AN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EXCHANGE IN JONATHAN
FRANZEN’S NOVEL
FREEDOM
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By
Eulistia Kharismayanti
Registration Number: 208222020
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ABSTRACT
Kharismayanti, Eulistia. 208222020. An Analysis of Structure Exchange in Jonathan Franzen’s Novel Freedom. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan. 2012.
The objectives of this research were to find out how the exchange structure
explains the conversation among the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel
Freedom and to investigate how the structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. It took eight conversations taken from ten chapters of Jonathan
Franzen’s novel Freedom which were published in 2010. The result of analyzing found some hindrances in conversations which used among the character in
Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom, it showed that conversations did not progress smoothly because it was found one side conversation. The structure of interaction
in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom was dynamic since it is found cf, rcf, cl, rcl, rcheck, bch, and rp and the structure exchange found are k2 ˄ k1, k2 ˄ k1 ˄k2f,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express her praises to Allah SWT for the strengths, blessings, and guidance which have been given to her in completing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special appreciation goes to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Head of State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Medan and to all her staffs.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English Department, Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Department, and Dra. Meisuri, MA as the Head of Non-Educational English Program thanks for their administrative help during the writer’s study in English Department State University of Medan.
Dr. Siti Aisah Ginting, M.pd as the writer’s Thesis Supervisor who always gave the encouragement, constant support, constructive comments, and suggestions to the writer in finishing this thesis.
Dra. Sortha Silitonga as the writer’s Academic Counsellor who has given her support to the writer’s thesis topic.
All lecturers who have taught and given contribution of knowledge to her. Mam Endah and Mam Indri who have helped the writer in providing the
academic administration.
The writer’s greatest family, her Mom, the lovable, Mrs. Masiyem and her Dad, the greatest man and the truly inspiring, Mr.Waridi, and also to her angelic younger sisters and brother, Kiki Dwi Masdila (Kiki), Amelia Tri Widya (Wiwid), and Dian Fahreza (Reza) for their endless love, prayers, advises, and encouragement. Without them, the writer may never have overcome this long journey, because when she felt down, their love will always give her strength in facing all complications happened in her life.
The writer’s best friends Henny Fauziah Harahap and Wardah Al Munawaroh Daulay for the friendship, hospitality, moral support, and for all the fun and happy memories they shared. She treasures them and will never forget.
The writer’s friend Fenty Tri Artha Simanjuntak for the time their spent together in finishing their thesis.
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All of the writer’s friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2008, for studying together in classroom, gossiping around and having delicious lunch under the ladder have motivated the writer to finish her study.
The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to her. Thank you very much. May Allah bless us. Amin.
Medan, June 2012 The Writer,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions………... 39
B. Suggestions……….. 39
REFERENCES……….. 41
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
2.1 Example of finite in sentence ………... 10
2.2 Example of Mood & Residue sentence ………... 11
2.3 Semantic Interpretation of Speech Function ………... 12
2.4 Speech Function choices ………... 12
2.5 The Basic Speech Function and Their Congruent Mood Realization Rising to The Seven Adjacency Pairs…… 13
4.1 The Realization of Structure Exchange ………. 34
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Communication as Action ……… 6
2.2 Mood System ……… 9
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
I Good Neighbors ……… 42
II Agreeable ……….. 44
III Bestfriend……… 47
IV Free Markets Foster Competition……….. 50
V 2004……… 56
VI Womanland ……… 59
VII The Nice Man’s Anger ……….. 64
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Communication is an activity of conveying meaningful information since by
communicating person is transferring information to another. Communication is
done between at least two agents (speaker and hearer). Communication is not only
imparting or interchanging of thoughts, opinion, or information by speech,
writing, or signs, but also exchanging and progressing of thoughts, feelings, or
ideas (energy) towards a mutually accepted goal or direction (information).
Basically, communication is one of the most pervasive, important, and
complex aspects of human life. Through the communication, humans share
knowledge, information and experiences and thus understand, persuade, convert
or control their thoughts. One way of people to communicate or interact with the
others is through a conversation. In learning to set a good and natural flow of
interaction through conversation, one should learn not only grammatically correct
sentence but also patterns of exchange or commonly known as the structure of
interaction.
When dealt with conversation, there is term of negotiation which is concerned
with interaction as an exchange between speakers: how speakers adopt and assign
roles to each other in dialogue and how moves are organized in relation to one
another and how move be realized in interaction. In other words, negotiation deals
with speech function. In case, when someone asks other person to do something,
is related to grammatical realization and the responses entails including the
sequences of move in exchanges.
Interaction between addressee and addresser in face to face conversation with
in written conversation is different. Face to face conversation always involves
body language and gestures. But in written conversation that can be only realized
in move. So, the interaction between addressee and addresser in written
conversation especially in literary works such as drama, movie, and novel, we can
find the exchange of information between the addressee and addresser in them.
Especially in novel, there are many conversation between the characters found in
it. In learning to set a good and natural flow of interaction through conversation,
one should learn not only grammatically correct sentence but also patterns of
exchange or commonly known as structure of interaction.
Move is defined as the function or role play by speaker in conversation in its
relation to the function and the commodity being exchange. When somebody is
raising question (asking information) the move made by the addresser is termed
k2 “secondary knower” whereas another is providing the answer (proving
information) the move made by the addressee is k1”primary knower”. So, the
structure of interaction may be k1 ^ k2. For example:
k2 A: Do you like reading books?
k1 B: Yes.
When the interaction between the addresser and addressee is giving
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“primary actor”, the move is structured by a2 ^ a1 and further may be followed
by a2f ^ a1f. For example:
a2 A: Get the book for me.
a1 B: Here you are.
The conversational analysis based on the system and the structure of the
interaction actually been used by many researchers as the object of their research.
Ginting’s (2010) research which focused on the conversational system and the
structure of Karonese language, found that the complex conversational structures
were caused by the relation between tenor and contextual situation.
The structure exchange was constructed with the speaker and hearer in
written conversation as in this case novel; it is used to analyze the move and
speech function between characters. Since novel is one of thematic literary work
that has social interaction among the characters.
The writer is interested in analyzing Exchange Structure because it is
important to understand the conversation between the characters in Jonathan
Franzen’s novel “Freedom”. Furthermore, the writer is interested in investigating
and knows the relation between the structure exchange and system of
conversation. In this case, the writer chose “Freedom” novel as subject of the
analysis because there are many conversations found in it.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems that may rise from this study are:
1) How does the structure exchange explain the conversation flow among the
2) How does structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom?
C. The Objective of the Study
According to the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are
formulated as followed:
1) To find out how the exchange structure explains the conversation flow among
the characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom.
2) To investigate how structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel
Freedom.
D. The Scope of the Study
In avoiding bias or blur discussion to the research, a limitation will be needed
as the scope of the study. The scope of this study will be indentified in terms of
exchange structure. Exchange structure must be understood as the function or role
played by a speaker (addresser) in a conversation in its relation to the function or
role played by the hearer (addressee). This study is focused to analyze the
exchange structure and speech function that are found in conversation among the
characters of Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom and how do the exchange
structure explain the conversation flow among the characters of Jonathan
5 E. The Significant of the Study
There are some significant are formulated which hopefully useful for the
readers.
1) From this study, the readers who are specifically the English students are
helped to realized the natural flow of conversation between character in
novels by exposing the exchange structure
2) This study will be useful for students who are interested in studying
Exchange Structure in conversation
3) This study will be useful for the next researchers as the reference to do the
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the structure exchange in Jonathan Franzen’s novel
Freedom, it can be concluded that:
1) It is found some hindrances in conversations which used among the
character in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom, it showed that
conversations did not progress smoothly because it was found one side
conversation.
2) The structure of interaction in Jonathan Franzen’s novel Freedom was
dynamic since it is found cf, rcf, cl, rcl, rcheck, bch, and rp and the
structure exchange found are k2 ˄ k1, k2 ˄ k1 ˄k2f, k2 ˄ k1 ˄ k2f ˄ k1f,
da1 ˄ a2 ˄ a1, a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f, and a2 ˄ a1 ˄ a2f ˄ a1f.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusion given, the following suggestions are needed to be
considered in conducting the related research:
1) The writer suggests for the students or those want to observe the natural
flow of an interaction, this theory of structure of interaction can be
implemented.
3) The writer suggests for the reader of any discourse whether novel,
newspaper, or magazines to realize and understand the natural flow of
interaction by exposing the structure exchange which are made up by
moves so the readers can use appropriate moves in the appropriate
