2.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Literature is a term that does not have a universally accepted definition, but which has variably included all written work; writing that possesses literary merit; and language that foregrounds literariness, as opposed to ordinary language. Etymologically the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura, although some definitions include spoken or sung texts. Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction, and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods, or according to their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations.
Eagleton (1983:1) says, “There have been various attempts to be define literature. You can define it, as “imaginative” writing in the sense of fiction-writing which is not really true. But even the briefest reflection on what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will do.” Literature as imaginative writing is reflected from people thought, that is not true.
One of the fiction process is novel. Waston (1979:3) says, “Novel is the name of a literary kind, and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed.” It means that novel is literary work that narrate life story in centuries ago. Every novel has these five elements: Setting - When and where the story takes place. Characters - The people (or sometimes animals) the story is about. Plot - What happens in the story. Theme - The lesson the writer of the story is trying to teach the reader. The "message". And the last, point of view - Who is telling the story. First person point of view uses "I", and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story's characters are thinking.
Shaw (1972:189) says, “A novel is lengthy fictitious narrative prose portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings.” It means that long or short of a work is often used as a distinguishing feature between short stories and novels. Short stories usually range between 1.500 to 15.000 words, while novel about 70.000 sometimes 40.0000 words. Characters and action representative of the real life of past or present times. Novel and short story tell all events or problems that occur in human life.
2.1 Character
from people’s actions, from what they say about themselves, from what other say about them.
Character is a person who is responsible for the thoughts and action within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood. The different attitudes, mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influence the other major elements in a literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone. With this understanding of the character, a reader can become more aware of other aspect of literature, such as symbolism, giving the reader a more complete understanding of the work.
Forster (1972) says, “Two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of the novel: flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are two-dimensional, in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work. By contrast, round characters are complex and undergo development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader.”
2.1.1 Division of Character
Main character and peripheral character
Main Character is the individual who contributes the most to the story or who is the most important of the story. You can decide who the main character is by thinking about if the story would be the same if a specific character was not in it. Nurgiyantoro (2005:176-177) says, “Tokoh utama adalah tokoh yang diutamakan penceritaannya dalam novel yang bersangkutan. Ia merupakan tokoh
yang paling banyak diceritakan, baik sebagai pelaku kejadian maupun yang
dikenal kejadian.”
Peripheral character is the character that appears once or sometime in a novel, and may be relatively in short portion. It called peripheral character often provide, support, illuminated the protagonist.
Protagonist and Antagonist Characters
An antagonist is a character, group of characters, or institution that represents the opposition against which the protagonist or protagonists must contend. In other words, an antagonist is a person or a group of people who oppose the main characters. In the classic style of stories wherein the action consists of a hero fighting a villain/enemy, the two can be regarded as protagonist and antagonist, respectively. Of course, some narratives cast the villain the protagonist role, with the opposing hero as the antagonist. The antagonist may also represent a major threat or obstacle to the main character by their very existence, without necessarily deliberately targeting him or her.
Sometimes, antagonists and protagonists may overlap, depending on what their ultimate objectives are considered to be. Often, the protagonist in a narrative is also the same person as the Excitement and intrigue alone is what the audience feels toward a focal character, while a sense of empathy about the character's objectives and emotions is what the audience feels toward the protagonist. Although the protagonist is often referred to as the "good guy", it is entirely possible for a story's protagonist to be the clear villain, or
2.1.2 Types of Characters
novel: flat characters and around characters. According to E.M Foster (1993) the definition about flat character describes below Foster’s most important contribution to the aesthetic of the novel: the distinction between ‘flat’ and ‘round’ characters.
Foster (1993:47:54) says, “Flat characters are constructed round a single idea or quality and can be expressed in a single sentence; round characters are multi-faceted and unpredictable. For foster, the test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising in a convincing way both flat and round characters can coexist in the some novel. Flat characters have advantage of being easily recognized and convenient for their creators .“
Round Characters is a major character in a work of fiction whos encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including description and dialogue. A character's responses to conflict and his or her internal dialogue are also revelatory.
or sister, the greedy politician, the resourceful cowboy or detective, the overbearing or henpecked husband, the submissive or nagging wife, and the angry police captain.
2.2 Plot
Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. A plot "insures that you get your character from point A to point Z". Jenna Blum (2013) says, "One is generally interested in how well this pattern of events accomplishes some artistic or emotional effect. An intricate, complicated plot is called an imbroglio, but even the simplest statements of plot may include multiple inferences."
2.3 Setting
Setting is a critical component for assisting the story. In some stories the setting becomes a character itself. The term "setting" is often used to refer to the social milieu in which the events of a novel occur. The setting is often established as the "setting". Setting is another way of identifying where a story takes place.
2.4 Theme
There are two types of themes that appear in literary works i.e. major and minor. A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his work, making it the most significant idea in a literary work. A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears in a work briefly and gives way to another minor theme.
The theme of a fable is its moral. The theme of a parable is its teaching. The theme of a piece of fiction is its view about life and how people behave.
In fiction, the theme is not intended to teach or preach. In fact, it is not presented directly at all. You extract it from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In other words, you must figure out the theme yourself. The writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the reader.
2.5Point of view
