vi
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Notions of Cooperative Learning on Language Learning ... 6
2. 1.1 Constructivism ... 8
2.1.2 Humanistic psychology ... 9
2.2 Notions of Cooperative Learning ... 11
2.3 Notions of Cooperative Learning Method ... 13
2.4 Elements of Cooperative Learning ... 15
2.4.1 Heterogeneous Teams ... 16
2.4.2 Promote face-to-face interaction ... 17
2.4.3 Interpersonal and small group skills ... 17
2.4.4 Group Processing ... 18
2.5 Types of Cooperative Learning ... 20
2.5.1 Formal learning groups ... 21
2.5.2 Informal learning groups ... 22
2.5.3 Base learning groups ... 23
2.6 Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) ... 24
2.7 The principle of Cooperative Learning ... 25
2.7.1 Positive Interdependence ... 25
2.7.2 Promoting Interaction ... 26
2.7.3 Interpersonal Skills ... 26
2.7.4 Individual Accountability ... 27
2.7.5 Developing Positive Attitudes and Relationship Amongst Group Members ... 28
2.8 Relationship between Cooperative Learning and Students' Achievement ... 28
2.9 Teaching Writing in General ... 29
2.10 Argumentative Essay ... 30
2.11 The Function of An Argumentative Essays ... 31
2.12 Argumentative Essay Assessments ... 32
2.13 Expository Text ... 36
vii
2.15 Students' Response ... 38
2.16 Concluding Remark ... 40
CHAPTER III: METHODOLODY OF THE RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design ... 42
3.2 Research Setting and Participants ... 44
3.3 Data Collection Procedure ... 45
3.3.1 Documentation of the Students' Texts ... 45
3.3.2 Questionnaires ... 46
3.3.3 Classroom Observation ... 47
3.3.4 Interview ... 48
3.4 Data Analysis ... 49
3.4.1 Documentation of the Students' Texts ... 50
3.4.2 Questionnaires ... 50
3.4.3 Classroom Observations ... 51
3.4.4 Interviews ... 52
3.5 Concluding Remark ... 53
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data from Students' Texts ... 54
4.2 The Students' Response Towards Cooperative Learning ... 89
4.2.1 Evidence from Individual Interview ... 89
4.2.1.1 The Students' Understanding about Cooperative Learning and Its Effect to Their Writing ... 90
4.2.1.2 The Students' Response About Work in a Team in Writing Projects ... 91
4.2.1.3 The Effect of Cooperative Learning in Improving Students Writing Competence ... 93
4.2.1.4 The Difficulty in Cooperative Learning ... 93
4.2.2 Concluding Remark ... 95
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 96
5.2 Suggestions ... 100
viii LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 : The Example of Student's Individual Test ... 59
Appendix 2 : Questionnaire Sheet Completed by Students ... 110
Appendix 3 : Observation Sheet ... 112
Appendix 4 : List of Questions for Interview ... 113
Appendix 5 : Interview Transcription ... 135
Appendix 6 : The Evidence of Student's Texts From The First Individual Test ... 188
Appendix 7 : The Evidence of Student's Texts From The Second Individual Test ... 204
Appendix 8 : The Evidence of Student's Texts From The Third Individual Test ... 215
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 : Response in Learning English ... 114
Table 4.2 : Response in Cooperative Learning ... 115
Table 4.3 : Observation Sheet I ... 116
Table 4.4 : Observation Sheet II ... 119
Table 4.5 : Observation Sheet III ... 122
Table 4.6: Observation Sheet IV ... 125
Table 4.7 : Observation Sheet V ... 128
Table 4.8 : Observation Sheet VI ... 130
Table 4.9: Observation Sheet VII ... 131
Table 4.10 : Observation Sheet VIII ... 133
Table 4.11 :Data from Lowest Achievers (Individual Test) ... 257
Table 4.12 :Data from Average Achievers (Individual Test) ... 258
Table 4. 13 :Data from Highest Achievers (Individual Test) ... 259
Table 4.14: Data from Highest Groups (Group Projects) ... 260
Table 4.15 :Data from Average Groups (Group Projects) ... 261
