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E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ……… ..………………………….
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P …………………………
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … T C A R T S B
A ……………
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. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N O I T C U D O R T N I I R E T P A H C
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy……… .. .
B ProblemFormulaiton……….... .... .
C Objecitveoft heStudy……….... .. .
D Benefti soft heStudy……… .
E De ifniiton so fTerms………
… … … … … E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H C
.
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B Reviewon AfghanistanCutlure……….... .... .
1 AfghanistanSociopoilitca lCondiitonaround1963-2002……….. .
a Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt her egime 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h
t -1978 )………
.
b Poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovietoccupaitono fAfghanistan 1
8 9 1
( -2001 )……… .
c TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001 )……… .. .
2 PashtunT irba lCodes( Pashtunwal)i……… ..
e g a P
i ii v i
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ii v
ii i v
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d Jirga(counci)l……… . .
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.. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y G O L O D O H T E M I I I R E T P A H C
.
A Subjec tMatte roft heStudy……… .. .
B Approachoft heStudy……… ..… .
C Methodoft heStudy……… .
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S I S Y L A N A V I R E T P A H C
.
A PashtunT irba lCodes( Pashtunwail )Seeni nt heNovel……… ... .
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a Honorableacitoni nbatlte……… . )
1 Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt he 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h t e m i g e
r -1978)……… .
)
2 TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)………… … .
b Prope rdefenseo fhono r………... .. )
1 Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt he 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h t e m i g e
r -1978)……… ..
)
2 TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)……….... .... .
2 Melmasita(hosptialtiy)……… ... .
a Thel as tday soft hemonarchyo fZahi rShahandt her egime 3
6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h tr e v o t a h
t -1978)………... .
b Poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovie toccupaitono fAfghanistan 1
8 9 1
( -2001 )………... .
c TheTailbanAfghanistanr egime( 1996-2001)………... .. .
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.
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B Suggesiton……….. .
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d o o g h c a e t o t n o it c a r o j a m s a h d n a e fi l s ’ r o h t u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r n e tf o t a h t ,t c il f n o c
s r e d a e r e h t n i a tr e t n e o t y lr a e l c d n a s e u l a
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o s d u H s A . n o it c u d o r
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r u tl u c n a h g f A d n a s n a h g f A s y a rt r o p t
I .Hossein ioffer sa lesson on hi scutlure s t n e s e r p e r l e v o n e h T . l e v o n s i h t h g u o r h t d n a l e m o h d e v o l e b s i h f o y r o t s i h e h t d n a
b p i h s n o it a l e r e li g a r f e h
t etweenf ather sandsons ,human sandt hei rgods ,andmen m o r f s y o b g n u o y o w t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t s e r o l p x e o s l a t I .s e ir t n u o c r i e h t d n a
y l e m a n , n a t s i n a h g f A n i p u o r g c i n h t e t n e r e f fi
d Pashtuns and Hazara, which b irng d
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t customs .Howeve,r t he majo rcharacte ron e
h t s i l e v o n e h
t Pashtun .s A sHossein istate sin hi snove lThe Ktie Runner, “Afghan sche irshcustombu tabhorr ules” ( .p 5 6 .)Pashtunsalso ite itghltyt ot hei r
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e m i g e r n a b il a T g n ir u
d .Thi snove lha sopenedpeople’ smindo fwa rand ti seffec t .
e l p o e p l i v i c e h t r o
f The readerscan seepeople’ ssuffeirng sbecause of t hewar . n
a h g f A , r e v e w o
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e v n o
c themessage sdeilveredbyt heautho .r
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e r e h
T i sonemajo rquesitont ha tthewrtier si going t o dea lwtih r elated t o y
d u t s e h t f o c i p o t e h
t .Thequesitoni s: s
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H Pashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwal)i descirbed i n Khaled Hossein’i sThe r
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K ?
.
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o t s i y d u t s e h t f o e v it c e j b o e h
T analyze oneo fAfghans rtadiiton scalled il
a w n u t h s a
P .Therefore, t herei sonequesitonneeds to beansweredi n t hi sstudy. o
t s i n o it s e u q e h
T descirbe vairou sPashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwail) t ha tare l
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5
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s e o g t if e n e b t s ri f e h
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h beyond a
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. s ll i k s g n i d a e r r o f s l a ir e t a m g n i h c a e t g n it a l u m r o f n i y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S
if e n e b d ri h t e h
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s k r o w y r a r e ti l n o s e i d u t
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t helpfu landr elevancer esourcefort herir esearche . s
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r e ti r w e h
t to srtugglewtih h erlfie.I thelp sh ertor espectl fiebetter . tIt eache sh er n
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t unique cutlura l
. r a w f o e s u a c e b t c n it x e e b n a c h c i h w c it s ir e t c a r a h c
.
E Deifni itono fTerms
n i d e d e e n y l s u o i v b o s i y d u t s e h t o t d e t a l e r s m r e t t n a tr o p m i e h t g n i y fi r a l C
n i d e s u s m r e t d e t a l e r e m o S . g n it e r p r e t n i s i m d n a g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o t r e d r o
e r a y d u t s s i h
t Pashtunt irbe ,codes ,andPashtunwail .Thoset erm saredeifnedand w
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tr o N e h t n i d n
a -Wes tFronite rProvince ,Federally Administered T irba lArea s e
h T . n a t s i k a P f o s e c n i v o r p n a t s i h c o l a B d n
a Pashtuns are typically characteirzed e
h t f o e g a s u r i e h t y
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y d u t s s i h t n I . r o n o h d n a t c u d n o c f o e d o c l a n o it i d a rt t n e i c n
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n w o r i e h t e v a h h c i h w n a t s i n a h g f A n i e l p o e p f o p u o r g t s e g g i b e h t s a d e b ir c s e d
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2 Code
h T o t g n ir r e f e
R e Ameircan Hertiage® Dicitonary o f the Engilsh f o s e l u r d n a s n o it a l u g e r f o n o it c e ll o c c it a m e t s y s a s a d e b ir c s e d s i e d o c , e g a u g n a L
s i t a h t s e l u r f o t e s a s a d e n if e d e b n a c e d o c , y d u t s s i h t n I . t c u d n o c r o e r u d e c o r p
.s y a d a w o n t s i x e l li t s d n a d e ti r e h n i
.
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s i d n a e l p o e p n u t h s a P e h t r o f y h p o s o li h p r o g n i v il f o t p e c n o c a s i i l a w n u t h s a P
n a s a d e d r a g e
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7 I R E T P A H
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e r a y e h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t h ti w d e t a l e
r Theory o fC iritca lApproachesi n LtieratureandReviewonAfghanistan’ sCutlure .Theoreitca lFramework explain s
y d u t s s i h t n i ti y l p p a o t w o h d n a n e v i g s e ir o e h t e h t f o n o it u b ir t n o c e h
t .
.
A Sociocutlural-historicalApproacht oLtierature
tr o p m i y r e v e r a s e h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c g n i d n a t s r e d n u d n a g n i w o n
K antt ogive
. k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t o t s e s n o p s e
r C iritca lapproachwli lhelpt hewrtiert oanalyzet he .
k r o w y r a r e ti
l Thi sstudyi sgoingt oapplysociocutlural-histo irca lapproachast he .
y d u t s e h t t c u d n o c o t h c a o r p p a t s e b
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h
T -histo irca lapproachi san approachwhichf ocuse sont he h
c a o r p p a s i h T . e r u tl u c d n a y t e i c o s e h t o t t c e f f e s ti d n a n o it a z il i v i
c assetr sthe
r e h tr u f e h t o t s e c n e r e f e r s a d n u o r g k c a b l a c ir o t s i h d n a , l a r u tl u c , l a i c o s f o s i s y l a n a
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h T . y r o t s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n
u -historica lbackground where the s i h n i s a e d i s i h g n i s s e r p x e n i g n il e e f d n a g n i k n i h t s i h s e c n e u lf n i s e v il r o h t u a
. e c e i p r e t s a m
1 1
” i d n a b o e D “ e h t f o y l n i a m ) ” s a s s a r d a m “ ( s e ir a n i m e s c i m a l s
I schoo lo fIslam .
e v it a v r e s n o c h ti w t n a n o s n o c o s l a e r e w s e c it c a r p n a b il a
T Pashtuntirba lrtadiiton .s
r r o c s a t n e m n r e v o g i n a b b a R e h t d e w e i v n a b il a T e h
T up tand anit-Pashtun ,
2 9 9 1 ( r a w l i v i c f o s r a e y r u o f e h t d n
a -1996 )created popula rsuppor tfo rthe .
y ti li b a t s r e v il e d o t e l b a s a n a b il a
T Wtih the help o fdefecitons ,the Tailban y B . 4 9 9 1 r e b m e v o N n i r a h a d n a Q f o y ti c n r e h t u o s e h t f o l o rt n o c k o o t y ll u f e c a e p
February 1995 ,i twa sapproaching Kabul ,atfe rwhich an 18-month stalemate , n a r I g n ir e d r o b , e c n i v o r p t a r e H d e r u t p a c n a b il a T e h t , 5 9 9 1 r e b m e t p e S n I . d e u s n e
r e t a l o h w , d u s a M d n a i n a b b a R f o y ll a , n a h K l i a m s I ,r o n r e v o g s ti d e n o s ir p m i d n a
e g u f e r k o o t d n a d e p a c s
e ei n I ran. I n Septembe r1996 ,new Tailban victo ire snea r y e ll a V r i h s j n a P e h t o t d u s a M d n a i n a b b a R e h t f o l a w a r d h ti w e h t o t d e l l u b a K
f o l o rt n o c k o o t n a b il a T e h t ; s n o p a e w y v a e h r i e h t f o t s o m h ti w l u b a K f o h tr o n
u s n e m n u g n a b il a T . 6 9 9 1 , 7 2 r e b m e t p e S n o l u b a
K bsequenlty entered a U.N .
m e h t d e g n a h n e h t d n a , s e d i a d n a , r e h t o r b s i h , h a ll u b ij a N e z i e s o t l u b a K n i y ti li c a f ( .p )5 .
.
2 PashtunTriba lCodes(Pashtunwal)i
r a k a K o t g n i d r o c c
A (2009) on hi s research enitlted Triba l Law o f ’
n e m o W d n a i l a w n u t h s a
P sLegisla itve Authortiy ,Pashtunwail ,“the way o fthe ,s
n u t h s a
P ” i sintegral t o Pashtun i denttiy .By adheirng t o Pashtunwal iaPashtun s
e s s e s s o
p honor( izzat) ;wtihou thono rs/hei snol onge rconsideredaPashtun ,and a
, n o it c e t o r p , s t h g ir e h t n e v i g t o n s
i nd suppor t o f the Pashtun commun tiy . il
a w n u t h s a
y r l a v i h
c (ghayrat ro nang) ,hosptialtiy( melmasita) ,gende rboundaires( purdah ro s
u m a
n )andcouncli( ijrga .)
.
a GhayratandNang (chivalry )
y r l a v i h
C i sde ifned by t wo set so fnormaitvepracitces :honorableaciton s o h w t u o b a s e l u r e d u l c n i e lt t a b f o s m r o N . r o n o h f o e s n e f e d r e p o r p d n a e lt t a b n i
r o n o H . s li o p s r a w f o n o it u b ir t s i d r e p o r p e h t r o , s n a il i v i c t o n , . g . e , d e k c a tt a e b y a m
e s o h t o t n e v i g s
i who e.g .show ifghitng skills .I ti sno tunusua lfo rwomen to y b s r e t h g if e l a m e h t tr o p p u s o t s i e l o r ri e h t n e tf o e r o m h g u o h tl a , t a b m o c n i e g a g n e
( l w a h s d a e h r i e h t g n i y a l p s i
d porana )i to spu ron the ifght .They also spurn d
r a w e r d n a s r e t h g if e l b a r o n o h s i
d honorable ifghters , which disitnciton i s f o n o it a z i n a g r o l a i c o s e h T . y ti n u m m o c e h t n o g n i d n e p e d y lt n e r e f fi d d e n i m r e t e d
g n a
n and qalang creates ,fo rexample ,dfiferen tkind so fhonorable ifghters . q
e c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s e r o m s i e r e h t e r e h w , r e m r o f e h t g n o m
A ualtiy ,al lwariror s
e h t g n o m A . e l b a r o n o h o t c a f o s p i e r a g n it h g if e h t n i y ll a u q e e t a p i c it r a p o h w
g n a l a
q groups ,on the othe rhand ,being an honorable ifghte rdepend son one’ s d n a p u o r g e h t g n i d n a m m o c s d r o lr a w e h t e r a s n a h k e h t : s s a l c c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s
r
aeconsideredonapa rwtiht henangwar iror sparitcipaitngi nr aid .s
r o n o h f o e s n e f e d e h t s e v l o v n i s m r o n s u o rl a v i h c f o m r o f d n o c e s e h T
t a h t n o it i d n o c r o , t c a , tl u s n i y r o t a s u c c a n A . n o s r e p r e h t o n a y b e m a h s t s n i a g a
e ff
o ndst hePashtunwal inormands hame saPashtun,r equire sadefenseo fhono .r
m r o n e h T ” . n o s r e p d e tl u s n i e h t y b e c r o f r o ir e p u s f o w o h s a s e ri u q e r “ e s n e f e d s i h T
s i r o n o h f o e s n e f e d f
3
.
c PurdahandNamus(genderboundaries )
s u m a
N can be deifned ast ha twhich i sdefended fo rhonort o be upheld , a
h c u s ( r o n o h e v e i h c a o t n o p u d e t c a f o d a e t s n
i shosptialtiy) .I fsomeoneoffend s s ’ e n o f o e s n e f e d n i t c a o t n o s a e r s i e r e h t n e h t , r e d r o d e r e d n e g e h t f o s e l u r e h t
s u m a N . s u m a
n i s thu s an impo tran t insttiuiton fo r maintaining the gende r d
e ll a c n e tf o s i h c i h w , y t e i c o s e h t f o r e d r o d e t a g e r g e
s purdah ,Urdufo r“vei,l”t he l a c i s y h p s ’ n e m o w d n a n e m n e e w t e b y r a d n u o b e h t g n i e b n e tf o n i a tr u c a r o l i e v
. e c a p s
n
I Pashtu expression si t i srecommended tha tboth men and women y
l p p a y ll a u t p e c n o
c purdah ,and doing so i sa sign o fdigntiy fo rboth men and i
p s e D . n e m o
w te ti sapplying to both genders ,however ,anthropologist shave t
a h t d n u o
f Pashtun scommonly identfiy namus a s“defense o f the hono r o f ”
, n e m o
w and men o tfen think o fpurdah a sa way o fconrtolilng women ,even f o s e l u r e h t y b d n u o b s a e r a n e m , s d r o w r e h t o n I . n e m s l o rt n o c o s l a t i h g u o h t
s u m a
n ,and aret hu sasr estirctedf romstepping i ntospacer eservedf o rwomen a s
n a m a f i , e l p m a x e r o F . e c a p s s ’ n e m o t n i y rt n e m o r f e r a n e m o
w whoi sunrelatedt o
e h t g n o m a y ll a i c e p s e , d n u o p m o c s ’ n a m o w a o t n i s k l a w t n e s e r p n e m o w e h t f o y n a
g n a l a
q landowning class ,he wli l be beaten ,accused o f dishonor ,and even
. y ti n u m m o c e h t m o r f d e ll e p x e s p a h r e p
f o s e ir a d n u o b e h
T purdahvaryamongt hePashtu n,d fifeirngalsobetween e
h
t nang and qalang groups .There i sa ful lspecrtum o fvairance on where the i h c u K e h t e r a d n e e n o n O . e c a p s s ’ n e m o w d n a s ’ n e m n e e w t e b e il s e ir a d n u o b
5
7 1
r e h s s e l n u l i c n u o c a t a d e d i c e d e t a f s ’ n a m o w a s i y l e r a R . d n a l d n a , r e t a w , y e n o m
e h t t n i o p s i h t t A . t c il f n o c a o t n o it u l o s e h t f o t r a p a e d a m s i e g a ir r a
m ijrga usurp s
o w e h t f o s t h g ir e h
t man and t he powe ro fwomen’ snetwork sand makest hema .
n e m g n o m a t c il f n o c a g n i v l o s f o t n e n o p m o c
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
e s u c o f y d u t s s i h
T s on the discussion o n one o fAfghanistan’ s rtadiiton r
a e p p a t a h t i l a w n u t h s a P d e ll a
c in the nove.l Pashtunwal ideal swtih Pashtuns ’ t a h t a e d i e h t n e h t g n e rt s l li w y d u t s s i h t n o s e c n e d i v e e h t , e li h w n a e M . r o n o h
. e n il t s ri f e h t n o r o n o h r i e h t t u p s y a w l a s n u t h s a P
l a r u tl u c o i c o s s e s u y d u t s s i h
T -histo irca l approach . T he sociocutlural -s
i h c a o r p p a l a c ir o t s i
h eus d asthebes tapproachf ort hi sstudysincet hi sapproach s
ti d n a n o it a z il i v i c e h t n o s e s u c o
f cutlura lbackground , such a sthe relaiton n
e e w t e
b rtadiiton a nd the people. In thi sstudy , thi s approach i schosen to n
e e w t e b n o it a l e r e h t d n a t s r e d n
u Pashtunwal iandPashtun .s n
I ordert o analyzecode so fPashtunwal irevealed in t henovel,r eview on d
n a n o it i d n o c l a c it il o p o i c o s s ’ n a t s i n a h g f
A Pashtunwal ia reneeded .Ther eviewon l
a c it il o p o i c o s s ’ n a t s i n a h g f
A condiiton comp irsest hel as tday soft hemonarchyo f ri
h a
Z Shahandt her egimet ha tovetrhrew him ,poilitca lasylumdu irngt heSovie t e
m i g e r n a t s i n a h g f A n a b il a T e h t d n a , n a t s i n a h g f A f o n o it a p u c c
o . The review on
s e d u l c n i i l a w n u t h s a
P ghayrat and nang (chivarly) , melmasita (hosptialtiy) , h
a d r u
p andnamus(gende rbounda ires) ,and ijrga(councli.)
8 1
I R E T P A H
C I I
Y G O L O D O H T E M
r e t p a h c s i h
T present smethodologyoft hiss tudy ,whichcanbedividedi nto l e v o n e h t s e b ir c s e d h c i h w , y d u t s e h t f o r e tt a m t c e j b u s s i tr a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p e e r h t
f o s u c o f e h t d n
a t he analysi sin thi s study .The second par ti sapproach o fthe e
r e h w ; y d u t
s the wrtier highilghts the approach she is going to use in orde rto h c i h w , y d u t s e h t f o d o h t e m e h t s i tr a p t s a l e h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t e z y l a n a
i z y l a n a n i n e k a t s p e t s e h t s n i a l p x
e ngt henove.l
.
A Subjec tMa tteroft heStudy
d e lt it n e l e v o n a s i y d u t s s i h t f o r e tt a m t c e j b u s e h
T The Ktie Runner ,
s e g a p 4 2 3 f o s t s i s n o c l e v o n s i h T . i n i e s s o H d e l a h K , r o h t u a n a h g f A n a y b n e tt ir w
s ’i n i e s s o H d e l a h K . s r e t p a h c 5 2 o t n i d e d i v i d s i d n
a The Ktie Runner wa sfris t
. 3 0 0 2 n i s k o o B d a e h r e v i R y b d e h s il b u
p The Ktie Runner received the South n
a c ir f
A Boeke P irze in 2004 .I twa sthe fris tbes tselle rfo r2005 in the Untied s
e t a t
S ,accordingt oNielsenBookScan.I twa salsovotedt heReadingGroupBook r
o f r a e Y e h t f
o 2006 and2007 andheadeda ils to f60 itlte ssubmitted byenrtant s /
n i u g n e P e h t o
t OrangeReadingGroupp irze( UK).
, n a s a H , d n e ir f s i h d n a y o b n u t h s a P g n u o y a , ri m A t u o b a s ll e t l e v o n s i h T
d e ti n U d n a n a t s i n a h g f A n i e c a l p s e k a t y r o t s e h T . y o b a r a z a H a s i o h
w State so f
t e i v o S e h t h g u o r h t n a t s i n a h g f A n i y h c r a n o m e h t f o l l a f e h t g n ir u d a c ir e m A
9 1
n a h g f A y n a m s n i a t n o c o s l a l e v o n s i h T . e m i g e r n a b il a T f
o istan’ scutlure swhich
b t n e s e r p e
r yt hecharacters ’daliyacitviites .Oneoft heAfghanistan’ scutlurest ha t s i h T . )i l a w n u t h s a P ( s e d o C l a b ir T n u t h s a P e h t s i y r o t s e h t g n o l a n e e s e b n a c
, y li m a f s i h , ri m A ( l e v o n e h t n i e l p o e p n u t h s a P y b d e t c e p s e r y ll a e r s i il a w n u t h s a P
tl a ) s e u g a e ll o c s i h d n
a hought heyaremovingt oUntiedState .s
.
B Approachoft heStudy
, y d u t s e h t g n it c u d n o c n
I the wrtier u s se the sociocutlural-histo irca l a
o t h c a o r p p
a nalyze the nove lsince thi sstudy i srelated social ,cutlural ,and l
a r u tl u c o i c o s e h T . s t c e p s a l a c ir o t s i
h -histo irca lapproach assetr sthe analysi so f r e h tr u f e h t o t s e c n e r e f e r s a d n u o r g k c a b l a c ir o t s i h d n a , l a r u tl u c , l a i c o s
. y r o t s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n
u Thewrti eeru s s thes ociocutlural-histo irca lapproachi n o
t r e d r
o ifnd ou thow Pashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwal)i i srevealed i n Khaled s
’i n i e s s o
H The Ktie Runner . Rohrberge r and Wood s Jr . state tha t the l
a r u tl u c o i c o
s -histo irca lbackground wheret heautho r ilvesin lfuence shist hinking .
e c e i p r e t s a m r e h / s i h n i s a e d i r e h / s i h g n i s s e r p x e n i g n il e e f d n a
.
C Methodoft heStudy
d e s u y d u t s f o d o h t e
M i sa ilbrary research . tI i ncludes books ,references , e
s u y d u t s s i h T . y d u t s e h t t c u d n o c o t s e l c it r a d n
a s anove lenitltedTheKtieRunner a
t a d y r a d n o c e s e h T . a t a d y r a m ir p e h t s
a a re books, j ournal sand researchestha t s
k o o b e m o S . l e v o n e h t g n i z y l a n a n i tr o p p u s d l u o
c , j ournals ,and researchesused e
r
s ’ r a k a K a h s a w l a
P Triba lLawo fPashtunwal iandWomen’ sLegislaitveAuthortiy, ’
s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o R d n
a ReadingandWriitngabou tLtierature. e
r e h
T a re some step sused in analyzing the novel . The fris t step i s t
c e j b o e h t e b d l u o w h c i h w l e v o n e h t g n i s o o h
c oft hes tudy .Here,t henove lchosen s
’i n i e s s o H d e l a h K s a
w The Ktie Runner .Du irng reading the novel ,the wrtie r e h t , n e h T . r e h tr u f d e s s u c s i d e b o t g n it s e r e t n i e r e w t a h t s r e tt a m t n a tr o p m i d n u o f
n a h g f A t u o b a h c r a e s o t d e ir t r e ti r
w istan’ scutlure sand socia lrelaitonship among n
a h g f
A istan people . The wrtie r focused the study on Pashtun T irba l Code s .)
il a w n u t h s a P (
s m e l b o r p e h t s e t a l u m r o f d n a s g n i d n if t n a tr o p m i e s o h t d e t c e ll o c r e ti r w e h T
e h t r o f d e k o o l r e ti r w e h t , p e t s t x e n e h t t A . y d u t s e h t n i d e z y l a n a e b o
t theoryand
.s e c r u o s e r e m o s m o r f y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o e h t o t d e t a l e r m s i c it ir
c A tfe rcollecitng
r e ti r w e h t , a t a d e h
t sta tredt oanalyzet henovelt oanswert heproblemf ormulaiton . r
e ti r w e h
1 2
I R E T P A H
C V
S I S Y L A N A
r e t p a h c s i h
T analyze sthe answe ro fthe problem formulated in chapte r s
i s i s y l a n a e h T . e n
o va irou sPashtun T irba lCode s(Pashtunwail)t ha tareseen i n l
e v o n e h
t .In answeirng the quesiton ,the wrtie ruses the theo ire spresented in o
w t r e t p a h
c .
.
A PashtunTriba lCodes( Pashtunwa il )Seeni nt heNovel
t n e s e r p t r a p s i h
T s Pashtun tirba lcode srevealed in thenovel .The wrtie r e
r a h c i h w , s e d o c e e r h t r o f s e c n e d i v e e h t d n u o
f chivarly ,melmasita ,and purdah d
n
a namus.I npresenitng t heanalysi ,st heevidence so feach codewli lbedivided o
i c o s t n e r e f fi d e e r h t n i t e s s a w y r o t s e h t e c n i s s n o it c e s e e r h t o t n
i -poilitca l
e h t s i t a h t y r o t s e h t f o g n it t e s t s ri f e h t o t s e m o c n o it c e s t s ri f e h T . s n o it i d n o
c las t
h a Z f o y h c r a n o m e h t f o s y a
d i rShah and the regime tha tovetrhrew him .The g
n it t e
s w asin Afghanistan du irng Muhammad Daudast hepresident .Thesecond p
e h t s i t a h t y r o t s e h t f o g n it t e s d n o c e s e h t o t s e m o c n o it c e
s oilitca lasylumdu irng
n a t s i n a h g f A f o n o it a p u c c o t e i v o S e h
t . The setitng wa s in Untied State s o f d ri h t e h t o t s e m o c n o it c e s d ri h t e h T . s e e g u f e r ’ s n a h g f A f o a e r a e h t n i a c ir e m A
e h t s i t a h t y r o t s e h t f o g n it t e
s Tailban Afghanistan regime .The setitng wa sin .t
s i n u m m o c t s n i a g a r a w e h t g n ir u d n a t s i n a h g f A
.
1 Ghayratandnang C( hivalry /bravery)
g n i n r e v o g n i s t p e c n o c e h t f o e n o s i ) y r e v a r b ( y rl a v i h c , s n u h t s a P g n o m A
r o n o h s ’i l a w n u t h s a
P -based society .Roy ( 1985)stated t ha tPashtunwaili sseen a s (
r o n o h f o r e tt a m
a p .52) ,which t oaPashtuni sdeifned byaperson’si ntegrtiyi n p
u holding and pracitcing t heconceptst ha tmakeup Pashtunwail .Wtihou thonor , , s t h g ir e h t n e v i g t o n d n a , n u t h s a P a s a d e r e d i s n o c r e g n o l o n s i n u t h s a P a
o h w e s o h t o t n e v i g s i r o n o H . y ti n u m m o c n u t h s a P e h t f o t r o p p u s d n a , n o it c e t o r p
. s ll i k s g n it h g if w o h s . g .
e Chivarly (bravery)i sdeifned by t wo set so fnormaitve .r
o n o h f o e s n e f e d r e p o r p d n a e lt t a b n i n o it c a e l b a r o n o h y l e m a n , s e c it c a r p
.
a Honorableacitoni nbatlte
)
1 The las tday so fthe monarchy o fZahir Shah and the regime tha t
3 6 9 1 ( m i h w e r h t r e v
o -1978)
. s b m o b d n a s n u g h ti w e lt t a b l a c i s y h p a n a e m s y a w l a t o n s e o d e lt t a B
d e m h A o t g n i d r o c c
A (1976) ,amongt heqalanggroup ,beingan honorable ifghte r (
s s a l c c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s s ’ e n o n o s d n e p e
d p .82) .Sincet hemajo rcharacte ron s
i l e v o n e h t f o g n i n n i g e b e h
t on hi schlidhood ,batltef o rhim can berepresented o
w t e r a e r e h T . p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k e h t y
b b s oy ineachgroupwhoparitcipatei nt he e
lt t a
b , t hef ris tb oyact sast hektie lfye rand t heothe rboy act sast hektier unner . y
b e n o d y ll a m r o n s i r e y lf e ti k e h
T a Pashtun boy ,wherea sthe ktie runne ri s a
r a z a H a y b e n o d y ll a m r o
n b ,oy someitme she i sthe Pashtun servan’t sson . n
u t h s a P , p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k e h t g n ir u
D boy sfough tto defend thei rown kties . e
k o t r e d r o n i tr o f f e t s e b r i e h t e v i g d l u o h s s r e y lf e ti k e s o h
3
. p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k e h t n i r o e k a l e h t n i s r e t s n o m o n e r e w e r e h t t a h t m i h d e d a u s r e p
e h t n i o j o t d e e r g a r i m A , t s a l t A . d i k e v a r b a e b o t ri m A t h g u a t s y a w l a d a h n a s s a H
. e d i s s i h n i n a s s a H h ti w p i h s n o i p m a h c
r a p s i h t n i n o it c a e l b a r o n o h e h
T t i sshown by Ami rwho go thi sbravery t o .
e lt t a b e h t n i o
j He became a n honorable ifghte rsince he could defea thi sown .
y t e i x n
a He came to the ifeld wtih hi sSafio’ sktie in hi shand accompanied by a
f d n a r e h t e g o t e ti k e h t t h g il f y ll u f s s e c c u s y e h T . n a s s a
H ced t he batltea sa so ild
. k r o w m a e t
a r b e b o t l li w a l li t s s a w e r e h t , y t e i x n a s ’ ri m A n
I ve ,to join the batlte ,
s i h h g u o h tl
a rea lmoitvaiton wast o ge tBaba’ shea tr .Baba ,Amri’sf ather ,wa sa n
o s s i h d e t n a w s y a w l a e H . s n u t h s a P e r u
p to behave t he same a shim .Babahad d
o o h d li h c s i h n i p i h s n o i p m a h c e ti k e h t n o w e h t a h t d i a
s becauseo fhi sbravery .
r i m A y h w n o s a e r e h t s i s i h T . o o t , p i h s n o i p m a h c e h t n i w o t r i m A d e t n a w e H
e h t d e n i o j y ll a n
if championship;hewantedt o proo fhisf athert ha thealsohadthe .
m i h s a y r e v a r b e m a s
)
2 TheTailbanAfghanistanregime( 1996-2001)
h c i h w , e lt t a b f o s m r o n e h t y b d e n if e d s i r o n o h e h t g n i g a r u o c n e n i y r e v a r B
d e k c a tt a e b y a m o h w t u o b a s e l u r e d u l c n
i ,no tciviilans ,ort heprope rdistirbuiton t o n e r a n e m o W . s ll i k s g n it h g if w o h s o h w e s o h t o t n e v i g s i r o n o H . s li o p s r a w f o
y b s r e t h g if e l a m e h t tr o p p u s o t s i e l o r ri e h t h g u o h tl a t a b m o c n i e g a g n e o t l a u s u n u
( l w a h s d a e h r i e h t g n i y a l p s i
5
7 2
fl a h d n a t n a v r e s s ’ ri m A , n a s s a H d e ll i k s d n e ir f s i H . d n a
l -brothe,r and Farzana ,
. e fi w s ’ n a s s a H
e g a n a h p r o n a n i d e v il e H . b a r h o S d e m a n n o s a d a h a n a z r a F d n a n a s s a H
e h d n a n o s s ’ n a s s a H s a w b a r h o S t a h t w e n k f e s s A . h t a e d s ’t n e r a p s i h r e tf a
s s e n i s u b d e h s i n if n u d l o r i e h t d e r e b m e m e
r .He wanted to take revenge agains t h
t n a s s a
H rough Sohrab. Fu trhermore ,Asse fknew tha tSohrab wa s ilving in t he b
a r h o S d e ll a c e h d n a e g a n a h p r
o into hi shouset o behi sservan tboy who should .s
t s e u g s i h d n a m i h r o f e c n a d
o t b a r h o S r o f d e k o o l , n a s s a H f o h t a e d e h t r o f y tl i u g y r e v s a w o h w , ri m A h t e v a
s eboyf romt hewar’ sartoctiy .Hewasi nhisi ndecision un it lhedecided t o d n if o t n a t s i n a h g f A o t k c a b g n i m o c y b m i h t h g u a t s a h a b a B s a s n a h g f A l a e r a e b
u n it n o c l li t s s a w r a w e h T . b a r h o
S i nginAfghanistan .However ,Ami rbeilevedtha t e
n o l s i h s a w b a r h o
S hono ratt ha t itmeand hepromisedt o savet hehonor .Ami r t h g if t o n d i d e H . e n o l a f e s s A g n i c a f y b y r e v a r b s i h d n a l li k s g n it h g if s i h d e w o h s
s ’ ri m A t a h w s i s i h T . s n i a p e s o h t t e g o t d e v r e s e d e h t a h t w e n k e h e s u a c e b k c a b
s n a e m y r e v a r
b , abravery t o defea tsel ifshness i n enjoying hi sown happy l fie ,a r
e h t a f s i h t a h t t c a f e h t e c a f o t y r e v a r
b hadhiddenabig ilef romhim ,andabravery .
tl u a f t s a p s i h m e e d e r o t
1
3
5
7 3
u t h s a P l l u f a n i w e r g a y a r o
S n famliy. She had a Pashtun fathe rand a .
r e h t o m n u t h s a
P He rfathe rwa sa hardheaded man because he worked in a .
d l e if y r a ti li
m In the othe rhand ,he rmothe rwa sa tende rwoman .She go tthe tl
u c s n a h g f A n o s n o s s e l e h t t o g o s l a e h S . r e h m o r f e v o l d n a h t m r a
w ure and
.r e h m o r f m o t s u c
. a b a B e v r e s o t t s e b r e h d e ir t e h s d n a h c u m o s a b a B d e v o l a y a r o S
r o f g n i h t y n a o d t o n d l u o c e h t a h t o s h tl a e h d a b s i h n o s a w a b a B , r e v o e r o M
r e h s a a b a B f o e r a c e k a t o t y g r e n e d n a e m it s i h f o l l a d e c if ir c a s a y a r o S . fl e s m i h
n o it a c i d e
d toward she rbelovedf ather- ni -law .Shepracitcedt hecodeo fmelmasita a
s
a goodPashtunwoman.
.
c TheTailbanAfghanistanregime( 1996-2001)
r e h t o d n a , ri m A , a b a B n e h w n a t s i n a h g f A n i g n i u n it n o c s a w r a w e h T
y s a e h t n i e fi l w e n r i e h t g n i y o j n e e r e w s e e g u f e
r lum outsideAfghanistan .Dfifer s r i e h t w e r d h ti w t e i v o S r e tf a n a b il a T e h t t h g if d l u o h s s n a h g f A , r a w s u o i v e r p e h t o t
s a n a b il a T e h t d e b ir c s e d ) 9 0 0 2 ( o n u r B . 6 9 9 1 n i n a t s i n a h g f A m o r f s r e i d l o
s a
f o e r u t x i
m mujahideen (Afghans ’holy soldiers )who fough tagains tthe Sovie t n i e m it t n e p s o h w n e m s e b ir t n u t h s a P f o p u o r g a d n a , s 0 8 9 1 e h t f o n o i s a v n i
r o , s l o o h c s s u o i g il e r i n a t s i k a
P madrassas ,andr eceivedassistancef romPakistan' s r
e t n
I -ServicesI ntelilgenceagency( ISI)(n.p).. TheTailban r uinedt heAfghansi n d
n a , n o it a c u d e , c it il o p , y m o n o c e , l a i c o s g n i d u l c n i e fi l f o s t c e p s a y n a
m reilgion .
. y l p p u s d o o f r o y e n o m g n i d n if n i s e l b u o rt y n a m d a h s n a h g f
A Somepatr soft he
9
1
3
5
6 4
5 R E T P A H C
N O I T S E G G U S D N A N O I S U L C N O C
e h t h g u o r h T . s i s e h t s i h t f o s i s y l a n a e h t d e s s u c s i d s a h r e t p a h c s u o i v e r p e h T
e h t ,s i s y l a n
a wrtierha sanswered thequesiton t ha tha sbeenstated i n t heproblem n e e b s a h t a h t s i s y l a n a e h t f o n o i s u l c n o c e h t s e t a t s r e t p a h c s i h T . n o it a l u m r o f
r o f n o it s e g g u s d n a r u o F r e t p a h C n i d e s s u c s i
d fu trherr esearcher sand f o rteaching I
g n i d a e R c i s a
B rfo f ristsemeste rstudentsi nEngilsh LanguageEducaitonStudy m
a r g o r
P o fSanataDharmaUniverstiy.
.
A Conclusion
a s i il a w n u t h s a P . il a w n u t h s a P s i s i s e h t s i h t f o c i p o t e h
T concep to f ilving
n o n a d n a e d o c r o n o h n a s a d e d r a g e r s i d n a e l p o e p n u t h s a P e h t r o f y h p o s o li h p r
o
-r o f w a l n e tt ir
w the people . tI i s t he basic norm samong Pashtuns .Kaka r(2009 ) ,
y rl a v i h c e r a y e h T . s e d o c r u o f f o s t s i s n o c i l a w n u t h s a P t a h t d e t a t
s melmasita ,
h a d r u
p andnamus ,andjriga(p.3).
d e lt it n e l e v o n a n i s e g r e m e i l a w n u t h s a P f o t p e c n o c e h
T TheKtieRunner .
Thi snove lw as w irtten by Khaled Hossein iin 2001 ,atfe rthe fal lo fTailban d r a w o t m s i c it ir c s i h d n u o s o t l e v o n s i h t s e s u o s l a i n i e s s o H . n a t s i n a h g f A n i e m i g e r
n a b il a T e h t r e d n u s n a h g f A f o n o it i d n o c e h t d n a r a w e h t f o t c e f f e l u ft h g ir f e h t
. e m i g e r
r e ti r w e h
T oft hist hesisf ormulate saquesitonast heproblemoft hist hesis . w
o h s i s i s e h t s i h t f o m e l b o r p e h
e h t s i r o n o h r i e h t , e s a c s i h t n I . r o n o h r i e h t d r a u g o t e lt t a b e h t g n i n i o j n i y r e v a r b
. e ti
k The code o fchivarly in a matte ro fprope rdefense o fhono ri sshown by f
f o r i m A s d n e f o h w n a s s a
H the neighborhood kid sand Baba who apologize e c n i s r o n o h r i e h t t c e t o r p a b a B d n a n a s s a H . e k a t s i m s ’ ri m A r o f y li m a f s ’ f e s s A
.s n u t h s a P g n o m a g n i h t t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t s i r o n o h
e c it c a r p o s l a y e h
T melmasita in thi ssetitng .The code o fmelmasita si y
b n w o h
s Baba who bulid san orphanage ,help sHassan ifx hi shareilp ,givest he t
a t a e
m E -e-id Qorban al lto the poor ,and give sloan to hi sf irend swtihou t t
n e m y a p e
r . Baba i s characte irzed a s a weatlhy bu t generou s person . Baba e
h t g n i p l e h y b i l a w n u t h s a P s e c it c a r
p othersi nneed .
f o e d o c e h
T purdah and namuscan also beseen i n t hi sfris tsetitng . tIi s ll e w s i o h w , r a b u a n a S , n i s u o c t s ri f s i h h ti w d e ir r a m s t e g o h w i l A y b n w o h
s
, n o it i d a rt s n a h g f A n I . r o i v a h e b d a b r e h y b n w o n
k marrying the fris tcousin i s
s a d e v e il e
b thebes tmarirage.
e h t g n ir u d a c ir e m A f o s e t a t S d e ti n U n i s n e p p a h g n it t e s d n o c e s e h T
po ilitca lasylum du irng the Sovie toccupaiton o fAfghanistan .A tthi speirod o f n i r a w e h t d i o v a o t , a i n r o fi l a C , t n o m e r F o t e v o m r i m A d n a a b a B , e m it
,r e v e w o H . n a t s i n a h g f
A theystli lpracitcePashtunwaili nt hi snewplaceandsocia l .t
n e m n o ri v n e
e c it c a r p y e h t , g n it t e s s i h t n
I melmasita .Thecodeo fmelmasita i sshown o s l a i r e h a T a y a r o S . s s e n k a e w s i h n i a b a B r o f p l e h s r e f f o o h w i r e h a T l a r e n e G y b
s r e h s e t a c i d e
d eflt ot akecareo fBabawhenhei ss ick .Taher’isf amliyr espectst he f
o e d o
9 4
s e e g u f e r n a h g f
A also pracitce purdah and namus in thi ssecond setitng . f
o e d o c e h
T purdah and namu scan be shown through Soraya’ scase .Soraya i s d
a b a e b o t d e m a l
b -behaved gri lamong Pashtun scommuntiy t hroughou tUntied .
n a m n a h g f A n a h ti w n a r e h s r e tf a a c ir e m A f o s e t a t
S Thegossip i sstli lconitnued .
s r a e y w e f t x e n e h t r o
f Moreover ,herf amliyshouldmovet oanothe rctiyt oavoid o
t d e it y l e s o l c y r e v s i r o n o h s ’ n a m o W . p i s s o g e h
t tha to fa man in the famliy .
o s l a l li w y li m a f e l o h w r e h , r o n o h r e h s e s o l y li m a f n a h g f A n a f o n a m o w a n e h W
. e r u t a e f e m a s e h t t e g
ir u d n a t s i n a h g f A n i s n e p p a h g n it t e s d ri h t e h
T ng the Tailban regime in
n a t s i n a h g f
A .Att hi speirod o f itme ,Ami rget sback t oAfghanistan t oredeem shi b
a r h o S r o f g n i k o o l y b n a s s a H s d r a w o t tl u a f t s a
p .In hisj ourney ,hegetst hehelp e
h t g n ir u d i l a w n u t h s a P e c it c a r p l li t s o h w s e il i m a f n u t h s a P e m o s m o r
f w a.r
e c it c a r p y e h t , g n it t e s s i h t n
I chivarly .Thecodeo fchivarly i n amatte ro f a b a B t a h t s ll e t y r o t s e h T . ri m A d n a a b a B y b n w o h s s i e lt t a b n i n o it c a e l b a r o n o h
n a h g f A n a r o n o h s i d o t s t n a w o h w r e i d l o s i s s u o R e h t s e g n e ll a h c y l e v a r
b woman .
f o t r a p r e h t o n
A thes toryt ell sabou tAmi rwho ifnally ifght sAssefi nordert os ave .
b a r h o S t u o d n if o t a e r a s b il a T e h t r e t n e d l u o h s e H . b a r h o
S Thecodeo fchivarly
n a h g f A e h t s d n e f o h w a b a B y b n w o h s s i r o n o h f o e s n e f e d r e p o r p f o r e tt a m a n i
.r e i d l o s i s s u o R e h t f f o n a m o
w Hesac irifce shimsel fast hedefenset o protectt he .
r o n o h s ’ n a m o
w Anothe rdefensei salso givenby Hassan t o protec tBaba’ shouse t o n s e o d e h e c n i s s b il a T e h t y b d e ll i k g n i e b y ll a n if s i e H . s l a i c if f o s b il a T e h t m o r f
t n a
w ot giveupt hehouse.
p o s l a y e h
T racitce melmasita in thi ssetitng .The code o fmelmasita si y
b n w o h
s Farzana and Maryam who serve thei rbes tmeal sfo rthei rguest s t u o b a s ll e t o s l a y r o t s e h t f o t r a p r e h t o e h T . y l p p u s d o o f f o k c a l y e h t s a e r e h w
y b r e g n a rt s a p l e h o h w n a s s a H d n a n a h K m i h a
R letitnghe rcomet ot hehouseand .
d o o f r e h g n i v i
g Melmasitaalsosuggest sPashtunst oprotectt hei rguests .Anothe r r e h t o r b s i h y b d e tl u s n i g n i e b r o f ri m A s t c e t o r p d i h a W w o h s w o h s y r o t s e h t f o t r a p
r i m A s e v i g d i h a W w o h d n
a ablankett oprotec thimf o rgetitngcold.
.
B Suggesiton
r o f n o it s e g g u s e h t s i t s ri f e h T . s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d e r a s n o it s e g g u S
g n i s u f o n o it a t n e m e l p m i e h t r o f n o it s e g g u s e h t s i d n o c e s e h T . s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u f
s ’i n i e s s o H d e l a h
K The Ktie Runner in teaching Basic Reading Io fEngilsh .
m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L
.
1 Suggesitonf orFutureResearchers
t a e r g a s i r e n n u R e ti K e h T s ’i n i e s s o H d e l a h
K novelt o r ead .Thi snoveli s n i r a w e h t s d r a w o t w e i v f o t n i o p r e h t o n a s y a rt r o p t i e c n i s g n it s e r e t n i y r e v
t s i n a h g f
A an .Thi snoveli sno tonly a irgh tchoicea sa reading book o fal lages , r o f s t c e p s a g n it s e r e t n i y n a m e r a e r e h t e c n i s y d u t s o t l e v o n e t a ir p o r p p a n a o s l a t u b
e h t t u o b a e r o m e r o l p x e y a m y e h t ,s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u f r o F . y d u t s o t s r e h c r a e s e r e h t
w t e b p i h s n o it a l e
r eenf athe rands on,t hediscirminaitono fHazara,t heeffec toft he d
n a , r a
