Table of Contents
Approval sheet
Declaration ……… i
Acknowledgments ……… ii
Abstract ………. iii
Table of Contents ……….. iv
List of Tables ………. v
List of Appendixes ……… ix
CHAPTER I INTRUCTION……….. 1
1.1Background of this Study ……… 1
1.2Research Questions ……… 3
1.3Purpose of this study ……….. 4
1.4The Scope of this study ………. 4
1.5Significant of this study ………. 4
1.6Clarification Terms ……….. 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ………..…… 6
2.1Theoretical foundation of writing and feedback ………... 6
2.2Feedback in teaching writing in EFL classroom ……….. 9
2.3Purpose of feedback ………... 12
2.4The role of teacher in providing feedback ……… 14
2.5The ways of teacher delivering feedback ……….. 17
2.6Feedback strategies ……… 19
2.6.1 Indirect feedback ……… 19
2.6.1.1Coded feedback and uncoded feedback ……….……... 20
2.6.2 Direct feedback ……….. 22
2.6.3 Teacher commentary ……….. 23
2.6.3.1Questioning ……….. 23
2.6.3.2Praise and criticism ……….. 25
2.7Teacher Focus in giving feedback ………. 27
2.9Discussion text ……….. 29
2.10 The definition of opinion ……….. 31
2.11 Previous research on teacher feedback written feedback .………. 33
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ……… 36
3.1Research design ………. 36
3.1.1 Research setting ………. 36
3.1.2 Research participant ………...… 37
3.2Data collection ……… 37
3.2.1 Classroom observation ……… 38
3.2.2 Students’ writing text ……….. 38
3.2.3 Interview ……… 39
3.3Data analysis ……….. 39
3.3.1 Observation data ……… 40
3.3.2 Document analysis ……… 40
3.3.3 Interview data ……… 41
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ……… 42
4.1Feedback strategies ……… 42
4.1.1 Indirect feedback ………. 43
4.1.1.1Uncoded feedback ………... 44
4.1.1.2Coded feedback ……….. 45
4.1.2 Direct feedback ………... 46
4.1.3 Teacher commentary……… 48
4.3.1Appraisal and Criticism feedbacks ……….… 48
4.2Teacher’s reason in using the feedback strategies ………..… 50
4.2.1 Indirect feedback ……… 52
4.2.2 Direct feedback ………. 53
4.2.3 Teacher commentary ………. 55
4.3Students’ opinion about their teacher’s feedback strategies………… 56
4.3.1 Students’ opinion about indirect feedback ……… 56
4.3.2 Students’ opinion about direct feedback ……….... 57
4.4The effect of teacher feedback to students’ writing……….. 63
4.4.1 The of effect teacher’s feedback on high achiever writing 63
4.4.1.1 The organization and content of text ……….…….. 63
4.4.1.2 Linguistic features of the text……… 69
4.4.1.2.1 Common linguistic features of discussion Text ………..……… 69
4.4.1.2.2 The linguistics features common to all text types ……..………. 71
4.4.2 The of effect teacher’s feedback on middle achiever‘s writing……… 75
4.4.2.1The organization and content of text ………..………. 76
4.4.2.2Linguistic features of the text ………. 79
4.4.2.2.1 Common linguistic features of discussion text………... 79
4.4.2.2.2 The linguistic features common to all text types ………. 80
4.4.3 The of effect teacher’s feedback on low achiever s’ writing 87
4.4.3.1The organization and content of the text ……… 87
4.4.3.2Linguistic features of the text ……..…..…..………. 90
4.4.3.2.1 Common linguistic features of discussion text……….….… 91
4.4.1.2.2 The linguistic features are common to all text types ….………..……….. 91
CHAPTER V ……..……… 103
5.1 Introduction ………..……….……… 103
5.2 Conclusion ………..………..………. 103
5.3 limitation of this study…………..……….. 104
5.4 Recommendation ……….. 105
References ……….…... 106
List of tables
Pages
Table 4.1 Coded Feedback ………..….. 45
Table 4.2 First draft before receiving feedback ……… 64
Table 4.3 Final draft after receiving feedback ……….. 65
Table 4.4 Linguistic features ……….….. 71
Table 4.5 Tense ……….….. 72
Table 4.6 Article ………….……….….. 73
Table 4.7 Word choice and word form ……….……… 73
Table 4.8 Sentence structure …………...………..………… 74
Table 4.9 Conjunction ……..……….…… … 74
Table 4.10 Spelling ……….. 75
Table 4.11 First draft before receiving feedback ……… 76
Table 4.12 Final draft after receiving feedback ………... 77
Table 4.13 Linguistic features ……….……….. 80
Table 4.14 infinitive ……….……….. 81
Table 4.15 Subject-verb agreement ………..……….. 82
Table 4.16 Article ………..………. 82
Table 4.17 word choice ………..………. 83
Table 4.18 word form ……….……… 83
Table 4.19 sentence structure ……….………….. 84
Table 4.20 Fragment ……… 84`
Table 4.21 Spelling ……….………… 85
Table 4.22 Capitalization ………..…………. 86
Table 4.23 First draft before getting feedback ………... 87
Table 4.25 Linguistic features ……….… 92
Table 4.26 Subject-verb agreement ……… 93
Table 4.27 word choice ……….…. 94
Table 4.28 Sentence structure ……….... 95
Table 4.29 Fragment ………... 96
Table 4.30 Runs-ons ……….….. 96
List of appendixes
APPENDIX 1. SAMPLES OF STUDENTS’ TEXT WITH TEACHER’S
FEEDBACK AND IT’S REVISION (DOCUMENT
STUDENTS’ WRITING DRAFTS)….……….…...… 114 APPENDIX 2. ANALYSIS OF TEACHER’S WRITTEN FEEDBACK
STRATEGIES ……….. 117
Appendix 2.1 Framework for the analysis of teacher’s strategies
in giving written feedback ………... 117
Appendix 2.2 A sample of analysis feedback strategies low
achiever’s writing draft …………..………. 118
Appendix 2.3 Total teacher’s feedbacks on students’ writing……… 119
Appendix 2.3.1 Teacher’s feedbacks techniques ……… 121 APPENDIX 3. THE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF TEACHER
FEEDBACK ON STUDENTS’ WRITING……… 125 Appendix 3.1 Framework for the Analysis of students’ writing errors and
the effect teacher feedback on students’ writing ……….. 125
Appendix 3.2 Explanation of errors types ……… 127
Appendix 3.3 Samples of errors analysis and errors categorization ………. 129
APPENDIXES 4: INTERVIEW DATA ……….….. 132 Appendix 4.1 Question for Teacher Interview ………..……… 132 Appendix 4.2 A sample of condensed version of data from Teacher Interview ...… 133 Appendix 4.3 Question for Students Interview ………. 137
Appendix 4.4 A sample of Condensed Version of Data from
Students’ interview ……… 139
APPENDIX 5 OBSERVATIONS DATA ……….…………. 144 Appendix 5.1 Sample of notes by the researcher ……….………. 144 Appendix 5.2 Sample of notes by the researcher
(this stages include video tap) ………..……… 147
