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1 AfghanistanSociopoilitca lCondiitonaround1963-2002……….. .
a Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt her egime 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h
t -1978 )………
.
b Poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovietoccupaitono fAfghanistan 1
8 9 1
( -2001 )……… .
c TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001 )……… .. .
2 PashtunT irba lCodes( Pashtunwal)i……… ..
e g a P
i ii v i
v i v
ii v
ii i v
x ii x
v x
1 1 4 4 5 5
7 7 8 8
8
9 0 1
ii i x .
a Ghayratandnang(chivarly)………... .... .
b Melmasita(hosptialtiy)………. .. .
c Purdahandnamus(gende rboundaires)………... .... .
d Jirga(counci)l……… . .
C Theoreitca lFramework………... ..
.. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y G O L O D O H T E M I I I R E T P A H C
.
A Subjec tMatte roft heStudy……… .. .
B Approachoft heStudy……… ..… .
C Methodoft heStudy……… .
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S I S Y L A N A V I R E T P A H C
.
A PashtunT irba lCodes( Pashtunwail )Seeni nt heNovel……… ... .
1 Ghayratandnang(chivarly /bravery)………. .
a Honorableacitoni nbatlte……… . )
1 Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt he 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h t e m i g e
r -1978)……… .
)
2 TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)………… … .
b Prope rdefenseo fhono r………... .. )
1 Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt he 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h t e m i g e
r -1978)……… ..
)
2 TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)……….... .... .
2 Melmasita(hosptialtiy)……… ... .
a Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt her egime 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h
t -1978)………... .
b Poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovie toccupaitono fAfghanistan 1
8 9 1
( -2001 )………... .
c TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)………... .. .
3 Namusandpurdah(gende rboundaires)……… …. .
a Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt her egime v
o t a h
t etrhrewhim( 1963-1978)………... 2 1
3 1
4 1
6 1
7 1
8 1
8 1
9 1
9 1
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 2
8 2
8 2
0 3
2 3
3 3
5 3
7 3
0 4
v i x .
b Poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovie toccupaitono fAfghanistan 1
8 9 1
( -2001 )………. .
4 Jirga(counci)l……… .
.. . … … … … … S N O I T S E G G U S D N A S N O I S U L C N O C V R E T P A H C
.
A Conclusion………. .
B Suggesiton……….. .
1 Suggesitonf o rFutureResearchers………... .
2 Suggesitonf ort heI mplementaitono fUsingt heNoveli n h
s il g n E g n i h c a e
T ………...
.. .. .. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S E C N E R E F E R
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S E C I D N E P P
A ………
2 4
5 4
6 4
6 4
0 5
0 5
1 5
2 5
v x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
h t f o y r a m m u S 1 X I D N E P P
A eNovel……….
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A ………
I g n i d a e R c i s a B f o s u b a ll y S 3 X I D N E P P
A ………..…..
n a l P n o s s e L 4 X I D N E P P
A ………..
I g n i d a e R c i s a B r o f l a ir e t a M 5 X I D N E P P
A ………...
e g a P
1 I R E T P A H C N O I T C U D O R T N I s o h T . s t n e m e l e e v if f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T earebackground oft hestudy , n o it i n if e d d n a , y d u t s e h t f o s ti f e n e b , y d u t s e h t f o s e v it c e j b o , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p c i p o t e h t g n i s o o h c r o f s n o s a e r e h t s t n e s e r p y d u t s e h t f o d n u o r g k c a b e h T . s m r e t f o r o f n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h T . ti g n i z y l a n a r o f s d e e n e h t d n
a mulate sgenera l
n i d e z y l a n a e b d l u o w h c i h w e m e h t r o j a m e h t h ti w g n il a e d n o it s e u q f o s n o it p ir c s e d n i n e k a tr e d n u y d u t s e h t f o e s o p r u p e h t e t a t s y d u t s e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h T . y d u t s s i h t h w y fi t n e d i y d u t s e h t f o s ti f e n e b e h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t o t n o it a l e
r ich
f o n o it i n if e d s i t n e m e l e t s a l e h T . y d u t s d e t c u d n o c e h t m o r f t if e n e b l li w s e it r a p n o d e s a b d e t a r o b a l e e r a y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u s d r o w y e k e m o s , tr a p s i h t n I . s m r e t . g n it e r p r e t n i s i m d n a g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o t r e d r o n i s e c n e r e f e r d il a v .
A Backgroundoft heStudy
. e fi l n i s e c n e ir e p x e n a m u h h ti w s l a e d h c i h w t r a f o d n i k a s i e r u t a r e ti L n o s d u H o t g n i d r o c c
A (1910) ,in hi sbook An Introduciton To The Study o f e r u t a r e ti
L ,“Ltierature i savtia lrecord o fwha tmen haveseen i n l fie ,what t hey t i f o t c e p s a e s o h t t u o b a t l e f d n a t h g u o h t e v a h y e h t t a h w , ti f o e c n e ir e p x e e v a h ( ” s u f o l l a r o f t s e r e t n i g n ir u d n e d n a e t a i d e m m i t s o m e h t e v a h h c i h
w p . 10) .Work
l d e ll a c s i e r u t a r e ti l n
i tierarywork .Mos tofl tierary worksr epresen tther ealtiy o f d n u o r a n o it a u ti s e h t t s e fi n a m n a c s r o h t u a , k r o w y r a r e ti l a h g u o r h T . e fi l n a m u h . l e v o n a s i s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o s tl u s e r e h t f o e n O . ti g n it ir w e r a y e h t n e h w m e h t
1 ( r e l s s e r B o t g n i d r o c c
A 999) ,a nove la sa work o fltierature i sa tex twhose , l o b m y s , e n o t , r e t c a r a h c , t o l p s a h c u s , s t n e m e l e e m o s n i a t n o c s e it il a u q n i a tr e c
d o o g h c a e t o t n o it c a r o j a m s a h d n a e fi l s ’ r o h t u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r n e tf o t a h t ,t c il f n o c
s r e d a e r e h t n i a tr e t n e o t y lr a e l c d n a s e u l a
v .( )p 10 .Thecondiitonoft heautho rand e
h t s d n u o r r u s y t e i c o
s autho rwhenanoveli sw irttenplays ani mpo trantr olei n ti s n
o s d u H s A . n o it c u d o r
p (1910)saysi n hi sbook An Introduciton To TheStudy o f e
r u t a r e ti
L ,”Wearesrtonglyi mpelledt ocon ifdet oother swha twet hinkandf eel ; e h t f o s g n il e e f d n a s t h g u o h t e h t s e s s e r p x e y lt c e ri d h c i h w e r u t a r e ti l e h t e c n e h
( ” r e ti r
w p .1 1 .)
tI can be seen also i n Khaled Hossein’i snove lenitlted The Ktie Runner . r
e n n u R e ti K e h
T i san i nternaitona lbestselle rnovel ,pubilshed i n f o trycount ires . e
r u tl u c n a h g f A d n a s n a h g f A s y a rt r o p t
I .Hossein ioffer sa lesson on hi scutlure s t n e s e r p e r l e v o n e h T . l e v o n s i h t h g u o r h t d n a l e m o h d e v o l e b s i h f o y r o t s i h e h t d n a
b p i h s n o it a l e r e li g a r f e h
t etweenf ather sandsons ,human sandt hei rgods ,andmen m o r f s y o b g n u o y o w t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t s e r o l p x e o s l a t I .s e ir t n u o c r i e h t d n a
y l e m a n , n a t s i n a h g f A n i p u o r g c i n h t e t n e r e f fi
d Pashtuns and Hazara, which b irng d
n a s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ’ p u o r g n w o r i e h
t customs .Howeve,r t he majo rcharacte ron e
h t s i l e v o n e h
t Pashtun .s A sHossein istate sin hi snove lThe Ktie Runner, “Afghan sche irshcustombu tabhorr ules” ( .p 5 6 .)Pashtunsalso ite itghltyt ot hei r
y l e m a n , m o t s u
c Pashtunwail. a h t d e n i a l p x e ) 9 0 0 2 ( r a k a
K tPashtunwail o r t‘he way o fPashtuns ’deal s o
t l a i c u r c y ll a e r s i h c i h w r o n o h h ti
w Pashtuns .Wtihou thonor ,he o rshe i sno a
d e r e d i s n o c r e g n o
3
e h
t Pashtuns communtiy (p.3) .Due to the customs ,Pashtuns wli lalway sobey il
a w n u t h s a
P whereve rand wheneve r they are .A sthe story goes , the majo r o t n o i s a v n i y m r a n a i s s u R e h t r e tf a s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t o t e v o m l li w s r e t c a r a h c
e r a o h w , s r e t c a r a h c e h t , r e v e w o H . 1 8 9 1 n i n a t s i n a h g f
A Pashtuns , cheirsh
il a w n u t h s a
P int hei rnews ociall fie. a t u o b a s i l e v o n s i h t , f e ir b n
I Pashtun named Amri and hi schlidhood s ’ ri m A h ti w s n i g e b y r o t s e h T . d o o h tl u d a s i h n i n o it c a s i h t c e f f a n e h t h c i h w e c i o h c
s s ’ r e h t a f s i h f o n o s e h t , n a s s a H h ti w p i h s d n e ir f e s o l
c ervantandhi shafl-brother . tI d n a s n a h g f A s y a rt r o p o s l a h c i h w n o it p m e d e r d n a l a y a rt e b f o y r o t s a s i
n a h g f
A istan’ scustom sand rtadiitons .The nove li sse tin Afghanistan from the f
o l l a
f Afghanistan' smonarchythrough t heSovieti nvasion (1970st o 1981), t hen a
i n r o fi l a C , t n o m e r F n i y ti n u m m o c n a h g f A e h t n
i (1980st o t heealry2000s), and .
e m i g e r n a b il a T e h t g n ir u d n a t s i n a h g f A n i y ll a n if
e ti k e h T . n a t s i n a h g f A n i p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k t u o b a s ll e t o s l a l e v o n s i h T
t s e h g i h e h t n i d e c a l p e b s y a w l a d l u o h s h c i h w r o n o h s ’ n u t h s a P a s e z il o b m y s
. n o it i s o
p The boy whose ktie successfully defeat sother ktie swli lno tge tany s a l u b a K n i s y o b l l a y b d e r e b m e m e r e b l li w e m a n s i h , r e v e w o H . e z ir p r o y e n o m
g n o m a r e y lf e ti k e l b a r o n o h n a d e ll a c e b l li w e H . r e n n i w s ’ p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k e h t
s y o b n u t h s a P r e h t o e h t t a h t o s , d e s i a r e b o s l a l li w r o n o h s i H . s y o b n u t h s a
P wli l
. m i h t c e p s e r
r o f g n it s e r e t n i s i y r o t s e h
T the wrtier since s he can learn one o f d e b r u t s i d s a w n e h t e r u tl u c s i h T . p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k d e ll a c e r u tl u c n a t s i n a h g f A
. n a t s i n a h g f A o t e m a c e m i g e r n a b il a T e h t n e h
w S he also learn some o f n
a h g f
A istan’ scustom sand rtadiitonsfromt henove.l
n o it i d n o c g n i n e t h g ir f e h t s t c e lf e r y ll a e r l e v o n s i h t t a h t s i n o s a e r d n o c e s e h T
e m i g e r n a b il a T g n ir u
d .Thi snove lha sopenedpeople’ smindo fwa rand ti seffec t .
e l p o e p l i v i c e h t r o
f The readerscan seepeople’ ssuffeirng sbecause of t hewar . n
a h g f A , r e v e w o
H sstli lkeep t hei rcustom sand rtadiitons in t hei rmind atlhough s i t n i o p t n a tr o p m i t s a l e h T . r a w e h t d i o v a o t y rt n u o c r e h t o n a o t e v o m d l u o h s y e h t
n a h g f A t a h
t s desc irbedi nt henove ls taytokeepi n rtackwtiht hei rrtadiiton .They y
h w s i t a h T . ti t e g r o f t o n o
d the wrtier w s ant to conduc tthi sstudy in orde rto y
e v n o
c themessage sdeilveredbyt heautho .r
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e r e h
T i sonemajo rquesitont ha tthewrtier si going t o dea lwtih r elated t o y
d u t s e h t f o c i p o t e h
t .Thequesitoni s: s
i w o
H Pashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwal)i descirbed i n Khaled Hossein’i sThe r
e n n u R e ti
K ?
.
C Objec itveoft heStudy
o t s i y d u t s e h t f o e v it c e j b o e h
T analyze oneo fAfghans rtadiiton scalled il
a w n u t h s a
P .Therefore, t herei sonequesitonneeds to beansweredi n t hi sstudy. o
t s i n o it s e u q e h
T descirbe vairou sPashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwail) t ha tare l
e v o n e h t n i n e e
5
.
D Benefti soft heStudy
s e o g t if e n e b t s ri f e h
T to t he genera lreaders .Hopefully, t hi sstudy would n
o it a u ti s s y a rt r o p l e v o n s i h T . r a w f o t c e f f e e h t w o n k s r e d a e r e h t p l e
h beyond a
.r a w d i o v a o t s r e d a e r e h t e c n e u lf n i y a m h c i h w r a w
y n a m e r a e r e h T . s e t a d i d n a c r e h c a e t h s il g n E o t s e o g t if e n e b d n o c e s e h T e t n
i resitng t opicst o discus sfrom t hi snovel .It i shoped t hat t hi sstudy wli lhelp n i m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E h s il g n E m o r f y ll a i c e p s e e t a d i d n a c ’ s r e h c a e t h s il g n E
. s ll i k s g n i d a e r r o f s l a ir e t a m g n i h c a e t g n it a l u m r o f n i y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S
if e n e b d ri h t e h
T ti sf o rotherr esearcher swhoareplanningt oconduc tothe r .
s k r o w y r a r e ti l n o s e i d u t
s There are some theory and review abou tcutlure and .
y d u t s s i h t n i n a t s i n a h g f A f o y r o t s i
h Hopefully ,thi sstudy would be usefu lfo r g
n i d i v o r p n i m e h
t helpfu landr elevancer esourcefort herir esearche . s
h c a e t l e v o n s i h t g n i z y l a n a d n a y d u t s s i h t g n it c u d n o c , r e ti r w e h t r o f , y ll a n i F
r e ti r w e h
t to srtugglewtih h erlfie.I thelp sh ertor espectl fiebetter . tIt eache sh er n
w o s ti s a h , p u o r g c i n h t e h c a e n e v e , y rt n u o c h c a e t a h
t unique cutlura l
. r a w f o e s u a c e b t c n it x e e b n a c h c i h w c it s ir e t c a r a h c
.
E Deifni itono fTerms
n i d e d e e n y l s u o i v b o s i y d u t s e h t o t d e t a l e r s m r e t t n a tr o p m i e h t g n i y fi r a l C
n i d e s u s m r e t d e t a l e r e m o S . g n it e r p r e t n i s i m d n a g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o t r e d r o
e r a y d u t s s i h
t Pashtunt irbe ,codes ,andPashtunwail .Thoset erm saredeifnedand w
o ll o f s a d e t n e s e r
p s :
.
1 Pashtuntirbe
d e n i a l p x e a i d n I n i r e w o P n a d e m a h o M e h T f o y r o t s i
H Pashtun t irbea san
s a
E tern Iranian ethno-ilnguisitc group wtih populaiton p irmarliy in Afghanistan h
tr o N e h t n i d n
a -Wes tFronite rProvince ,Federally Administered T irba lArea s e
h T . n a t s i k a P f o s e c n i v o r p n a t s i h c o l a B d n
a Pashtuns are typically characteirzed e
h t f o e g a s u r i e h t y
b Pashto language and pracitce o fPashtunwail ,which i san ,
y d u t s s i h t n I . r o n o h d n a t c u d n o c f o e d o c l a n o it i d a rt t n e i c n
a Pashtun t irbe i s
n w o r i e h t e v a h h c i h w n a t s i n a h g f A n i e l p o e p f o p u o r g t s e g g i b e h t s a d e b ir c s e d
.s r o i v a h e b d n a s w a l
.
2 Code
h T o t g n ir r e f e
R e Ameircan Hertiage® Dicitonary o f the Engilsh f o s e l u r d n a s n o it a l u g e r f o n o it c e ll o c c it a m e t s y s a s a d e b ir c s e d s i e d o c , e g a u g n a L
s i t a h t s e l u r f o t e s a s a d e n if e d e b n a c e d o c , y d u t s s i h t n I . t c u d n o c r o e r u d e c o r p
.s y a d a w o n t s i x e l li t s d n a d e ti r e h n i
.
3 Pashtunwail
, l a n r u o J a i s A h t u o S y r a r o p m e t n o C y b n e v i g n o it a n a l p x e e h t n o d e s a B
s i d n a e l p o e p n u t h s a P e h t r o f y h p o s o li h p r o g n i v il f o t p e c n o c a s i i l a w n u t h s a P
n a s a d e d r a g e
r honor code and a non-w irtten law fo rthe people .In thi sstudy , a
o t s r e f e r i l a w n u t h s a
P n unwirtten law and ideology o fthe Pashtun society n
a h g f A f o t s o m s e c n e u lf n i ll it s t a h t s r e h t a f e r o f ri e h t m o r f d e ti r e h n
7
I R E T P A H
C I
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
r e t p a h c s i h
T contain sal lreview o frelated l tieratureused i n t hist hesis .I t f
o s t s i s n o
c t wo patrs , namely Review o f Related Theo ires and Theoreitca l Framework .Review o fRelated Theo ires presents the ltierature theo ire swhich
e r a y e h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t h ti w d e t a l e
r Theory o fC iritca lApproachesi n LtieratureandReviewonAfghanistan’ sCutlure .Theoreitca lFramework explain s
y d u t s s i h t n i ti y l p p a o t w o h d n a n e v i g s e ir o e h t e h t f o n o it u b ir t n o c e h
t .
.
A Sociocutlural-historicalApproacht oLtierature
tr o p m i y r e v e r a s e h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c g n i d n a t s r e d n u d n a g n i w o n
K antt ogive
. k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t o t s e s n o p s e
r C iritca lapproachwli lhelpt hewrtiert oanalyzet he .
k r o w y r a r e ti
l Thi sstudyi sgoingt oapplysociocutlural-histo irca lapproachast he .
y d u t s e h t t c u d n o c o t h c a o r p p a t s e b
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h
T -histo irca lapproachi san approachwhichf ocuse sont he h
c a o r p p a s i h T . e r u tl u c d n a y t e i c o s e h t o t t c e f f e s ti d n a n o it a z il i v i
c assetr sthe
r e h tr u f e h t o t s e c n e r e f e r s a d n u o r g k c a b l a c ir o t s i h d n a , l a r u tl u c , l a i c o s f o s i s y l a n a
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h T . y r o t s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n
u -historica lbackground where the s i h n i s a e d i s i h g n i s s e r p x e n i g n il e e f d n a g n i k n i h t s i h s e c n e u lf n i s e v il r o h t u a
. e c e i p r e t s a m
.
B ReviewonAfghanistan’ sCutlure
.
1 AfghanistanSociopoil itca lCondiitonaround 91 6 - 3 2002
.
a The las tday so fthe monarchy o fZahir Shah and the regime tha t
3 6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h t r e v
o - 91 78)
s i h d n a h a h S r i h a Z g n i K f o y r o t s i h e h t n e tt ir w s a h ) 6 9 9 1 ( i n a r h a h S
. n a t s i n a h g f A n i t n e m n r e v o g y h c r a n o
m A tfe rninemonthofr ulebyanon-Pashtun , n a l c i a z k a r a B e h t f o y li m a f n a b i h a s u m e h t f o r e b m e m e h t ,) I I h a ll u b i b a H r i m E (
9 2 9 1 ( r i d a N d a m m a h u
M -1933) , reclaimed the monarchy . Following Nadri’ s 3
3 9 1 ( ri h a Z d a m m a h u M , n e e t e n i n f o n o s s i h , n o it a n i s s a s s
a -1973) ,becameking.
n i s u o c a d n a s e l c n u s i h f o o w t e li h w d e n g i e r r i h a Z , 3 6 9 1 o t 3 3 9 1 m o r F
s ’ y li m a f r i e h t g n i v r e s e r p h ti w y li r a m ir p d e n r e c n o C . s r e t s i n i m e m ir p s a d e l u r
h ti w , n o it a z i n r e d o m d r a w o t h c a o r p p a s u o it u a c a d e t p a d a n a b i h a s u m e h t , n o it i s o p
c it a r c o t u a y l h g i
h domesitc and xenophobic foreign poilcie sun it labou t1935 . 3
5 9 1 ( r e t s i n i m e m ir p s a m r e t s ’ d u a D d a m m a h u M ) e c n ir P ( r a d r a S g n ir u
D -1963) ,
d n a n o i n U t e i v o S e h t m o r f y ll a it i n i , d i a c i m o n o c e d n a y r a ti li m l a it n a t s b u s h ti w
e v if f o s e ir e s a , t s e W e h t m o r f r e t a
l -y earmodernizaitonplan swa sbegun,f ocusing d u a D , 3 6 9 1 n I . s m e t s y s s n o it a c i n u m m o c d n a l a n o it a c u d e f o n o i s n a p x e e h t n o
d n a n a t s i k a P d r a w o t s e i c il o p e li t s o h s i h r e v o s t n e m e e r g a s i d f o e s u a c e b d e n g i s e r
Z g n i K . n o i n U t e i v o S e h t n o t n a d n e p e d r e t a e r g f o g n ir o v a f s i
h ah rit henappointed
. r e t s i n i m e m ir p s a , r e n o m m o c a , f u s u Y d a m m a h o M . r D
3 6 9 1 ( e d a c e d t s a l s ’ ri h a Z g n i
K -1973 )wa speirod o fexpeirmentaiton in d
e li a f h c i h w , y c a r c o m e
d - moslty due to hi s reluctance to sign legislaiton n
u s i h d n a s e it r a p l a c it il o p g n i z il a g e
9
d n a y tr a p t s i n u m m o C e h T . s d n e ir f d n a y li m a f s i h y b s e s s e c o r p c it a r c o m e d
d e t a ti g a y e h t ; d o ir e p s i h t g n ir u d d e m r o f e r e w t n e m e v o m n o it i s o p p o t s i m a l s I
e m r o f e h t , d u a D , 3 7 9 1 y l u J n I .r e h t o h c a e d n a t n e m n r e v o g e h t h t o b t s n i a g
a rp irme
r e h t o r b d n a n i s u o c s ’ g n i k d n a ( r e t s i n i
m - ni -law) ,ovetrhrew the monarchy wtih o
r p e h t m o r f e c n a t s i s s
a -Sovie tParchamwingoft heCommunis tpa tryi namlitiary 3
7 9 1 ( n a t s i n a h g f A f o c il b u p e R e h t f o t n e d i s e r p e h t e m o c e b o t , p u o
c -1978) .Daud
u a d e n r u t e
r tocraitcr uleandpersecutedhi sperceivedenemies ,especiallymember s o t n a g e b d n a s k r o w t e n d l o s i h n o y li v a e h d e il e r e H . s t n e m e v o m t s i m a l s I e h t f o
o r p e h t m o r f f l e s m i h e c n a t s i
d -Sovie tcommunist swhom he had protected and r
g f o t n e m n o ri v n e n a n I . d e r u tr u
n owing disconten,t i n Ap ir l1978 ,a communis t d
u a D d e ll i k d n a d e t s u o p u o
c ( .p 4 4 .)
.
b Poil itca lasylum during the Sovie toccupa iton o fAfghanistan (1981
-) 1 0 0 2
) 7 0 0 2 ( n o s s e g r a
M ha sexplained the reason behind Afghans ’poilitca l e
h t r o f t c a p m i s ti d n a m u l y s
a wo lrd .Afghans began lfeeingt hei rcounrtyi nAp ir l , ) A P D P ( n a t s i n a h g f A f o y tr a P c it a r c o m e D s ’ e l p o e P t s i x r a M e h t n e h w , 8 7 9 1
r e w o p d e z i e s f l e s m i h d a h o h w ( d u o a D d a m m a h u M f o t n e m n r e v o g e h t w e r h tr e v o
p u o c s s e l d o o l b a n i h a h S r i h a Z g n i k n a h g f A n i s u o c s i h m o r
f in1973) .Thet irckle
, 9 7 9 1 r e b m e c e D n i d e d a v n i n o i n U t e i v o S e h t n e h w d e t a r e l e c c a s e e g u f e r f o
y l g n i s a e r c n i e m a c e b A P D P e h t s a y rt n u o c e h t o t r e d r o e r o t s e r o t y l b i s n e t s o
. d e r e t n il p
s According t o Kaka r(1995) ,whliepoilitcal i n ifghitng wa scetrainly a b
o r
t p m e tt a t e i v o S e h T . l a v o r p p a t e i v o S t u o h ti w s n o i s i c e d g n i k a m y b w o c s o M g n i k ri
e s u d e g e ll a e h t g n i d u l c n i ,l a t u r b y lr a l u c it r a p s e m it t a s a w s n a h g f A e h t e t a g u j b u s o t
t c e ll o c d n a e r u tr o t f
o ive punishmen t(p .. 1) Tu tron (2002 )proved tha tby the ( n a t s i k a P d n a n a r I o t d e lf d a h s e e g u f e r n o il li m 7 . 3 e m o s , 1 8 9 1 f o g n i n n i g e
b p .
.) 1 1
t x e n e h t r o f n a t s i n a h g f A e e lf o t d e u n it n o c s e e g u f e r f o s r e b m u n r e ll a m S
f o p u o r g d e il l a y l e s o o l a y b d e t n u o m y c n e g r u s n i n a t h g u o f s t e i v o S e h t s a , e d a c e d
n e e d i h a j u
m ,o rholywariror .s I n 1988,t heSovie tUnionagreedt owtihdrawf rom
a R C H N U d n a , n a t s i n a h g f
A nd the internaitona lassistance communtiy prepared e
g r a L . s e e g u f e r e h t f o n o it a ir t a p e r e v i s s a m e h t r o
f -scaler eturn sdidno tbeginun it l t
e i v o S e h t n e h w , r e v e w o h , 2 9 9
1 -installed leade rNaijbullah wa s ifnally forced n
a n o il li m e m o s d a h r e n o o s o N . r e w o p m o r
f d ahal frefugee sreturned ,however , s
u o ir a v s a r e d r o s i d d e m r a o t n i d e d n e c s e d l u b a K n a h
t mujahideen faciton sbegan e l p o e p f o e v a w w e n A . a e r a g n i d n u o r r u s e h t d n a l a ti p a c e h t f o l o rt n o c r o f g n it h g if
h w f o y ti r o j a m a , ) n o il li m a o t p u y l b i s s o p ( d e c a l p s i d s a
w om remained wtihin
s ’ n a t s i n a h g f
A border sasi nternallydisplacedpeople( IDPs)( p .2 ) .
.
c TheTailbanAfghanistanregime(1996-2001)
n a m z t a
K (2011) ha s wirtten the history on Tailban Afghanistan and i
t a h t d i a s s a w t I . l a n r u o j s i h n i m e t s y s e c n a n r e v o
g n 19 -93 1994 ,Afghan Islamic ,
l a r u r f o y lt s o m , s t n e d u t s d n a s c ir e l
c Pashtun o irgin , formed the Tailban r
e m r o f e r e w y n a M . t n e m e v o
m mujahideen who had become disillusioned wtih g
n o m a t c il f n o
1 1
” i d n a b o e D “ e h t f o y l n i a m ) ” s a s s a r d a m “ ( s e ir a n i m e s c i m a l s
I schoo lo fIslam .
e v it a v r e s n o c h ti w t n a n o s n o c o s l a e r e w s e c it c a r p n a b il a
T Pashtuntirba lrtadiiton .s r
r o c s a t n e m n r e v o g i n a b b a R e h t d e w e i v n a b il a T e h
T up tand anit-Pashtun , 2
9 9 1 ( r a w l i v i c f o s r a e y r u o f e h t d n
a -1996 )created popula rsuppor tfo rthe .
y ti li b a t s r e v il e d o t e l b a s a n a b il a
T Wtih the help o fdefecitons ,the Tailban y B . 4 9 9 1 r e b m e v o N n i r a h a d n a Q f o y ti c n r e h t u o s e h t f o l o rt n o c k o o t y ll u f e c a e p
February 1995 ,i twa sapproaching Kabul ,atfe rwhich an 18-month stalemate , n a r I g n ir e d r o b , e c n i v o r p t a r e H d e r u t p a c n a b il a T e h t , 5 9 9 1 r e b m e t p e S n I . d e u s n e
r e t a l o h w , d u s a M d n a i n a b b a R f o y ll a , n a h K l i a m s I ,r o n r e v o g s ti d e n o s ir p m i d n a
e g u f e r k o o t d n a d e p a c s
e ei n I ran. I n Septembe r1996 ,new Tailban victo ire snea r y e ll a V r i h s j n a P e h t o t d u s a M d n a i n a b b a R e h t f o l a w a r d h ti w e h t o t d e l l u b a K
f o l o rt n o c k o o t n a b il a T e h t ; s n o p a e w y v a e h r i e h t f o t s o m h ti w l u b a K f o h tr o n
u s n e m n u g n a b il a T . 6 9 9 1 , 7 2 r e b m e t p e S n o l u b a
K bsequenlty entered a U.N . m e h t d e g n a h n e h t d n a , s e d i a d n a , r e h t o r b s i h , h a ll u b ij a N e z i e s o t l u b a K n i y ti li c a f ( .p )5 .
.
2 PashtunTriba lCodes(Pashtunwal)i
r a k a K o t g n i d r o c c
A (2009) on hi s research enitlted Triba l Law o f ’
n e m o W d n a i l a w n u t h s a
P sLegisla itve Authortiy ,Pashtunwail ,“the way o fthe ,s
n u t h s a
P ” i sintegral t o Pashtun i denttiy .By adheirng t o Pashtunwal iaPashtun s
e s s e s s o
p honor( izzat) ;wtihou thono rs/hei snol onge rconsideredaPashtun ,and a
, n o it c e t o r p , s t h g ir e h t n e v i g t o n s
i nd suppor t o f the Pashtun commun tiy . il
a w n u t h s a
y r l a v i h
c (ghayrat ro nang) ,hosptialtiy( melmasita) ,gende rboundaires( purdah ro s
u m a
n )andcouncli( ijrga .)
.
a GhayratandNang (chivalry )
y r l a v i h
C i sde ifned by t wo set so fnormaitvepracitces :honorableaciton s o h w t u o b a s e l u r e d u l c n i e lt t a b f o s m r o N . r o n o h f o e s n e f e d r e p o r p d n a e lt t a b n i
r o n o H . s li o p s r a w f o n o it u b ir t s i d r e p o r p e h t r o , s n a il i v i c t o n , . g . e , d e k c a tt a e b y a m
e s o h t o t n e v i g s
i who e.g .show ifghitng skills .I ti sno tunusua lfo rwomen to y b s r e t h g if e l a m e h t tr o p p u s o t s i e l o r ri e h t n e tf o e r o m h g u o h tl a , t a b m o c n i e g a g n e
( l w a h s d a e h r i e h t g n i y a l p s i
d porana )i to spu ron the ifght .They also spurn d
r a w e r d n a s r e t h g if e l b a r o n o h s i
d honorable ifghters , which disitnciton i s f o n o it a z i n a g r o l a i c o s e h T . y ti n u m m o c e h t n o g n i d n e p e d y lt n e r e f fi d d e n i m r e t e d
g n a
n and qalang creates ,fo rexample ,dfiferen tkind so fhonorable ifghters . q
e c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s e r o m s i e r e h t e r e h w , r e m r o f e h t g n o m
A ualtiy ,al lwariror s
e h t g n o m A . e l b a r o n o h o t c a f o s p i e r a g n it h g if e h t n i y ll a u q e e t a p i c it r a p o h w
g n a l a
q groups ,on the othe rhand ,being an honorable ifghte rdepend son one’ s d n a p u o r g e h t g n i d n a m m o c s d r o lr a w e h t e r a s n a h k e h t : s s a l c c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s
r
aeconsideredonapa rwtiht henangwar iror sparitcipaitngi nr aid .s
r o n o h f o e s n e f e d e h t s e v l o v n i s m r o n s u o rl a v i h c f o m r o f d n o c e s e h T
t a h t n o it i d n o c r o , t c a , tl u s n i y r o t a s u c c a n A . n o s r e p r e h t o n a y b e m a h s t s n i a g a
e ff
o ndst hePashtunwal inormands hame saPashtun,r equire sadefenseo fhono .r m r o n e h T ” . n o s r e p d e tl u s n i e h t y b e c r o f r o ir e p u s f o w o h s a s e ri u q e r “ e s n e f e d s i h T
s i r o n o h f o e s n e f e d f
3 1
l i c n u o c e h t e v i s s e c x
e doe sno tinterfere .Since “fo revery man killed the code y
r o t a s n e p m o c s d n a m e
d badal,” Ahmed suggest s tha tbadal may even be a .s
e i c n e d n e t l a d i c i m o h n i t n e r r e t e d
.
b Melmasita(hosptialtiy )
s a e r c n i t i t a h t n i y ti l a ti p s o h y b d e s s e rt t u b s i r o n o h s ’ n u t h s a P
A e sthe
e h t , k r o w t e n l a i c o s e h t r e g r a l e h T . o t s s e c c a s a h e h / s s k r o w t e n l a i c o s f o r e b m u n
f o g n i d e e f e h t s e d u l c n i y ti l a ti p s o H . e v a h l li w n u t h s a P a y ti r o h t u a e v it a l s i g e l e r o m
tf i g , e m o h e h t n i d n a e s u o h t s e u g n i h t o b , s d n e ir f d n a s r e g n a rt
s -giving ,and
i d n e f e
d ng the guest .In men’ ssocia lnetwork shosptialtiy ha sbecome more e
h t g n o m a d e z il a n o it u ti t s n
i qalang Pashtuns ,where every village leade rha sa (
e s u o h t s e u g s ’ n e
m hujra)i nwhichguest sareentetrainedandhousedandt hemen f o m r o n e h t r e d n u s e m o c t s e u g a f o e s n e f e d e h T . r e h t e g o t t a e e g a ll i v e h t f o
it a w a n a
n l(tierally:t oenteri ntot hes ecurtiyo fahouse.)
s e h s a g n o l s a r o f d e ll e p e r s e i m e n e s i h d n a d e t c e t o r p s i t s e u g e h
T tays .
f o m r o n e h t r e d n
U nanawaitthegues tcanalsoask f o rar evenge-confilctt o stop . e h t r o f k s a d n a y m e n e g n i d u e f s ’ y li m a f ri e h t f o e s u o h e h t o t o g l li w n e tf o n e m o W
.t p e c c a t s u m t s o h e h t n o p u e r e h w , p o t s o t t c il f n o
c Byt hes amet oken ,awomancan l
l a c
“ out”( nariqawal)t hemanshewantst omarry ,whenshei sbeing marired t o e h t f o e s u o h e h t n i t s e u g a s a f l e s r e h g n it n e s e r p y b , s e h s i w r e h t s n i a g a r e h t o n a
r e h h ti w r e tt a m e h t e lt t e s d n a r e h y r r a m o t d e g il b o s i e H . y r r a m o t s e h s i w e h s n a m
e h s h g u o h t ,r e h t a
f lose sface by resoritng t o t hist acitc .I fhe rfathe rdisagree ,s i t .
e l c y c e g n e v e r a o t d a e l n a c
.
c PurdahandNamus(genderboundaries )
s u m a
N can be deifned ast ha twhich i sdefended fo rhonort o be upheld , a
h c u s ( r o n o h e v e i h c a o t n o p u d e t c a f o d a e t s n
i shosptialtiy) .I fsomeoneoffend s s ’ e n o f o e s n e f e d n i t c a o t n o s a e r s i e r e h t n e h t , r e d r o d e r e d n e g e h t f o s e l u r e h t
s u m a N . s u m a
n i s thu s an impo tran t insttiuiton fo r maintaining the gende r d
e ll a c n e tf o s i h c i h w , y t e i c o s e h t f o r e d r o d e t a g e r g e
s purdah ,Urdufo r“vei,l”t he l a c i s y h p s ’ n e m o w d n a n e m n e e w t e b y r a d n u o b e h t g n i e b n e tf o n i a tr u c a r o l i e v
. e c a p s
n
I Pashtu expression si t i srecommended tha tboth men and women y
l p p a y ll a u t p e c n o
c purdah ,and doing so i sa sign o fdigntiy fo rboth men and i
p s e D . n e m o
w te ti sapplying to both genders ,however ,anthropologist shave t
a h t d n u o
f Pashtun scommonly identfiy namus a s“defense o f the hono r o f ”
, n e m o
w and men o tfen think o fpurdah a sa way o fconrtolilng women ,even f o s e l u r e h t y b d n u o b s a e r a n e m , s d r o w r e h t o n I . n e m s l o rt n o c o s l a t i h g u o h t
s u m a
n ,and aret hu sasr estirctedf romstepping i ntospacer eservedf o rwomen a s
n a m a f i , e l p m a x e r o F . e c a p s s ’ n e m o t n i y rt n e m o r f e r a n e m o
w whoi sunrelatedt o
e h t g n o m a y ll a i c e p s e , d n u o p m o c s ’ n a m o w a o t n i s k l a w t n e s e r p n e m o w e h t f o y n a
g n a l a
q landowning class ,he wli l be beaten ,accused o f dishonor ,and even
. y ti n u m m o c e h t m o r f d e ll e p x e s p a h r e p
f o s e ir a d n u o b e h
T purdahvaryamongt hePashtu n,d fifeirngalsobetween e
h
t nang and qalang groups .There i sa ful lspecrtum o fvairance on where the i h c u K e h t e r a d n e e n o n O . e c a p s s ’ n e m o w d n a s ’ n e m n e e w t e b e il s e ir a d n u o b
5 1
household whlie the men are ou tshepherding the lfock sfo rday sand weeks . y ll a i c e p s e , n e m e h t h ti w y l e t a r a p e s s ti s n e tf o e h , s e m o c t s e u g e l a m a n e h W
e h t f o e l d d i m e h t n I . y li m a f e h t f o n e m o w d e ir r a m n u g n u o y e h t m o r f e t a r a p e s
e h t e r a m u rt c e p
s nang group s who are semi-pastora l and semi-ag ircutlu irst , e h t e v a e l y e h t n e h w s e c a f ri e h t r e v o c y ll a it r a p n e m o W . s n o s a e s e h t h ti w g n i g n a h c
n e m t u b , d o o h r o b h g i e n e h t n i h ti w t i s i v y e h T . s r e d l e r o f t c e p s e r f o t u o r o e s u o h
a , ll it S . s r e tr a u q g n it i s i v e t a r a p e s e v a h n e m o w d n
a malef amliyf irend migh tvisi t e m e rt x e e h t n O . d l o h e s u o h e h t f o s d a e h e l a m e f d n a n e m o w d e ir r a m e h t h ti w
e h t e r a d n e e ti s o p p
o qalang groups ,where only eldelry women and female y l e t e l p m o c g n i e b t u o h ti w d n u o p m o c d l o h e s u o h e h t e v a e l o t d e w o ll a e r a n e r d li h c
velied ,especiallyamongt hel argel andowningclasse so fKhans .Physica lspacei s d n a n e m , y lr e d l e e h t y l n o d n a s p u o r g r e h t o e h t o t d e r a p m o c d e t a g e r g e s y l h g i h
n e e w t e b y l e e r f e v o m o t d e w o ll a e r a n e r d li h c e l a m e f d n a e l a m s a l l e w s a , n e m o w
e t a g e r g e s y l h g i h e h
t d spaces .A daughter- ni -law mus tcove rhe rface fo rhe r r
e h t a
f - ni -law and brother- ni -law and these men mus tbe carefu lto give ample . d n u o p m o c n w o r i e h t f o e c a p s s ’ n e m o w e h t h g u o r h t k l a w o t t u o b a n e h w g n i n r a w
e m e rt x
E purdah can l ead t o many restirciton sfo rwomen bu tsegregated space s e m e rt x e f o t c a p m i e v it a g e n e h T . e c n e r e f r e t n i e l a m m o r f m o d e e r f r o f w o ll a o s l a
h a d r u
p canl ead ,howeve,rt owomenbeingbarredf romeducaitonandheatlhcare . h
a d r u
P prevent swomenf romgoingonj ourney salone .Gende rboundairest endt o , s e v it a l e r n a h t r e h t a r s r e g n a rt s g n o m a y lt s o m e v il s e il i m a f n e h w r e t c ir t s h c u m e b
. o d s e it i c e h t o t d e v o m o h w e s o h t s
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