rain tomorrow
I hereby christen this ship the H. M. S. Flounder I declare war on Zanzibar
I apologize
I dub thee Sir Walter I object
I sentence you to ten years of hard labour I bequeath you my Sansovino
I give my word
I warn you that trepassers will be prosecuted
The peculiar thing about the sentences above according to the theory employed by Austin is that they are not only used to say things such as describing the states of affairs and apologizing to other people, but they are also used to do things such as commanding other people to do something.
In communication, the participants have to express preposition with a particular illocutionary force, and while doing it, they perform some kinds of actions which are promising, commanding, stating, and warning. They are usually called as speech acts (Cruse, 2000). Therefore, it is essential to distinguish the three sorts of specific word that one of them is producing an utterance. They are divided in three different terms; locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
a. Locutionary Acts
Locutionary act is an act of saying something which has meaning. It creates understandable utterance to express or convey. In short, locutionary act is an action of performing the act of saying. Locutionary acts also contain the utterances of certain noises such as words in a certain construction. The utterances which are produced contain a certain sense and a certain reference (Austin, 1962).
The locutionary acts can also be shown as a mere utterance of some words in a certain language. Therefore, locutionary act is different from illocutionary act and perlocutionary act which convey more complicated message for the addressee. The example is demonstrated on a simple illustration below:
“Would you open the door, please?”
The utterance above is performed in the surface form of a question and a locutionary act. It has a clear content that is „open the door’ words. This locutionary act delivers only the question which is spoken by the addresser. However, illocutionary act will convey a request from the addresser to the addressee and perlocutionary act will express desire of the addresser towards the addressee to go and open the door.
b. Illocutionary Acts
This act is used as an act of saying something, or it can also become an act of opposed to say something. Illocutionary acts mostly has a certain force or
intention of its utterances. This act is well-combined with certain attitudes, tones, emotions or feelings. For instance, illocutionary acts performs an act in saying something. Below are some examples of the illocutionary acts:
“I promise you I will never leave you.” “I beg you not to be angry with them.” “I thank him for being good friend of mine.”
Three examples above contain illocutionary acts which perform the intention while saying the utterances. The addresser wants to deliver a message towards the addressee using the words such as promise, beg, and thank. The functions of those words are specifically to identify and encode the illocutionary act inside an utterance.
c. Perlocutionary Acts
Perlocutionary acts creates a sense of consequential effects towards the audiences or the listeners. The effects can be in the form of imaginations, feelings or emotions, and thoughts. These kind of effects for the addressee are the main charactership of perlocutionary acts. It can be concluded that perlocutionary acts is a kind of performing an act by saying something.
As the example, an adresser said “It’s afternoon already. I am really
hungry.” to the addressee. The utterance can have two meanings in both
locutionary and illocutionary act. In locutionary act, the addresser just states that he or she feels hungry without any intentions inside their uterances. However, in
illocutionary act, the addresser does not only state his or her utterance. The utterance has an implicit meaning that the addressee could buy the addresser some food or just ask him or her to have lunch together. If the addressee really does the action as buying the food or asking to go out for lunch, it is called perlocutionary act.
3. Types of Illocutionary Acts
Illocutionary act is aimed to state the production of an utterance which is known as the illocutionary force for each of utterance. Illocutionary force is the verbs which are used in the utterances. The function of those verbs are as signals which identify what kind of meanings produced by the utterances. In sum, illocutionary force refers to a speaker‟s intention in performing the utterances to the listener (Austin, 1962).
There will be no communication without illocutionary force since it deals with how a speaker conveys, or a listener understands the illocutionary force of the utterance delivered (Cruse, 2000). However, the individual elements such as the locution, illocution, and perlocution cannot be separated easily. Bach and Harnish (1979) say that those elements are intimately related to one another in a large measure.
Furthermore, Austin (1962) claims that an illocutionarry act is central in the classifications since it produces an intention through locution act. As the example, the utterance “It’s hot here.” might be categorized as an indirect request
to open the window since the the air is really hot in certain room. It can also become a complaint about how hot the room is. Then it can also become an indirect refusal to close the window. According to those explanations, Austin classified illocutionary acts into five major types as follows:
a. Verdictives
This is an act of making verdicts or judgements toward someone or something such as estimating or rating. As example, the utterance “I rate the
movie plot for about 7 out of 10.” is included into verdictives act since the
utterance makes prediction about rating towards a movie plot.
b. Exercitives
Exercitives is an act of making a decision regarding the action such as advising, permitting, and ordering. As example, the utterance “You should obey
the school rules if you want to be a good student.” is aimed as an advice for
someone to take a certain action regarding to the advice.
c. Commissives
Act of making a commitment towards a certain action such as promising and intending. The example is taken from the utterance “I promise you to stay
longer in London.” which contains promising act. The speaker intended to
d. Behabitives
This type is used to express attitudes or feelings such as thanking and welcoming. As example, the utterance “Thank you so much for all participants
who have attended this meeting.” performs thanking act which contains speaker‟s
feeling and attitude toward it. The speaker expresses his or her gratitute to all the participants who are willing to come to the meeting.
e. Expositives
This is an act of demonstrating and clarifying the words usage such as arguing, replying, illustrating, and assuming. As example, the utterance “I am
assuming, he kept you because you are the best teacher in this school.” means that
the speaker makes an action of formulating or verbalizing an idea without any specific evidences. The purpose is to expect the listener‟s position in the school.
Searle (1969) acquired some of Austin‟s ideas, but he criticized the taxonomy because it is lack of governing principle of organization, confusions between illocutionary acts and verbs, and then the heterogeneity within the categories. According to Searle (1969), there are five types of illocutionary acts which can be employed in spoken or written utterances. He developed the theories of speech acts in his own way and named them as five basic types of illocutionary acts. They are representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarative act.
a. Representative Act
Representative reveals the truth of real condition of the utterances meaning in spoken or written conversation. It carries value of „true‟ or „false‟ about how to assert or conclude something. In representative type, there are some verbs which indicate an utterance is considered as a representative type.
Informing news to someone is an example of representative illocutionary act. The addresser delivers a news for the addressee to inform them about a certain event that is happening. Another example of representative illocutionary act is asserting someone. Assertion is used to state a participant‟s belief and opinion about something. It does not require facts or evidences to state this kind of assertion. When a speaker state “I would like to assert you that my mother’s
cooking is the best in the world.”, he or she tries to deliver opinions about his or
her mother‟s cooking. The utterance performed is not based on the fact or scientific evidence since it is just the speaker‟s belief or opinion. The result about the food taste will be different to one another based on a personal opinion and preference.
b. Directive Act
In directive type, speaker or writer wants someone to do something or in the paradigm case, it is often called as questioning and requesting. This is a request that the listener or the reader should carry out some actions toward a request that the speaker or the writer intended. Moreover, in the form of question,
the addresser tries to make things happen as what they expect. Directive type can differ from a wish into peremptory or harsh order. For examples: (a) Could you
pass me the sugar?, (b) Don’t enter the room.
Both examples have the same intention or meaning for the addressee. The first utterance is performed in the form of question. However, it also contains a request inside the question that the addressee should understand. The addresser wants the addressee to give him or her the sugar. Therefore, the addresser asks whether the addressee could pass the salt to him or her. The second utterance is in the form of a command which clearly mentions the intention. When the addresser prohibits the addressee to enter the room, so it means the same that the addressee is not allowed to enter the room.
c. Commissive Act
Speakers or writers used to commit themselves to do something in the future. This type expresses the intentions the speaker or the writer wants the listener or the reader to accomplish. When someone is saying a promise, it is also a kind of commissive illocutionary act. Promising is an act performed by someone to be willing on doing something. Moreover, commiting and predicting are also parts of commissive illocutionary act.
Commissive creates a change in someone‟s act towards something. When the addresser speaks a promise to the addressee, the obligation of doing the promise is on the addresser, not the addressee. As example, in the utterance “I’ll
come back soon.”, the addresser makes a promise to the addressee in a certain
situation. The addresser should deliver the promise clearly so the addressee will understand the meaning or the intention of it. The utterance “I’ll come back soon.” also has two meanings which would require different actions in the future. As it is just a promise, the addresser either can fulfill the promise and coming back again or the addresser is just making sure that the addressee does not feel disappointed of the departure.
d. Expressive Act
Expressive act states what the speaker or the writer feels. It expresses the psychological states and it can also become statements of happiness, pain, like, dislike, joy, and sorrow. This type mostly talks about speaker‟s or writer‟s experiences. Expressive type is dealing with personal matters, so it does not have connection with the world. It just deals the matter between an addresser and an addressee since it expresses the inner state of the addresser.
Apologizing to people is an example of expressives illocutionary act. When the addresser says “I am sorry for breaking your robot.”, he or she expresses guilty after doing something wrong. The addresser did not mean to break the robot since it was only an accident. However, the addresser tried to take the consequenses by saying an apology. The intention of that utterance is to change the following action that may happen after the addresser broke the robot. The addressee can decide whether he or she will forgive the addresser or not.
e. Declarative Act
Declarative type changes the world towards the utterance which is produced. It can change someone‟s status or the ownership of something. The word „change‟ refers to any situations that occur when the speaker or the writer states their utterances.
When declaring a thing, the addresser changes the state of affairs between a condition to another. As example, the utterance “I declare that this café is
officially opened.” states two different conditions based on the time and condition.
It changes the condition when the café that was „not yet opened‟ becomes an opened café right now.
Speech act, as it is stated before, is used to express speaker‟s intention, state speakers‟s belief, and express speaker‟s attitude inside the communication towards others (Austin, 1962). There are three different terms to differ the functions namely locutionary act or an action of performing the act of saying; illocutionary act or an act of saying something; and perlocutionary act or performing act by saying something.
Speech act theory has relevancy to this study since the writer analyzed about illocutionary act which discusses about meaning and intention through spoken or written utterances. Movie script is the data source for this study which is performed by the characters. The writer analyzed movie script and employed utterances as the data for this study. The utterances include words, phrases, and
sentences which are performed by Alice will be analyzed to find out the intended meaning from those utterances.
4. Paradigm Cases
Paradigm cases can also be described as a meaning or intention inside an utterance. Meaning has connection to the context of using the utterances. In pragmatics especially, there are relationships among the context of use, semantic meaning, and also the speaker‟s meaning. Grice (1957) states that the idea of delivering meaning through an utterance is based on the intention of the speaker itself. It often happens when an addresser says something, he or she does not exactly mean the literal meaning of the words spoken. The previous case explains that the speaker‟s meanings differ from the semantic meaning.
An illocutionary act communicates the intentions of the addresser behind the locutionary act and perlocutionary act which reveal the effect towards the addressee after he or she is asked to do something. The paradigm cases differ from one another based on the illocutionary act types that underlie them. There are five types of illocutionary acts which are employed by Searle. They are representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarative. Below are paradigm cases which occur inside each type of illocutionary acts.
a. Paradigm Cases in Representative Illocutionary Acts
The main purpose of using representative illocutionary act is to state a fact or belief. The addresser will perform the utterances in the form of asserting, affirming, informing, denying, and insisting.
b. Paradigm Cases in Directive Illocutionary Acts
Directive case has connection to some acts such as ordering, commanding, requesting, asking, begging, prohibiting, and suggesting. Those are the paradigm cases which appear inside directive illocutionary act. The addresser will perform the utterance to deliver his or her intention in order to make sure that the addressee will understand the meaning of utterance performed.
c. Paradigm Cases in Expressive Illocutionary Acts
In expressive type, the cases appear based on personal feeling or experience, so they do not have to be complicated. Some cases which may appear inside expressive type are intended to express joy, sadness, sorrow, like, dislike, and anger. Those cases can be used while saying an apology; commanding or requesting someone to do something; complaining or protesting; and expressing gratitute towards something.
d. Paradigm Cases in Commissive Illocutionary Acts
Paradigm cases which appear inside commissive type are limited since they are just functioned to state a commitment, promise someone, and predict
something which may happen in the future. The examples of paradigm are predicting, committing, and promising.
e. Paradigm Cases in Declarative Illocutionary Acts
Declarative type employs some changes between a condition towards another. Inside declarative type, the paradigm cases which appear are in the form of declaring, naming, and approving.
5. Context
Context is an assumption of background knowledge which are going to be shared by the speaker and listener in which the context has contribution towards the listener‟s interpretation of what the speaker means by delivering the utterances (Leech, 1983). It is obvious that contexts have important roles to help the listener in interpreting the utterances since they have intended meaning inside all the utterances spoken by the speaker. Context also means as the situation and condition when the utterances are produced. The listener can easily catch and guess the meaning of the speaker‟s utterances by understanding the situation or condition when the utterances delivered.
Yule and Brown (1983) state that there are nine components in exploring the intended meaning of the context. They are participants, topic, channel, code, setting, event, message-form, key and purpose (p. 38). This also means that revealing the intended meaning and the context based only on the speaker and
listener is not enough. Both of speaker and listener should pay attention to the nine backgrounds stated.
The writer develops the nine components and applies the explanations about all of them based on the theory from Yule and Brown (1983). The first is participant. There are three subcategories which can be divided namely addresser, addressee, and audience. Addresser refers to someone who produces the utterances. The addressee refers to the listener, meanwhile the audience represents the over listener. The second is topic. This is obvious that topic of a conversation determines the language choices. As the example, some topics might be discussed in a certain language rather than using the other language.
The third is the channel which mostly deals with a certain way of how an interaction is maintained. The fourth is code which constantly deals with what language, style or dialect that is used inside the conversation. Setting as the fifth component refers to the place and time when the conversation occurs. Usually, both of formal and informal setting are considered as important factors for the language choice. For example, the language choice which is used between a conversation at work place and at home would be different.
The sixth component is event. It is a natural communicative event within the choice of genre which may be embbedded. Message-form is the seventh component which becomes important to deal with the intended form to deliver the message. The eighth component is key. Key concerns to the evaluation of a
conversation, whether the discourse is good and meaningful or confusing for the listener. The last component is purpose which deals with the participants‟ intention towards the conversation. Purpose is used in case the speaker wants to give an order or ask for something.
6. Previous Studies on Speech Acts
Studies on speech acts have been conducted by several researchers before. In this section, the writer reviewed three studies which were related to the main issues namely movie script and speech acts.
First, Dewi (2015) conducted a study on speech acts in “The Great Gatsby” movie script performed by the main characters of the movie namely Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Dr. Jack Thompson. The study found that there were four types of speech acts employed inside the study. They were representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. However, the study found that the most frequent type was directive act. The study also found that direct speech was the most frequent strategies employed by the characters since it related to the direct relationship between a structure and the function.
Second, Mardianti (2014) conducted a study on speech acts performed by the main character of “Doraemon” comic the 1st
volume. She proposed two problems in this study as a limitation of the topic. The problems she proposed were the types of locutionary acts and types of illocutionary acts performed by the
main character of “Doraemon” comic the 1st
volume. The findings showed four types were employed in the comic namely representative, commissive, directive, and expressive. The results also showed that mostly directive sentences were used to express gratitude, statement and advice. Imperative sentences were employed to express order or request. Interrogative sentences were performed to express questions. However, the writer did not find the types of illocutionary acts which contain declaration since the character did not have authority to change someone‟s world through his words. According to the results, the most frequent type was directive act since the addresser wanted the addressee to do some actions intended by the addresser.
Lastly, Ragil (2012) also conducted the study about speech acts. He limited his study on the types and functions of illocutionary acts in “Cars 2” movie script. The findings showed that there were four types employed in the utterances namely representative or assertive, expressive, directive, and commissive. All characters in the movie script mostly performed representative or assertive type since the type made the characters commit to the truth of proposition. The second finding was the functions of illocutionary acts. In the study, the writer found four major functions of illocutionary acts employed in the script. They were collaborative function, convivial function, competitive function, and conflictive function. The most frequent function was the collaborative function which meant that mostly the characters in the script did not employ
politeness in uttering the utterances because the collaborative function did not have relevancy to politeness strategy.
B. Theoretical Framework
The writer employs the theory of the types of illocutionary acts by Searle (1969). He states that there are five types of illocutionary acts which can be employed in spoken or written utterances. They are representative act, directive act, commissive act, expressive act, and declarative act. These types of illocutionary acts will be used to analyze all utterances produced by Alice.
For answering the second research question about the paradigm cases that might occur inside the movie script as it is performed by Alice as the main character of the movie, the writer applied the theory by Searle (1969) as well. In order to support the data gathering, the writer also elaborated the theory of paradigm cases types with the theory of meaning in context written by Yule and Brown (1983). The context of meaning is related to some aspects in the movie such as participants or the characters, setting of the story, plot, and also the characters‟ personalities namely characteristics.
The writer analyzes the paradigm cases and classifies them based on the types which underlie the cases then relate them with the context to decide their meanings. The theory from Yule and Brown (1983) is considered as a supporting theory which helps the writer to categorize meaning and intention stated in the utterances performed by Alice. The writer gathers the aspects such as setting of
the story, plot, and character‟s facial expressions from the movie since it provides more accurate information to enrich the data for this study.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents discussion of the method that is used in the research. This chapter is divided into five parts which are research method, type and source of data, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and triangulation.
A. Research Method
This study is conducted using qualitative approach since it presents about description and analysis rather than the features of counting or statistical data (Wray & Bloomer, 2006 p. 97). In other words, qualitative approach is used to analyze or describe the research data. The writer conducted the study using this approach since it was intended to discover the types and paradigm cases of illocutionary acts employed by Alice Kingsleigh in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script.
Furthermore, Rallis (2003) has stated the theory about qualitative research in the following way:
Qualitative researchers seek answers to their questions in the real world. They gather what they see, hear, and read from people and places and from events and activities. They do research in natural settings rather than in laboratories or through written surveys.
This means that qualitative research has connection to natural situations and focuses on people. The main goal of a qualitative research is to provide a complete and detail descriptions on the research topic discussed. It focuses more
on meaning and understanding rather than numeric or mathematic operation of the data, in this case, the types of illocutuionary acts and paradigm cases performed by Alice in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script.
The study belongs to descriptive qualitative approach which particularly implement a document or content analysis technique focusing on the analysis or interpretation of recorded material such as public records, letters, textbooks, tapes, diaries, movies, themes, and reports. This technique is obtained because the writer uses movie script of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” which is considered as written document.
According to Fraenkel & Wallen (2008), document analysis is a technique which enables the researcher to study human behavior in an indirect way, through an analysis of their communications. The writer limited the study into one of Speech act’s type, namely, illocutionary act.
The main goal of this study was to classify the illocutionary act types and analyze the paradigm cases of illocutionary acts which were performed by Alice in “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie script. In order to achieve the goal, the writer classified the utterances based on their basic types and analyzed them using the theory provided. The writer also classified and analyzed the paradigm cases which underlie meaning based on their types and context.
B. Type and Source of Data
There were two types of data sources that were just employed in this study. They were the primary data and the secondary data. The primary data were taken from the movie script of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” which was written by Linda Woolverton. The script was downloaded from
www.yify-subtitles.com and it has seventy three pages. The data taken from this script were
the utterances performed by Alice inside the movie script which related to illocutionary acts cases.
In order to support the primary data, the writer used “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie as the secondary data. It was directed by James Bobin and the duration is 113 minutes. Hornby (1995) says that a movie is a set of moving picture to be shown on television or cinema in the form of a recorded story. This is indeed a result of human creation, but it reflects the perception of a society.
Movie is implemented in this study to help the writer analyzing the data about paradigm cases. By watching the movie, the writer could gather information about the setting and the characters’ expression while performing the utterances. Those aspects provided data and information that the writer needed to answer the second research question about meaning inside every utterance performed.
In this study, the writer employed a research about movie script analysis which focused on illocutionary acts analysis toward the script performed by Alice Kingsleigh, the main character of “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie. The
writer identified the utterances which contain illocutionary acts used by Alice inside the movie script. The writer related the data gathered with the theory of illocutionary acts and made an analysis of them. The writer also related the theory whether dialogues which were performed in the script could be applied inside a movie as well it is implemented in classroom activities such as drama class which requires movie script as the learning and teaching media. The data were also supported by journals, essays, books, articles, and internet literacy related to “Alice Through the Looking Glass” movie.
C. Data Gathering Technique 1. Reading the script
The writer started the study by downloading the movie script on the internet. After the writer got the the correct movie script on the internet, the writer read it for three times to make sure that the writer made a good understanding about the characters who perform the dialogue.
2. Watching the movie
In order to complete the data, the writer searched the movie and then watched it for several times. This step is aimed to help the writer discovering the character to be analyzed.
3. Analyzing the movie script
The writer then analyzed the movie script and identified Alice’s character inside the script. This analysis was functioned to get more information about Alice’s role inside the movie.
4. Adding some notes
Written notes were used to help the writer understand more about Alice’s characteristics inside the movie. Notes also helped the writer to construct the data obtained.
5. Collecting Alice’s utterances
The next step that was taken by the writer is collecting the utterances of Alice Kingsleigh from both the movie and the script. The utterances from movie script were applied to gather the data of illocutionary acts types and identify the paradigm cases which might appear inside Alice’s utterances. The writer also applied movie as the supporting data for the second research question as stated in the Chapter I.
6. Analyzing the collected utterances and interpret the data
All collected data of Alice’s utterances were analyzed by the writer using the table provided. The utterances were categorized based on their type. Then, the writer interpreted all utterances which have been analyzed to discover the paradigm cases which occured inside the utterances based on their relation to the theory of meaning and context.
D. Data Analysis Technique
This study employs content analysis or document analysis as the approach to analyze the data. Content analysis focuses on a research method which analyzes the subjective interpretation of the content of data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns.
The writer applies three steps in analyzing the data gathered. These are the three steps as follow:
1. Identifying the related data of Illocutionary Acts
In this part, the writer identified the utterances performed by Alice based on the theory of John Searle. The writer determined the classification of illocutionary acts types from the utterances.
The writer collected the data by classifying them into the suitable types of illocutionary acts through coding. This step was done to give code for each type of illocutionary acts performed by Alice inside the movie script.
a. Representative is performed with code Re b. Directive is performed with code Di c. Commissive is performed with code Co d. Expressive is performed with code Ex e. Declarative is performed with code De
Below is the table example to collect and identify the data from the movie script. The writer employed the theory and then created the table.
Table 3.1 Example of data analysis table for Illocutionary Acts types
# Code P Utterances
Illocutionary Acts
RE DI EX CO DE
1 A.5 1
Surrending my father’s ship will not guarantee survival,
Mr. Phelps. 1
2 A.6 1 Shallow water. 1
3 A.7 1 Dead ahead, full sails! 1
4 A.11 1 You know my views on
that word, Mr. Phelps. 1
The data analysis table was created to help the writer listing the utterances performed by Alice inside the script. The writer also listed some categorizations of the data to gain better understanding toward the data. Here, the writer listed all utterances in chronological orders which were based on the utterance number which was coded as “A” and page number by using code “P”. The utterances consist of dialogues and monologues in complete version. After the writer gathered all the utterances, then all of them were put in the table based on the
classification of illocutionary acts types. This step was aimed to make a well-organized data for the study. The last step was counting the total frequency of all collected utterances performed by Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass movie script.
2. Identifying the data of paradigm cases
The writer analyzed the paradigm cases which underlie the utterances performed by Alice such as asserting, affirming, asking, commanding, promising, committing, and greeting. In this study, the writer focused on the paradigm cases analysis based on the meaning which has connection to the context theory by Yule and Brown (1963). Therefore, to make the data classification clearer, the writer composed a data analysis table based on the paradigm cases theory by John Searle. Below is the example of the data table blueprint.
Table 3.2 Example of data analysis table for Paradigm Cases
# C P Utterances Paradigm Cases
1 A.5 1 Surrending my father’s ship will not
guarantee survival, Mr. Phelps. Asserting
2 A.6 1 Shallow water. Asserting
3 A.7 1 Dead ahead, full sails! Commanding
4 A.11 1 You know my views on that word,
Mr. Phelps. Asserting
5 A.15 1 Hard to port, Harper! Insisting
