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VOLUME 21 No. 2 Juni 2009 Halaman 203
-
212FUNKTIONSVERBGEF~~GE
CONSTRUCTION
AND
I <
ITS CORRESPONDENCE IN INDONESIAN
Pratomo Widodo*
1
?'
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan lmtuk mendeskripsikan konstruksi predikat bahasa Jerman FunktionsverbgeFge dan padanannya dalarn bahasa Indonesia, serta mendeskripsikan persamaan dan
perbedaan di antara keduanya. Metode analisis gramatika kontmtif diunakan untuk rnembandirtgkan konstruksi Funktionsverbgefige dan padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
Mwa kedrra kansmhi prsdikat t e d w t terdiri atas dm unsur, yaitu verbal dan nominal. Kedm kmsmksi memiliki bentuk, rnakna, dan fungsi yang sama, smentara perbedaannya terletak pada distribusi unsur- ""Sumya
There are some similarities between
m * t h e r * a s f h g m w O f t h e
m B e l l ~ 8 m b - - b o s w M -
case you can w e the following example (sentence (2).
(2) Zehn Teilnetwner aus 9cM mch-n Landern brachten die Werke von Stockhausen ~ A u f f l h n u l g .
Ten participants from eight diffwmt
coun-
tries pehmred the work of Stockhausen' The FVG in sentence (2) above consists of the function verb M e n (the past tense of bringen) Yo bring' and t h ~ p r q m s h ~ l mun group zurAuffUh~~ng as a function
noun.
Thefunction noun is morphologioally
a
matter of wrbal nominalizatim (mwnina & wnbal). Asthe predicate of the senten-, the both of the FVG m s W a n must
come
because they area
unity.
barsdIii#y vrEiwbs,thefun~onwKtzshgve~ore~nchanged their meaning (Wlbig &
B
1- DUDEN, 2005). The function verb fm9h
in sentence (1)has n 0 m i t r s - m m d it can
bs.
combined only with the mun lkiehtseheidung 'the decision'. As a normat verb, bffen still has its lexical meaning 'to meet' end it can be combined with any mun phmw
ae
a direct objed, Fmunde M8n'to meet Mends', den Onkel trefRsn 'tomeet
the uncle', and soon.
As mentSon4 above, the funcrQion
w t w
inthe FVG construction have r e d w d their meaning and they posses only grammatical
, meaning. The actual lexical meaning of the
N G construction
les
in the nominal element which is derived from verbs (in the formof
. mfml nominalimtion). ?he fundon verbs have special meanings related to the verbal
t semantic criteria. According to the verbal - %emantic criteria, the meanings of verbs are
classified into three aspects. They
am
action vrvbs, prom& verbs, and state verbs (Helbig & Buscha, 19W). Action verb a b divided in durative and perfective verbs. The dumtive-
action
verbs are classified into(a):
hrtmwti : fmquentathre, (b) Intensive, and [c) U i t n i n m .?"he
perfective action verbs are separated In: l a ) inchoathe, (b) egressbe, (c) mutative, and I
(d)
causative.is a systematk relath
~~
the semantic factor andthe
morph syntactic form of the verbs. The function verbs have meanings related to t h e aspecte of each uttemnm. These three semantic dassihtions of the verbsare
duraxive, -,i andcausative.
(ds
Bewi&en&mr
-Lu&a (Helbig 4% &uscha, 1996).The lexical meaning in the FVO
The combination of verbal and naminal elements in the FVQ w n s
Entsd,Muung
treffgn
ulir,make
the same lexical meaning
as
(entsdleiden 30 deb&$), from
nhid,
is the nominal element of the FVGrxmWom
derived. The noun Ent86hMmg isderivrrdfromentschskJsn'to it can bs
said
that theh / ~
the primary predicate
c m m m ,
But it panbe an alternth
rn
fora
b rstylhtk&wt.
In Indonesian there is also a similar predicate construdbntq
the
O e m n FVG This predicate construction also,consis&
af two elements, verbal andnaninal,
as
shown in sentence (la). Inthis
senten-
the
predicate consists of the verb mengambil 'to put' andthe
!&ma&m, Vol. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212
tcvgether in order to provide the meaning 'to decide'. Another example is mengajukan pertanyaan which corresponds to the German FVG construction Frage stellen 'to ask a question'. The function nouns of both constructions are verb nominalization from bwtanya and m e n 'to ask'. The fLarc*tion verbs
of both constructions can only occur with their function noun as a part of a unity.
According to the available references, it seems that the predicate c o n M o n which consists of a function verb and a f u n d i n o u n in Indonesian still has not got enough attention from the linguist. That's why a study about
the
predicate construction which consists of a function verb and a function noun both in German and lndonesian is necessary to be conducted. The equivalent construction of the German FVG construction in Indonesian, 1
would like to propose the term Konsfmksi Predikat VenSa Fungsi (furthermore abbre- viated as PMf)
There are some similarities
betwen
W Gand PVF. These similarities are that (a) bb I
wouldliketopromote~termothNGandPVF
are secondary constructions as an alternative
to the primary construction which are used basic verbs; (b) the lexical meaning of n/G and PVF construction ties in the funcUon noun which is derived from the basic verbs (nominalization); (c) function verbs have mduoed their lexical meaning and posssss
onfy
their grammatical meaning; and (d) in
the
N Gand PVF construction the funcrtfon verb can ocalr only with certain function noun.
According to the above mentioned similarities, the both construction (FVG and PW) could be compared.
The data of this research were G e m n sentences containing the FVG construction and Indonesian sentences containing
the
PVF: construction. The data were collected by intensively reading written discourses containing W G and PVF constructions and were also collected from both Gerrnan and Indonesian grammar books. Thedata
adkctioninstrument was
the
human i n a m t , the researcher himelf, an Indcm8hn speaker possessing the German Irater methods. The gmrnrnar contr~stiwg analysis and the referential compar method were used
to
amtym the, data.and PVF constructions. And the
N G
and Was
aand PVF data, (b) dgscriMng the FVGemd constructions, and
(c)
descrlblng similarities between R I G and PVFTHE
N O
CONSTWUeTrnrdAs mentioned above, that th construction consists
of
two
eiements,passage these both elements will
cribed,
and it is completed with the de of the meaning of theN G
canstruction.VERBAL ELEMENT CW TWE N;G
CONSTRUCTION
Intransitive verbs are verbs WIch
Pratomo Widodo
-
FunMionsverbgek m m n 'to come', halten Yo keep', lkgpn 'to lay', sein 'to be', &en 'to stand'.
Besides the state verbs there are also
- &ion verbs which have semantic features
+direction. Such verbs are combined with prepositional noun group as a function noun in order to construct f VG This function noun functions as the locative adverbial which
P apresses a direction. In G e m , directional
c- prepition
can
be
followed by a noarn phrase+with accusative
or
dative cases dependingon
;tke power government of the pl'lepcssition. Theipqm&ions
which only govern the dativecase
isinthedativecase.
to this kind of verb, e.g. in C3jetmgmg
Transitive verbs
need
two noun phasesnounphraseirrttre-tiw,
The transitive function verbs
ara
actionere are also function verbas with
'to bring'. Such function verbs are with a prepositional nwn
ion noun to construct
on, like
zur
Amhmng brh,gm 'toist of three eknenb, namely a n&n v h , a pqmsitSonat m n as a function noun, and a norrn phrase
Mge ConstfudW and its Cormqonde~~)8 in I n S n
(3) D a s W h a s;etfn Fww;tknV -NP
in Qtdnwng.
Funotlon N
The child keeps his r m tidy.
'The child keeps his
room
Wy.'NOMtWAL
EtEMeMT
INTHE
BV(5CONSTRU@TlO#
The nominal e l e m t is
an
important partof the
N G
construction, bscaumbe
lexical meaning of the FVG mstrucZian lies in the nominal element. $yntactically the nominal dementa
n
be
classifid into two group. Theyam
the noun phrase withth@
aawmtivenal
noun gwp.h
few nctkmmwbwiththemirmtive
mw
(@in@ Abf~Whwnga m ) ,
g e n b
cam
(der
Meinung win),6M
dative/+a~c~satived.) case (ldn drier Pk~fung umtembhef?). The prepositions used
in
thepqxsiticmI
noun gmps are au), au$, auhch i , hinter, un, urn, unter, zu*
Noun phra-s with
th@
~~
clseare
cambind with hndNvt9 functionverbs,
and
prepositional noun groups are comblrte with intransitive verbisor
verbs which have semantic feature +direction. The followingsentences are
examples
of each mn-verbh m n t o r a , Vd. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212
MEANING OF M E FV% CONSTRUCTION FVG has the same meaning as the basic verb, the base of the derivation of the the function noun; even though there is a different meaning related to the verb semantic classification, like durative, inchoative, and causative. The different meaning based on the semantic classification is also found in the different use of several function verbs for the same function noun. It means that the use of different function verbs which are combined with the same function noun leads t o the different meaning. The following FVG
constructions show the different meaning
caused
by the use of the different function verbs.-
in AbhBngQkeit sich befinden (durative)-
in Abhangigkeit kommenfgereten (inchaatiie)-
in Abh8ngigkeit brfnmn (causative)Besides the semantic classification, there is also a meaning classification based on diathesis (active and passive voices). The FWG
construction with an active meaning can be checked by the paraphrasing using an active basic verb. By this process, a sentence with the active voice will result. The function verbs with the active meaning are found in the verbs anstellen, aufnehmen, ausaben, bringen,
srheben, e~teilen, mhmn, geben, halfen, leisten, machen, nehmen, setzen, stellen, treflen, Ilben, untemehmen, versetzen, vomehmen, dehen.
The FVG construction with a passive meaning can be known by the paraphrasing using a basic verb which results in sentences with the passive voice. The function verbs with the passive meaning are found in the verbs
sich
befinden, bekommen, bleiben, erfahren, efttatten, finden, gehen, gelangen, genieden, geraten, kommen, liegen, sein, stehen, zuziehen.
THE PFV CONSTRUCTION
One of the aims of this research is to took for the correspondence of the German FVG
construction. Firstly I provided the data of the
FVG construction, and then I provided
the
dataof PVF corresponding to the FWG
VERBAL ELEMENT IM THE PVF
CONSTRUCTION
Ahnri, et al. (2000:91) mntioned that
divided into transitive verbs
complements, transitive verbs with
complements. Aocording b the
data
there are 22 verbs which can fun function verbs of the PFVmstruMons.
fotlows.
oonstituents
as
an
object andas
The obmplements in the PVFoo
optional. According to thdr syntactic
be dassified as follows.
Verbs which
amrr
with m n s inor 'to observe', and rnekrkukan 'to make a conside
Another verb bel
'to give an answer', and m m k d
give an order'. The
use
of the wdwtjsentence. The ve
CoJl- a d its c w l w ~ e c t In
sh an object only, the verb ordered'. Another example is mendapat
be used. The fdlawing
senbmes
ntusesofbothverbs.5 (7) Sebaiknya pernerintah Israel tidak
memberi janji kosong
<- Function V Function N
kepada para penduduk imigran.
Complement
pa)
Sebaiknya pemerintah Israel tidak memberikan janji kkosong.Function V Function N
The verb membuat 'to make' also has the mme syntactic and semantic behador, e.g. rriembuat aturan 'to make rules' and membuat perslapan 'to make preparation' which are *rnatives to the use of the verbs mengatur '
b rule' and mepersiapkan 'to prepare'.
There
~ a i - s o PVFswhich wnsistoftheverbmembuat
md
a noun in the form of nominaliration of Wpmcal verbs, suchas
membuat imepakatan'b make an agreement'. This construction can b a n atternatbe to the verb bempakat'b agree'.
The next type is the verb mempunyaY memiliki 'to have' or 'to posses' which is combined with a noun in the form of adjective nominalization, such as memiliki kemampuan
'to have ability', memiliki keberanian 'to have courage'. The PVF with a function noun in the
form of adjective nominalization can be an atternative to the correspondence of the &man verb sein 'to be'. In German, adjective arguments are usually governed by the verb w i n 'to be'. In Indonesian, the use of adalah, as the correspondence of the German verb sein, is very seldom or even never exists. We say Saya berani 'I am encourage' or Saya memiliki keberanian 'I have courage' instead of saying Saya adalah berani (7)
There are some verbs in the PFV construction which are derived from passive voice constructions. Just like other passive voice constructions, the subject of the sentence with PFV construction has a patient role. For example, the verb mendapat 'to get' in the PFVconstruction mendapat petintah 'to get an order' is an alternative to the construction with the basic passive verb dipetintah 'to be
dukungan
'to
get support' as an alternative to the passive verb didukung 'to be supported'.Other types of verbs are those which wllocate with the noun in
the
form of nominali- mtion of reciprocal verbs. One example is the fundion verb mengadakan 'to hold', such as in the w n s w rmqadakan hubungan Yo hdda relationship' which is an alternative to the reciprocal verb berhubungan 'to relate'. Another example is the PVF
construction
mengadakan perundingan 'to hold a negotiation' as an alternative to the reciprocal verb benmdiw 'ton e g o W e ' . B e s i d e s t h e ~ ~ ~ n ' t o h o k l '
there is another verb which has
the
sametype
as the verb mngadakan. This
verb
L
membuat 'to make' like in the PVF constnrction m b u a tkesepaWW'tomakean manaltw-
native
to another PVFcc#rstnrm mmgadktkan kesepakatan 'to have an a g r m r r t ' orthe wsrb( W m ' t o
agree'
There is P N which consists of a function verb and verbal ~ n a l i z a t i o n which means
'process'. The verb that fundions a pmdicate such a conshction is mengalami 'to expe- rience', just like mengabmiperubahan 'to have changes', mengalami pmibwbn 'to get better', and m e n g a I a m i p n p ~ 8 n 'to get simpler'
Intransitive verbs are divided into comple- mentary intransitive verbs and uncomplimentary intransitive verbs. Complementary intransitive verbs are divided into obligatory complementary verbs and optional complementary verbs. The intransitive verb with an obligatory complement
is,
for example,the
verb berada 'to W, such as berada dalam ketakutan 'to be in tenified' and betad8 dahm kerniskinan 'to be in poverty' all of which are alternatives to adjectives b k u t wand miskin 'poor'.
Besides the construction above, there is another constnrcb'on which is combined with the
Humaniota, Vol. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212
like in the construct& (tedmg) &Jam p?v#s pembangunan 'being built'. The PVF cons- truction with the preposition dalam 'in' is a passive construction, since this construction collocates with a noun subject function with patient role
NOMINAL ELEMENT IN THE WT=
CONSTRUCTION
As in the FVG construction (the German language), the nominal element in the PVF construction also plays a very importad role, because the red predicate meaning is in
the
nominal element (function noun) which is derived from the basic verbs. That's way the PVF construction has the same meaning with the basic verbs.
Most nominal elements in the Pn/ mns- truction are in the form of affixed words, because they are derived from the verbs. The nominalization of verbs in Indonesian uses the afflx (conffix) pe-/-en and its allomorphs, like penelifkin 'reseatch', pengamatan 'obsemtion',
penplikan'hnresbigsltion'.Anathet-hm
affix in Indonesian is suffix -an, like jawaban 'answer', gugatan 'claim'. Besides the affixed nouns there are also nominal elements in the form of basic nouns, like bukti 'proof in the construction memberi buMi 'to give a proof which is an alternative to membukfikan 'to prove'. Another example is perintah 'order' in memberiperintah Yo give an order' wh'ich is an alternative for the use ofthe verb memerintah 'to order'.
In the syntactical point of view the nominal elements of the PVF construction
can
function as an object, a complement, or an adverbial. The syntactic functions of the nominal elementsin PVF construction agree with the chamcte-
ristic of the function verbs, especially
as
shown by the transitivity of the verbs. In €he PVF construction with transitive verbs the nominal elements functioningas
an objects like the noun permohonan 'request' in mengajukan par- mohonan 'to make a request'.bemda dalam icemi- 'to be in PVF constructions also have nomi
which function as an adverbial. The adverb@ is usually in the form of preposDtional noun groups, such as the pmpositlon &!am
in dalam penyWikan 'under inve8tig
'to
be investigated'.MEANING OF THE PVF C O N S U
Prindpally the P V . tzm&mWn similar meaning as the h d c verbs base form of the nomidrartion
of
theamong
them.
The diffwnoes eanwith basic verbs, as shown in the sentences.
the basic verb (sentence 8a) is
THE SlWULACUllES AND
OFtHEFVBAMDPMF
emsntisrehMtoW
.
In the N G a f x r s m themind
can be in the form of anobi-
noun accusativecase
or a prepos-l n group. In the PVF cxmbetion most ofnominal slements are in the form of
an
nction verbs In the PVFtamhWon
re also mtnal elements
in formof
There are
differences
the
dements. Inthe
FVG mstrud-verbal and nominal elements lie d
(as
discantinurn cons~fsons).btribmofthe--(rn$te5fiflb
has three passibili; it depends
cm
theIn the yes/ no inte
dicats constructions, whi
verbs have
m
samePVF cm&mcMns. The (of the F.TTCidPVF
constructiosls aims to aive battar swistie effeds.
a ~ t i w e b t t r e w # a W c : ~ , a i v d ~
ghre
h!etThe In
I
tunaton veru runcuons as me Tinire veru ana
the function noun provide the lexical meaning of the predicate. The PFV construction, as a secondary form, can be an alternative to the use of a basic verb, and can give better stylistic effects.
According to their forms, there are similarities between FVG and PVF construe tions. Both constructions consist of two elements which come together to function as the predicate of the sentence. Besides the similarities there are also differences between FVG and PVF constructions. Semantically, the function verbs in both constructions are not always the same.
Wga. jrucwea: maurustam.
DUDEN. 2095. Die Grammatik. Mannheim: DUDEN Verlag.
Engel, Urlich. 199 1. Deutsche Grammatik. Heidel- Julius Groos Verlag.
Helbig, Gerhard 81 Joachim Buscha. 1996. DeuucfrC
G r a m m a t i k E i n H a n d b u c h ~ d e n ~ ~ ~ Leipzig: Langemcheidt Verlag EnryWopadk.
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1993. Ibmus L'nguistik. Jakm& Gramedia Pusataka Utama.
Ramlan, M. 1996. llmu Bahasa Indonesia: S i n t a W Yogyakarta: C.V. Karyono.
Sudaryanto. 1983. Predikat-Oljek &lam Bahcrsa 1 -Keselarason Pda Urutan.