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T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... x S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... .... xii S
E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... .... xv
N O I T C U D O R T N I I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .
A Backgroundoft heStudy ... .. 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton... 4 .
C Objecitveoft heStudy ... 4 .
D Benefti soft heStudy ... 4 .
E Deifniitono fTerms... 5
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H
C ... 6
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudy ... .. 6 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheoires... 7 .
1 Sociocutlural-histo irca lapproach ... 8 .
2 Characte randCharacteirzaiton ... 9 .
3 ThePashtun’ sTirba lLaw :Pashtunwail ... 1 1 .
a Badal(Returningother’ sworks ,deeds ,andf avors)... 1 2 .
b Melmasita(hosptialtiy)... 13 .
ii i x .
d Ghayrat(persona lhonor) ... 1 5 .
e Namus(defenseoft hehono ro fwoman) ... 1 6 .f Jirga(counci)l... 1 7 .
C Theoreitca lFramework ... .... 1 7
Y G O L O D O H T E M I I I R E T P A H
C ... 19 .
A Objec toft heStudy... 1 9 .
B Approachoft heStudy ... 2 0 .
C Methodoft heStudy ... 2 1
S I S Y L A N A V I R E T P A H
C ... 22 .
A Amri’ sCharacteirsitcs ... 2 2 .
1 Considerate... 2 3 .
2 Generous ... 2 6 .
3 Responsible ... 2 7 .
4 Cairng... 2 9 .
a Ca irngf o rhisf ather ,Baba ... 2 9 .
b Ca irngf o rhi swfie ,Soraya... 3 1 .
c Ca irngf o rhi snephew ,Sohrab ... 3 2 .
5 Persistent ... 3 4 .
6 Concerned ... 3 5 .
7 HavingGoodAchievementsi n EducaitonandCareer ... 3 6 .
B Pashtunwal ia sShownbyAmri’ sCharacteirsitcs... 3 7 .
1 Badal(returningother’ sworks ,deeds ,andf avors)... 3 8 .
2 Melmasita (hosptialtiy) ... 4 1 .
3 Nanawait(sanctuary) ... .. 43 .
4 Ghayrat(persona lHonor) ... 4 5 .
5 Namus(defenseoft hehono ro fwoman) ... 4 6
S N O I T S E G G U S D N A S N O I S U L C N O C V R E T P A H
C ... 4 9
.
v i x .
B Suggesitons ... 5 2 .
1 Suggesitonfo rFutureResearche rs ... 5 3 .
2 Suggesitonf o rEngilshTeachers ... 5 3 .
3 Thei mplementaitono fTeachingXGradeStudent so fSenior
HighSchoo lUsingTheKtieRunner... 5 5
S E C N E R E F E
R ... 56 S
E C I D N E P P
v x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
e g a P f
o y r a m m u S : A x i d n e p p
A TheKtieRunner……… . 59 d
e l a h K : B x i d n e p p
A Hossein ’i sBiography……… . 63 7 6 . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … n a l P n o s s e L : C x i d n e p p A
5 7 . . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … t u o d n a H ’ s t n e d u t S : D x i d n e p p A
7 7 . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … y ti v it c A e s i c r e x E : E x i d n e p p A
.. … … … … … … … … … … … … t e e h S r e w s n A ’ s t n e d u t S : F x i d n e p p
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
i h
T schapte rconsist so f ifvesecitons. They arebackground of t he study ,
d u t s e h t f o s ti f e n e b , y d u t s e h t f o s e v it c e j b o , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p y ,andde ifniiton
B . s m r e t f
o ackground o fthe study give sthe explanaiton abou tthe topic o fthi s
O . y d u t
s bjecitve soft hestudystatest hepurposeo fconducitngt hi sstudyand tii s
e h t n
i form o f ils to fquesitons .Problem formulaiton consist so ftwo quesitons ,
m e l b o r p e h t n i a l p x e h c i h
w s tha tareanalyzed i n t he study .Benefti sof t hestudy
e n e b e h t t e g l li w o h w f o n o it a n a l p x e e v i
g fti so fthe study .The las tseciton ,
s i h t n i d e s u s m r e t t n a tr o p m i e m o s f o n o it a n a l p x e e h t s e v i g , s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d
. y d u t s
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
w y r a r e ti
L ork sbasicallybecomet her e lfeciton o fhuman’sr eall fie. I tcan
y d u t s s i h t n i n e s o h c s i l e v o N . c t e , s y a l p , y rt e o p , s m e o p , s l e v o n f o m r o f e h t n i e b
r e d i s n o c s i t i e s u a c e
b ed a sone kind o fltierary work tha tclealry relfect sthe
l l a e r s ’ n a m u h f o n o it i d n o
c fie .A sstatedbyLangland( 1984 ,)t hecondiitoni nt he
5 . p p ( tr a f o m r o f e h t n i d e il p p a e b n a c d lr o w l a e
r - .)6
e h t f o e n o e b n a c d lr o w e h t n i y t e i c o s g n it s i x e f o n o it i d n o c e h T
d a e r e h t , k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t m o r F . k r o w y r a r e ti l a f o g n it ir w e h t f o s d n u o r g k c a
b er s
e h t , e l p m a x e r o F . y t e i c o s a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t f o e g d e l w o n k e h t n r a e l n a c
s m r o n e h t d n a e r u tl u c e h t w o n k s r e d a e
, s t h g u o h t , e u l a v f o d r o c e r e h t “ s n i a t n o c e r u t a r e ti l t a h t s e t a t s ) 3 6 9 1 ( e lt ti L
d n a s m e l b o r
p confilctst ha tare rtansmitted by both w irtten and spoken word sa s
.) 1 . p ( ” t x e n e h t o t n o it a r e n e g e n o m o r f e c n e ir e p x e e h t s s a p o t l o o t e h t
s y a l p l a u d i v i d n i n
A an impo tran tpar twtihin the society .In 2000 ,Seale ,
h s l a W d n a , s k n e J , r e m li
F restate Webber’ sidea abou tthe existence o fa society.
y t e i c o
S wli lexist when individua linteract swtih each other ,and du irng the
h s y e h t n o it c a r e t n
i aret hes amewayoft hinking( p. 287 .)
y h w s n o s a e r e m o s e r a e r e h
T TheKtieRunneri schosenf ort hiss tudy .Thi s
s i l e v o
n KhaledHossein’isf ris tnove landl ate rbecome sabes tselle rnove lwhich
n o s a e r d n o c e S . 4 0 0 2 n i e z ir p k o o B n a c ir f A h t u o S e h t s a h c u s , s e z ir p l a r e v e s s n i w
p U . e fi l s ’ n a h g f A e h t f o e u s s i e h t s e s i a r l e v o n s i h t t a h t s
i to now, t hereare very
e h t e c n i s e r u tl u c s ti y ll a i c e p s e , e fi l s ’ n a h g f A g n i s s u c s i d s k r o w y r a r e ti l d e ti m il
d e p p a rt s i y rt n u o
c int heerraitccondiitonast her esul to fwar . tIi sveryi nteresitng
a e fi l y li a d r i e h t n i e v a h e b y ll a u t c a s n a h g f A e h t w o h w o n k o
t ndalsot oknowwha t
. y t e i c o s e h t n i h ti w r o i v a h e b r i e h t s e c n e u lf n i t a h t r o t c a f
l e v o n a s i y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u s i h c i h w k r o w y r a r e ti l e h
T enitlted The Ktie
r e n n u
R by Khaled Hosseini .The story tell sabou tthe lfie o fa Pashtun named
ri m
A andhi seffo tri n ifxinghi spastl fiewhereheconsidershimsel fcommtiitnga
. n a s s a H , d n e ir f e s o l c s i h g n i y a rt e b n i n i
s sH sa ani saveryl oya lperson ,especially
m A o
t ri .Both Ami r and Hassan are the same age ,and they share severa l
s d i k s a s e it ir a li m i
s .The only thing tha tdfiferenitates them i sthe fac ttha tthey
. e b ir t t n e r e f fi d m o r f e m o
c Ami ris a Pashtun ,wh lie Hassan i sa Hazara. The
t s e g g i b e h t s i n u t h s a
. e r e h t e b ir t r o n i
m Tha tfac tbecome sa t irgge rfo rAmri’ spersona lproblem wtih
. n a s s a
H Theproblemhappen swhenAmi rwtinesse sHassanbeingr apedbyAsse f
.s d n e ir f s i h d n
a Sincet hat i nciden,t t her elaitonship between Ami rand Hassani s
.t s r o w g n it t e g
e h t g n i d a e r r e tf
A novel ,the wrtie rget sthe poin ttha tKhaled Hossein i
e r a h s o t s t n a w y ll a u t c
a the rea lcondiitons o fAfghanistan in hi snovel. Hosseini
y t e i c o s e h t f o n o it p ir c s e d r a e l c s e v i
g ,the cutlure ,and the condiiton before and
. n a t s i n a h g f A n i r a w r e tf
a hT ose descirpitons ea r told by using Amri’ spoin to f
, n u t h s a P a s i ri m A e c n i S . w e i
v thesocia lcondiitonand t heculturet ha tareexist s
n u t h s a P n
i society i smoslty exposed. From the novel ,the wrtie rcan know the
a z a H e h t e r e h w n a t s i n a h g f A n i n o it i d n o c l a i c o
s ra shave neve rhad an equa l
s a P e h t h ti w n o it i s o
p h nt s u wtihin the society. hT e wrtier also can know the
. n a t s i n a h g f A n i g n it s i x e s e r u tl u
c One o fi ti sthe k tie tournamen twhich i sheld
r a e y a e c n
o by t hePashtuns. Thewrtie rgetst hei nsightt hatt hewa rchangest he
v i v r u s e r a o h w e s o h T . s n a h g f A e h t f o e fi
l i ngfromt hewa raret heweatlhyperson
n g i e r o f e h t o t s e v o m o h
w counrty .
t f o c i p o t e h
T hi sstudyi showAmri’ scharacteirsitcsre lfecttheconcep to f
a w n u t h s a
P il .Pahtunwal ii sthe tirba llaw o fthe Pashtun .Thi sstudy tire sto
s ’i n i e s s o H e s u a c e b c i p o t e h t e r o l p x
e TheKtieRunne ris t old using Amri’ spoin t
T . w e i v f
o hemosti mpo trantt hingi st hecondiiton whereAmi rnarratest hestory
h
t rough a itme-developmen t events . Atfe r conducitng thi s study , the wrtie r
r e h t e h w w o n k o t s t c e p x
e Amir’ scharacteirsitcsareactually t he relfeciton oft he
.
B ProblemFormula iton
g n i w o ll o f e h t r e w s n a o t d e t c u d n o c s i y d u t s s i h
T quesitons:
.
1 Wha tare the characteirsitc so fAmi ra srevealed in Hossein’is The Ktie
r e n n u
R ?
.
2 Howdot hecharacteirsitc so fAmrir elfectt heconcep to fPashtunwail?
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e z y l a n a o t s i y d u t s s i h t f o e v it c e j b o e h
T Ami rast he
s ’i n i e s s o H n i r e t c a r a h c n i a
m TheKtieRunner. Thi sstudy concern son analyzing
l a n o s r e p e h
t characteirsitc so fAmri .A tfe ranalyzing Amri’ scharacteirsitc ,s t hi s
f o t p e c n o c e h t f o n o it c e lf e r e h t e m o c e b h c i h w s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e s o h t s e r o l p x e y d u t s
.i l a w n u t h s a P
.
D Benefti soft heStudy
t , y ll a r e n e
G he aim sof t hi sstudy areto en irch t he knowledge o fltierary
d n a y d u t
s to give more reference sabou tthe cutlure exisitng in middle-eas t
c a d e ti m il y l n o e r a e r e h t e c n i S . n a t s i n a h g f A n i y ll a i c e p s e , s e ir t n u o
c c ess on
r e ti r w e h t , e r u t a r e ti l s ’ n a h g f
A hopes tha t thi s study can provide deepe r
e h t f o n o it a m r o f n
i Afghanistan’ scutlure. Moreover ,the wrtie rexpect stha tthi s
e ri p s n i n a c y d u t
s future research fo The Ktie Runner. eT h future research can
s i t a h t s r e t c a r a h c f o s i s y l a n a e h t s a h c u s , l e v o n s i h t m o r f s t c e p s a r e h t o e z y l a n a
.
E De ifniitono fTerms
e h T . y d u t s s i h t n i h ti w r e h tr u f d e n if e d e b d l u o h s h c i h w s m r e t o w t e r a e r e h T
ri
f s tterm i sPashtunwail .Kaka r(2003 )state stha tPashtunwal ii sa tirba llaw
n i g n it s i x
e Pashtun society in Afghanistan (p .3 .) Meanwhlie ,Barifeld (2003 )
s e z ir o g e t a
c Pashtunwailintos ixmajo rconcept .sTheyarebadal (returningother’s
, s k r o
w deeds , da n favors,) melmasita (hosptialtiy) ,nanawait(sanctuary) ,ghayrat
) r o n o h l a n o s r e p
( , namus(defenseoft hehono ro fwoman) ,and ijrga(counci)l. In
il a w n u t h s a P , y d u t s s i h
t referst ot het irball aw exisitngi nt hesocietywhereAmi r
tI . s e v
il takes place in Afghanistan (Amri’ schlidhood )and in Untied Stated
.) e fi l r e d l o s ’ ri m A
( Sincet hiss tudyconcern sonthecode so fPashtunwailt ha tare
y b n w o h
s thecharacteirsitc so fani ndividua,l ijrgai sno tdiscussed.
s i h t n i d e b ir c s e d m r e t d n o c e s e h
T study i scharacter .A characte rcan be
k l a t e h s / e h y a w e h t , n o it c a e h t y b d e z y l a n
a s int hedialogue,t het hought ,and t he
e n o e m o s “ s a r e t c a r a h c e h t s e n if e d ) 5 9 9 1 ( l li G . s r e t c a r a h c s r e h t o e h t m o r f n o i n i p o
w k r o w y r a r e ti l n
i ho ha ssome sor to fidenttiy ,i tneedn’ tbe a srtong one ,an
d n a e m a n , n o it c a , n o it a s r e v n o c , e c n a r a e p p a y b p u e d a m s i h c i h w y ti t n e d i
.) 4 2 1 . p ( ” d a e h e h t n i n o g n i o g s t h g u o h t ) y l b i s s o p
( Characteri nt hiss tudyr eferst o
s e m o c e b o h w , ri m
A themajorcharacteri n t henovel .Hei sa Pashtun who ilves
t s i y r o t s e h t e c n i S . r e h t a f h c ir s i h h ti
w old in a itme-developmen tframe ,Ami r
l a c i s y h p s i h h t o b s p o l e v e
6 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
r e t p a h c s i h
T consist soft wosecitons .Thef ris tsectioni sreviewofr elated
y d u t
s ,which deal swtih t hepreviou sstudy thati srelated wtih t heobjec tand t he
. y d u t s s i h t f o c i p o
t Thesecond seciton i sreview o frelated t heo ire stha texplain s
y d u t s s i h t o t d e t a l e r e r a h c i h w s e ir o e h t e m o
s .Review o frelated theo ire sgives
s e ir o e h t e h t f o n o it a n a l p x
e o fciritca lapproaches ,theory o fltierature such as
d n a r e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h
t characteirzaiton , and also the review o f Afghan’ s
.i l a w n u t h s a P d e ll a c w a l y r a m o t s u
c Theoreitcalf rameworkbecomest hel as tpatri n
s i h t n i d e s u e r a h c i h w s e ir o e h t e h t t u o b a y r a m m u s f e ir b a s e v i g t I . r e t p a h c s i h t
y d u t s .
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudy
s ’i n i e s s o H d e l a h K n i , il a w n u t h s a P , w a l l a b ir t s ’ n u t h s a P n o s i s y l a n a e h T
r e n n u R e ti K e h
T ha sbeen done beforeby one of t he alumn io fSanata Dharma
i s n a r F d e m a n y ti s r e v i n
U sca Ika Desita Purtanit .She wrties a thesis itlted An
h s a P f o s i s y l a n
A tunTriba lCodes( Pashtunwa il )a sSeeni nKhaledHossein’i sThe
n n u R e ti
K e .r Ther easons whyPu rtant iwrtie shert hesi sa rebecauseshecanl earn
p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k d e ll a c e r u tl u c s ’ n a h g f A e h t f o e n
o ands het hinkst hatt henove l
e m i g e r n a b il a T g n ir u d n o it i d n o c g n i n e t h g ir f f o n o it c e lf e r e h t s e m o c e
b (2012 ,pp .
i t n a rt u P , s i s e h t r e h n
I ifnds t hat the code so fPashtunwal iexisitng in t he
l e v o
n are chivarly (ghayrat and nang) , hosptialtiy (melmastya) , and prope r
( r o n o h f o e s n e f e
d purdah and namus) .Late ron ,she put stha tanalysisbased on
f o s y a d t s a l e h t e r a y e h T . n o it i d n o c l a c it il o p o i c o s s ’ n a t s i n a h g f A t n e r e f fi d e e r h t
r i h a Z f o y h c r a n o
m Shah and the regime tha tovetrhrew him ,poilitca lasylum
e m i g e r n a t s i n a h g f A n a b il a T e h t d n a , n a t s i n a h g f A f o n o it a p u c c o t e i v o S e h t g n ir u
d .
b n a c y d u t s s i h
T e said ast hefu trhe rresearch o fPurtant’i sstudy .There
t a h t s t n i o p o w t e r
a dfiferenitate thi sstudy wtih Purtant’i sstudy .Fris,t t hewrtie r
il a w n u t h a P f o s e d o c e h t f o n o it a m r o f n i r e d a o r b s e v i
g tha tha sno tbeen discussed
;i t n a rt u P y
b badal (returning other’ sworks ,deeds ,and favors) na d nanawait
) y r a u t c n a s
( .Second, t hi sstudy concern son t hecode so fPashtunwal ia sdone by
r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t , ri m
A in the novel. The wrtie r see stha tsince Pu rtant i
h t n o s i s y l a n a r e h s n r e c n o
c ewholepar toft henove,l t heanalysi so fPashtunwal i
.l l e w d e r o l p x e n e e b t o n s a h r e t c a r a h c l a u d i v i d n i y b e n o d s
a Therefore ,thewrtie r
y d u t s s i h t s t c u d n o
c a sthefu trhe ranalysi son t het opict ha tPurtant iha sdiscussed
e r o f e
b .
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories
n o it c e s s i h
T consist so ftwo main theo ire swhich are used in thi sstudy .
y r o e h
T o fciritca lapproach become sthe fris ttheory . tI wli lhelp the wrtie rto
u s i h c i h w h c a o r p p a l a c it ir C . k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t e z y l a n
a sed is sociocutlural
-h c a o r p p a l a c ir o t s i
h since thi sstudy concern son explo irng the Pashtun’ stirba l
, w a
s e ir o e h
t o fcharacte randcharacte irzaiton .Theset heo ire sareusedt oexploreal lo f
a m r o f n i e h
t iton abou tmajorcharacter i n t hi sstudy. Beside ,s thi sstudy also use s
.s i il a w n u t h s a P t a h w t u o d n if o t il a w n u t h s a P f o w e i v e r e h t
.
1 Sociocutlural-Historica lApproach
s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R (1971 )propose ifveapproachest ha tcanbeusedi n
y r o t s a f o g n i n a e m e h t g n il a e v e
r .Those ifveapproache sareformails tapproach ,
u c o i c o s , h c a o r p p a l a c i h p a r g o i
b tlural-histo irca lapproach ,mythopoeic approach
o h c y s p d n
a logica lapproach .Thi sstudy concerns on analyzingtheexisitng t irba l
l e v o n e h t n i n w o h s e r a t a h t w a
l called Pashtunwail .Therefore ,sociocutlural
-l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h t e n if e d s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o R . d e s u s i h c a o r p p a l a c ir o t s i
h
l a c ir o t s i
h approachasf o llow .s
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h
T -histo irca lapproachi nsistst hatt heonlywayt ol ocatet he e n if e d y e h T . ti d e c u d o r p t a h t n o it a z il i v i c e h t o t e c n e r e f e r n i s i k r o w l a e r
d n a e l p o e p f o p u o r g c if i c e p s a f o s n o it c a d n a s e d u ti tt a e h t s a n o it a z il i v i c
e r u t a r e ti l t a h t t u o t n i o
p take splaceatttiude sand aciton sa ssubjec tmatter. )
9 . p (
r e g r e b r h o
R and Wood salsosayt hatno tal loft heaspects insociocutlura -l
l a c ir o t s i
h approach vha eamorali nterestt ober aised( p .10) .Howeve,ri tcan stli l
t n a w r o h t u a e h t t a h w f o w e i v l a c i h t e n a o t d a e
l s to imply in hi swork .The
t i f o e l p m a x
e i s”thehumanist swhoseeal tierary work sa saciritcismofl fiet ha t
y t e i c o s ri e h t n i n e m s t c e f f
.
2 CharacterandCharacteriza iton
e n n e
K dy and Gioia (1999 )give a clea rde ifniiton o fwha tcharacte ris .
r e t c a r a h
C i s“presumably an imaged person who inhabti sa story” (p .60) .Thi s
m e t a t
s en temphasize stha tcharacte rmayno tonly beahuman ( e.g .animals) ,bu t
n e s e r p e r y ll a u t c a r e t c a r a h c s i h
t t shuman characteirsitc stha tare famiila rt o the
.r e d a e r
y b d e t a t s s a , r e t s r o
F G ill(1995) ,deifnest wo t ermsi ndiscussingt het ype s
s r e t c a r a h c f
o ; lfa tcharacte rand round characte r(p .130) .Thoma sand Johnson
e t a t s ) 6 0 0 2
( thatf la tcharacters “usuallyhaveonlyoneort wo predominan t rtatis ;
a n i p u d e m m u s e b n a c y e h
t sentenceort wo”(p .64) .Theyt end t o staythesame
e h T . y r o t s a t u o h g u o r h
t refore ,tii seasyt ode ifne lfa tcharacters .Thenextt ypeo f
r a h c d n u o r s i r e t c a r a h
c acters .Round characters ea r “complex and many-sided ;
y e h
t arethet hree-dimensiona lqualtiyofr ea lpeople”( Thoma s& Johnson ,2006 ,
4 6 .
p .) Since round character shave more than two predominan t rtatis ,i ti s
. m e h t e n if e d o t tl u c if fi d
e r e h t ,) 2 7 9 1 ( y h p r u M o t g n i d r o c c
A arenine way son how t hecharacter s
r o h t u a e h t y b d e t n e s e r p e r
a ( .pp 1 -61 173) .Thosenineway scan beexplained a s
.s w o ll o f
.
a Persona lDescirpiton
t n i r e t c a r a h c e h t e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h
T henove lbyhis /he rappearanceandwha t
.s r a e w e h s r o e h
.
b Characte ra sSeenbyOthers
o h t u a e h
.
c Speech
s r e d a e r e h T . h c e e p s s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h T
k a e p s e h s r o e h n e h w r e t c a r a h c e h t f o s ti a rt y ti l a n o s r e p e h t e d u l c n o c n a
c s ,when
s e t a t s e h s r o e h n e h w d n a , s r e h t o h ti w n o it a s r e v n o c a n i d e v l o v n i s t e g e h s r o e h
. n o i n i p o r e h r o s i h
.
d Pas tLfie
n i n r a e l y b r e t c a r a h c a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t w o n k o t e l b a e r a s r e d a e r e h
T g hi so r
s a w t a h W . e fi l t s a p r e
h donei nacharacter’ spastl fiewli lgiveagrea tcontirbuiton
.s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r e h r o s i h g n i p a h s n i
.
e Conversaitono fOthers
n o it a s r e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h T
s e u l c e h t e m o c e b l li w r e t c a r a h c e h t t u o b a y a s y e h t t a h W . s r e t c a r a h c s r e h t o f
o in
. s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ r e t c a r a h c t a h t g n il a e v e r
.f Reacitons
t a h t t a g n i k o o l y b r e t c a r a h c a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t w o n k n a c s r e d a e r e h T
. s t n e v e d n a s n o it a u ti s s u o ir a v n i s n o it c a e r s ’ r e t c a r a h c
.
g Driec tComment
e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e r o l p x e n a c r o h t u a e h
T characte rexpilciltybydescirbing
.r e t c a r a h c t a h t n o t n e m m o c g n i v i g r o
.
h Thought
t a h t t a h w h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h T
.i Manne irsms
e d n a c r o h t u a e h t , s ti b a h d n a s m s ir e n n a m s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t h g u o r h
T pic tthe rea l
.r e t c a r a h c t a h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c
.
3 Pashtun’ sTriba lLaw :Pashtunwail
. ” u t h s a P g n i e b “ r o ” u t h s a P g n i o d “ s n a e m i l a w n u t h s a
P Pashtunwal ii s
e h t f o e t a r o b a l e d n a e v i s n e h e r p m o c t s o m e h t “ s a d e n if e
d customary law system s
( ” n a t s i n a h g f A n
i Landinfo ,2012 ,p . 6) . tI become sthe lfie guidance fo rthe
n u t h s a
P s which cover ssocia lorder , irght sand obilgaitons ,moral sand code o f
s r o n o
h .Barifeld (2003 )add stha tPashtunwal ibecome s“a code o fconduc ttha t
y ti l a u q e d n a y m o n o t u a l a n o s r e p s e s s e rt
s o fpoltiica l irghtsi nawo lrdo fequal” .(p
.) 5
o i c o s e h t g n i w o n
K -economic organizaitona lsetitng o fthe Pashtun si sa
o i c o s f o s e p y t o w t e r a e r e h T . r e p e e d i l a w n u t h s a P e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u n i y a
w
-e h t ; n o it a z i n a g r o c i m o n o c
e qalang t(ax )group and t he nang (chivarlous )group .
g n a l a q e h
T canbedeifnedast heurban andl andowning Pashtuns ,whliet henang
s
i thepastoral ,nomadicandhli lPashtuns .Kakar( 2003 )statest hatt hedisitnciton
o i c o s s i h t f
o -economicorganizaiton i svery helpfuli n i dentfiying t he dfiference s
e m a r f l a u t p e c n o c e h t f
o work o fPashtunwal i(p .3 .) Barifeld (2003 )givesf u trhe r
e l p i c n ir p c i s a b e h t h ti w e c n a d r o c c a n i s i il a w n u t h s a P t a h w t u o b a n o it a n a l p x
e o f
n o it i d n o c l a n o s r e
p wtihinthes ociety.
f o y ti l a u q e d n a y m o n o t u a l a n o s r e p s e s s e rt s t a h t t c u d n o c f o e d o c a s i s i h T
f o m e t s y s a n a h t e r o m s i t i s u h T . s l a u q e f o d lr o w a n i s t h g ir l a c it il o p
r o y e n o m f o n o it i s i u q c a e h t g n i d u l c n
i propetry .I ti sa code tha t i s s a e r a n i r o y t e i c o s d e r u t c u rt s s s a l c a n i l li fl u f o t e l b i s s o p m i y ll a c it c a r p
s d u e f d o o l b s a s n o it u ti t s n i h c u s ti b i h o r p s t n e m n r e v o g e r e h
w .( p. )5
n u t h s a P e h t f o n o it i d a rt l a r o f o t r a p e h t s a d e m r o f s i il a w n u t h s a
P s which
i a t n o
c n sa numbe ro fvairaitons .Later no ,Barifeld (2003 )catego irze sthese
s n o it a ir a
v into six majo rcodes .They are badal (returning other’ sworks ,deeds ,
s r o v a f d n
a ) , melmasita (hosptialtiy) , nanawat i(sanctuary) ,ghayra t (persona l
, ) r o n o
h namus(defenseoft hehono ro fwoman) ,and ijrga (counci)l. From t hose
y l n o , s e d o
c ijrga thati snotr elated wtih i ndividua lautonomy ,becausei tdrieclty
y t e i c o s e h t n i h ti w l i c n u o c f o e l o r e h t h ti w s l a e
d .
.
a Badal(returningother’ sworks ,deeds ,andf avors)
n a tl u
S (2006 )statest ha tbadal si “oneoft hegreates,ti fnott hegreates to f
f o s t n e m d n a m m o c , ll
a Pukhtu”( p .2 .)Hesayst hatt herearet womajo rmeaning s
f
o bada.l Frist ,badal in posiitve meaning, i st heaciton “fo rassisitng other sfo r
n r u t e r o t ; y a w y n a r o k r o w y n a n i e c n a t s i s s a r i e h
t someoneelsework(s) ,deed(s) ,
d n
a favors” (p .2 .) Second ,badal in negaitvemeaning, i s ba dal a stherevenge .
t a h t s e t a t s ) 3 0 0 2 ( d l e if r a
B bada last her evengebecome sunw irtten manualf o ran
o t d e n e p p a h d a b g n i h t e m o s r o f e c it s u j l a n o s r e p k e e s o t l a u d i v i d n
i him o rhi s
5 . p ( p u o r
g .) tI cover sther evengeso fmurde,rbeaitng,i njury,raping ,anddamage
o
t honor .
f o n o it u c e x e e h
T badal sa therevengei scomplex. I tcan drieclty bedone
e h t n e e b s a h o h w n o s r e p e h t y
b v micit .The othe rway i s t ha tbadal i sdone by
.s r e h t
s e g a m a d d e v i e c e r d a
h ,in any shape ,bu talso by othe rmembe ro fhi sfamliy
b u s e m it e m o s n e v e d n a s r e b m e
m -t irbeort irbe” (p .2).
l a d a
B b irngs both negaitve and posiitve effect swtihin the society. eT h
t a h t s i t i f o t c e f f e e v it a g e
n badal a sthe revenge wli lcause a neve rending
h c i h w d e h s d o o l
b involves innocen tperson .I tcan bean excusef ort hepeople t o
. s r e h t o o t e c n e l o i v o
d On t heothe rhand ,badalalso b irng sposiitveeffect .Sutlan
(2006 )states t ha t“having t ha tfrim conceptwhich exist swtihin t he society wli l
d n a r e d r o , e c a e p g n i n i a t n i a m n i e l p o e p p l e
h respec to fhuman l fie” (p .3 .) In t he
m o r f t c e f f e e v it i s o p e h t t e g l li w e l p o e p , s d r o w r e h t
o badalwhen t heystopt o t ake
e h t o t d e n e p p a h s a h t a h w f o e g n e v e
r m.
.
b Melmasita(hosptialtiy)
, ) 3 0 0 2 ( d l e if r a B y b d e t a t s s
A melmasita become sthe guidance o f irght s
s t s e u g d n a s t s o h h t o b y b d e t c u d n o c s n o it a g il b o d n
a ( 7). p . Fo rthe hosts ,i t
e h t n e v i g e b d n a n o it s e u q t u o h ti w d e m o c l e w e b d l u o h s s t s e u g e h t t a h t s d n a m e d
e h t r e v e t a h w f o t s e
b y have i n t hei rhouse. The guest sno tonly get et h food and
ll e w s a n o it c e t o r p e h t o s l a t u b , r e tl e h
s fromt hehost. In poore rvillage, t hemen’ s
e h T . s t s e u g e v i e c e r o t d e s u e b n a c e u q s o m r o e s u o
h responsibiilites t o t ake care
e r a s t s e u g e h
t sharedamongt hehouseholdsi nt ha tvillage.
n a tl u
S (2006 )states there are t wo kind so fguests (p .3) .The frist i s t he
t s e u
g s who hav ethe responsib litiy t o return o rreciprocate t hemelmasita .These
s t s e u
t s e u
g s who are no t ilkely to return o rreciprocate the melmasita. Usually ,these
s t s e u
g areno tknownandarepoo rwayfarers ,calledbykhuday imelmanah.
) 3 0 0 2 ( d l e if r a
B adds tha t there are two socia l issue s raised wtihin
a it s a m l e
m (p .7 .) Fris,t t hi sconcep twli lallow t hepoo r rtavelerwtih l es smoney
f a s a o d o t s k c o t s d n
a e rtavel .Second, i twli lsolvet heproblemo fhowt oensure
. s e c a l p n w o n k n u n i g n il l e v a rt f o e s a c e h t n i y ti r u c e s s ’ e n
o
r a k a
K (2003 )also addstha t“apashtun’ shonori ssustainedbyhosptialtiy
o t s s e c c a s a h e h s r o e h s k r o w t e n l a i c o s f o r e b m u n e h t s e s a e r c n i ti t a h t n
i ”( p. )3 .
. e v a h l li w n u t h s a P a y ti r o h t u a e v it a l s i g e l e r o m e h t , k r o w t e n l a i c o s e h t r e g r a l e h T
r o m s a h y ti l a ti p s o h , k r o w t e n l a i c o s s ’ n e m n
I ei nsttiuitonailzedamong t heqalang
n u t h s a
P s. Qalang Pashtun s tare heurbanandl andowningPashtuns.
.
c Nanawait(sanctuary)
o t g n i d r o c c
A Barifeld (2003) ,nanawait i s “a irgh tto seek proteciton ,
a y b p u o r g n i k r o n o s r e p l u f r e w o p e r o m m o r f p l e h d n a m e d r o n o d r a p t s e u q e r
.) 7 . p ( ” e n o r e k a e
w Thi sconcep ti susually doneby t he Pashtun who l eave shi s
n o it c e t o r p t n e n a m r e p r o f k o o l o t y ti n u m m o c n w
o .Nanawaiti sseen a saway to
f o n o it a t n e m e l p m i e h t d e s u a c d e h s d o o l b e h t d i o v
a bada.l People who wan tto
d i o v
a badal a sthe revenge usually choose nanawat ia sa way out .Nanawait si
e h t n a h t y a w e v it c e f f e e r o m e h t s a n o it a il i c n o c g n ir e d i s n o c e s u a c e b n e s o h c
. d e h s d o o l
b In addiiton ,Su tlan (2006 )explainst hat t hereare ifvesteps i n asking
i t a w a n a
n o d r a
p ,admtiitng the guitl ,expressing the shame and unilkenes sfor ,throwing
f o y c r e m e h t n o e n o y tl i u g e h t r o f l e s m i
h theenemy ,ands eekingpardon.
Therearesomeproblem sdu irngt heproces so fdoingnanawait .No tevery
it a w a n a
n si successfully done. Both t he guitly person and t he vicitm may cause
f o e r u li a f e h
t ti. Bar ifeld (2003 )explain stha tthi sconcep ti sdone only fo r
e h t d e d e e n s i ti e s u a c e b , s e s a c e m e rt x
e guitlyperson’ sdeclaraitono fhi sweaknes s
. p ( y m o n o t u a s s e lr e w o p d n
a 8 .) No tthe entrie guitly people want to do that ,
n e h w y ll a i c e p s
e t eh y come from qalang Pashtuns. The vicitm also doe sno t
. n o s r e p y tl i u g e h t r o f n o d r a p e h t e v i g s y a w l
a tI isi n lfuenced by t he assumpiton
n o s r e p y tl i u g e h t r o f n o d r a p g n i v i g t a h
t wli lmakehiml ookweak. Whennanawait
t o n n a
c besetlted by t heguitly personand t hevicitm,latert hevicitmwli lask f o r
l a d a
b ast her evenge.
.
d Ghayrat(persona lhonor)
, ) 3 0 0 2 ( r a k a K o t g n i d r o c c
A ghayrat i sdeifned by t wo set so fnormaitve
h n i e s n e f e d r e p o r p d n a e lt t a b n i s n o it c a e r a y e h t ; s e c it c a r
p onor( pp 3-4. ) .Norm s
e d u l c n i e lt t a b n
i rule sabou twho may be attacked ,fo rexample ,no tciviilan so r
g n it h g if w o h s o h w e s o h t o t n e v i g s i r o n o H . s li o p s r a w f o n o it u b ir t s i d r e p o r p e h t
n u t h s a P e l a m r o f r e p o r p s i t p e c n o c s i h T . s ll i k
s s ,since tii sno tusualf o rwomant o
, r e v e w o H . t a b m o c n i e g a g n
e the female Pashtuns stli lcan show thei rrole by
( l w a h s d a e h r i e h t g n i y a l p s i d y b s r e t h g if e l a m e h t g n it r o p p u
s poranai)t o spu ron
t t a h t s e t a t s ) 3 0 0 2 ( d l e if r a
B here are severa lway sfo rthe Pashtuns to
r o n o h l a n o s r e p e v e i h c
a besides d rieclty joining into the physica lacts .I tcan be
g n i o d y b d e v e i h c
a othe rposiitve act ssuch a sgenerostiy ,outstanding pub ilc
n i s s e c c u s , g n i k a e p
s buliding po ilitca lalilances ,o rwinning dispute sadd to a
n o it a t u p e
r (p .8). The othe rimpo tran tway i sby defending a reputaiton agains t
s ’ e n o n o it c e t o r p e h t s e d u l c n i tI . k c a tt a r o t l u s n
i prope try,t her esponseo fpersona l
s k c a tt
a such asinsutlsand disrespects ,and t hewliilngnesst o sacirifceweatlh o r
s ’ e n o e v r e s e r p o t e fi l n e v
e reputaiton.
.
e Namus(defenseoft hehonoro fwoman)
s i y t e i c o s e h t n i h ti w e l o r r e k a e w s ’ n a m o w t a h t s y a s ) 3 0 0 2 ( d l e if r a B
) 8 . p ( m e h t o t s g n i h t d a b g n i o d n i n a m y b d e s s e n r a h s e m it e m o
s .Theexistence fo
s u m a
n give swoman a guarantee fo rexpressing themselve swtihin the society.
Anyattack so rmisbehavior sonwomanmean sattack sor smi behavior sonaman’ s
) s e v it a l e r e l a m ( r o n o
h . Man’ sjob i sto protec twoman from tha tthings .When
o d o t l i a f y e h
t that ,i tmean stha tthe man is no two trhy to rece ive respec t
(Landinfo ,2012 , 7p . .)
, e m it e m a s e h t n
I namusalso gives the ilmtiaiton o f irght sand obilgaiton s
. n a m o w y b e n o d e b d l u o h s t a h
t Thebehavio ro fa woman i n lfuencest hewhole
s e v it a l e r e l a m e h t r o f y ll a i c e p s e , s u t a t s y li m a f r o p u o r
g (father ,husband ,brother) .
o t n a m o w r o f d e ti b i h o r p s i ti , e l p m a x e r o
F have i mprope rsexual acitvtiy .When
e h
t maler elaitves oft hewomanknow ,ti theyhavethe irghtt opunisht hewoman
.f Jirga(councli )
) 3 0 0 2 ( r a k a K o t g n i d r o c c
A , ijrga become sthe legislaitve authortiy in
p ( i l a w n u t h s a
P . . e6) T h counci l tisefli sorganized by t hePashtun in villageand
. s l e v e l l a n o i g e
r Jirga decide severything by doing consensu sand the decision
w r e b m e m e ri t n e e h t y b d e t c e p s e r e b t s u
m tihint hesociety. ThePashtuns who si t
n o s r e p e l b a r o n o h e h t e b d l u o h s l i c n u o c e h t n
i s ,which mean stha tthey have
e c it c a r
p d Pashtunwal iwell .Usually,t hemember soft hecounci lareweatlhyand
ll e
w -knownperson .Thecounci ltisefli sdominatedbymen ,atlhoughwomenalso
e v a
h the irghtt obei nvolvedt here.
a g r i
J can be done in etihe ra p irvate place o rin a pubilc place ,such a s
( e u q s o
m Landinfo ,2012 , 2p. 1 ) .The smalles tpar to fi ti scalled maraka .The
a n i s r e b m e m f o r e b m u
n ijrga depend son the case which i sdiscussed. Fo r
i n e h w , e l p m a x
e tdiscusse sthe confilc toccurirng wtihin a famliy ,the ijrga
e h t t a h t e l p o e p w e f a e b l li w s r e b m e
m famliy rtusts. When t heconfilc tcanno tbe
e h t n i h ti w e n o
d maraka, i twli lbediscussed i n abroade r ijrga called tukhum .(p
.) 2
1 Thedecision smadebyt het ukhum t o solvet heconfilc tare ifna land canno t
. d e l a e p p a e b
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
s i h
T studyf ocusesont hePashtun’st irball awcalledpashtunwal iass hown
. s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ ri m A y
b Therefore , thi s study use s sociocutlural-histo irca l
. d n u o r g k c a b l a r u tl u
c Theciviilzaitonand cutlura lbackground which i sshown i n
t s ti d n a y t e i c o s n u t h s a P e h t s i l e v o n e h
t irball awcalledPashtunwail .
t s e t a l u m r o f y d u t s s i h
T woproblemst o beanswered .Accordingt ot hef ris t
m e l b o r
p formulaiton, t he wrtie rtires t o ifnd out t he characteirsitc sof t he majo r
r e t c a r a h
c namedAmria sporrtayedi nt henovel .Thesecharacteirsitc soft hemajo r
y B . n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h c f o y r o e h t g n i s u y b d e r e v o c s i d e r a r e t c a r a h c
e h t g n it t e g n o s e s u c o f y d u t s s i h t , n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c n o y r o e h t s ’ y h p r u M g n i s u
o n e h t n i d n u o f e b n a c t a h t r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t f o n o it a m r o f n
i ve lthrough
s ’ r e t c a r a h
c thought, character’sr eaciton ,character’ss peech ,andmanne irsm.
r e ti r w e h t , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p d n o c e s e h t n o d e s a
B tirest o ifnd ou thow
c a r a h c e h
t teirsitc so fthe major character actually become the re lfeciton o fthe
.i l a w n u t h s a P f o t p e c n o
c Ther eviewo fPashtun’st irball aw ,Pashtunwal,i i sused
o
t explore wha tPashtunwail si .Then ,thi sstudy tire sto reveal whethe rthe
t p e c n o
9 1
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
r e t p a h c s i h
T consist so fthree secitons .They are objec to fthe study ,
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