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VOLUME 21 No. 2 Juni 2009 Halaman 203

-

212

FUNKTIONSVERBGEF~~GE

CONSTRUCTION

AND

I <

ITS CORRESPONDENCE IN INDONESIAN

Pratomo Widodo*

1

?'

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan lmtuk mendeskripsikan konstruksi predikat bahasa Jerman FunktionsverbgeFge dan padanannya dalarn bahasa Indonesia, serta mendeskripsikan persamaan dan

perbedaan di antara keduanya. Metode analisis gramatika kontmtif diunakan untuk rnembandirtgkan konstruksi Funktionsverbgefige dan padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan

Mwa kedrra kansmhi prsdikat t e d w t terdiri atas dm unsur, yaitu verbal dan nominal. Kedm kmsmksi memiliki bentuk, rnakna, dan fungsi yang sama, smentara perbedaannya terletak pada distribusi unsur- ""Sumya

(2)

There are some similarities between

m * t h e r * a s f h g m w O f t h e

m B e l l ~ 8 m b - - b o s w M -

(3)

case you can w e the following example (sentence (2).

(2) Zehn Teilnetwner aus 9cM mch-n Landern brachten die Werke von Stockhausen ~ A u f f l h n u l g .

Ten participants from eight diffwmt

coun-

tries pehmred the work of Stockhausen' The FVG in sentence (2) above consists of the function verb M e n (the past tense of bringen) Yo bring' and t h ~ p r q m s h ~ l mun group zurAuffUh~~ng as a function

noun.

The

function noun is morphologioally

a

matter of wrbal nominalizatim (mwnina & wnbal). As

the predicate of the senten-, the both of the FVG m s W a n must

come

because they area

unity.

barsdIii#y vrEiwbs,thefun~onwKtzshgve~ore~n

changed their meaning (Wlbig &

B

1- DUDEN, 2005). The function verb fm9h

in sentence (1)has n 0 m i t r s - m m d it can

bs.

combined only with the mun lkie

htseheidung 'the decision'. As a normat verb, bffen still has its lexical meaning 'to meet' end it can be combined with any mun phmw

ae

a direct objed, Fmunde M8n'to meet Mends', den Onkel trefRsn 'to

meet

the uncle', and so

on.

As mentSon4 above, the funcrQion

w t w

in

the FVG construction have r e d w d their meaning and they posses only grammatical

, meaning. The actual lexical meaning of the

N G construction

les

in the nominal element which is derived from verbs (in the form

of

. mfml nominalimtion). ?he fundon verbs have special meanings related to the verbal

t semantic criteria. According to the verbal - %emantic criteria, the meanings of verbs are

classified into three aspects. They

am

action vrvbs, prom& verbs, and state verbs (Helbig & Buscha, 19W). Action verb a b divided in durative and perfective verbs. The dumtive

-

action

verbs are classified into

(a):

hrtmwti : fmquentathre, (b) Intensive, and [c) U i t n i n m .

?"he

perfective action verbs are separated In

: l a ) inchoathe, (b) egressbe, (c) mutative, and I

(d)

causative.

is a systematk relath

~~

the semantic factor and

the

morph syntactic form of the verbs. The function verbs have meanings related to t h e aspecte of each uttemnm. These three semantic dassihtions of the verbs

are

duraxive, -,i and

causative.

(ds

Bewi&en

&mr

-Lu&a (Helbig 4% &uscha, 1996).

The lexical meaning in the FVO

The combination of verbal and naminal elements in the FVQ w n s

Entsd,Muung

treffgn

ulir,

make

the same lexical meaning

as

(entsdleiden 30 deb&$), from

nhid,

is the nominal element of the FVG

rxmWom

derived. The noun Ent86hMmg is

derivrrdfromentschskJsn'to it can bs

said

that the

h / ~

the primary predicate

c m m m ,

But it pan

be an alternth

rn

for

a

b rstylhtk

&wt.

In Indonesian there is also a similar predicate construdbn

tq

the

O e m n FVG This predicate construction also,

consis&

af two elements, verbal and

naninal,

as

shown in sentence (la). In

this

senten-

the

predicate consists of the verb mengambil 'to put' and

the

(4)

!&ma&m, Vol. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212

tcvgether in order to provide the meaning 'to decide'. Another example is mengajukan pertanyaan which corresponds to the German FVG construction Frage stellen 'to ask a question'. The function nouns of both constructions are verb nominalization from bwtanya and m e n 'to ask'. The fLarc*tion verbs

of both constructions can only occur with their function noun as a part of a unity.

According to the available references, it seems that the predicate c o n M o n which consists of a function verb and a f u n d i n o u n in Indonesian still has not got enough attention from the linguist. That's why a study about

the

predicate construction which consists of a function verb and a function noun both in German and lndonesian is necessary to be conducted. The equivalent construction of the German FVG construction in Indonesian, 1

would like to propose the term Konsfmksi Predikat VenSa Fungsi (furthermore abbre- viated as PMf)

There are some similarities

betwen

W G

and PVF. These similarities are that (a) bb I

wouldliketopromote~termothNGandPVF

are secondary constructions as an alternative

to the primary construction which are used basic verbs; (b) the lexical meaning of n/G and PVF construction ties in the funcUon noun which is derived from the basic verbs (nominalization); (c) function verbs have mduoed their lexical meaning and posssss

onfy

their grammatical meaning; and (d) in

the

N G

and PVF construction the funcrtfon verb can ocalr only with certain function noun.

According to the above mentioned similarities, the both construction (FVG and PW) could be compared.

The data of this research were G e m n sentences containing the FVG construction and Indonesian sentences containing

the

PVF: construction. The data were collected by intensively reading written discourses containing W G and PVF constructions and were also collected from both Gerrnan and Indonesian grammar books. The

data

adkction

instrument was

the

human i n a m t , the researcher himelf, an Indcm8hn speaker possessing the German I

rater methods. The gmrnrnar contr~stiwg analysis and the referential compar method were used

to

amtym the, data.

and PVF constructions. And the

N G

and Was

a

and PVF data, (b) dgscriMng the FVGemd constructions, and

(c)

descrlblng similarities between R I G and PVF

THE

N O

CONSTWUeTrnrd

As mentioned above, that th construction consists

of

two

eiements,

passage these both elements will

cribed,

and it is completed with the de of the meaning of the

N G

canstruction.

VERBAL ELEMENT CW TWE N;G

CONSTRUCTION

Intransitive verbs are verbs WIch

(5)

Pratomo Widodo

-

FunMionsverbge

k m m n 'to come', halten Yo keep', lkgpn 'to lay', sein 'to be', &en 'to stand'.

Besides the state verbs there are also

- &ion verbs which have semantic features

+direction. Such verbs are combined with prepositional noun group as a function noun in order to construct f VG This function noun functions as the locative adverbial which

P apresses a direction. In G e m , directional

c- prepition

can

be

followed by a noarn phrase

+with accusative

or

dative cases depending

on

;tke power government of the pl'lepcssition. The

ipqm&ions

which only govern the dative

case

isinthedativecase.

to this kind of verb, e.g. in C3jetmgmg

Transitive verbs

need

two noun phases

nounphraseirrttre-tiw,

The transitive function verbs

ara

action

ere are also function verbas with

'to bring'. Such function verbs are with a prepositional nwn

ion noun to construct

on, like

zur

Amhmng brh,gm 'to

ist of three eknenb, namely a n&n v h , a pqmsitSonat m n as a function noun, and a norrn phrase

Mge ConstfudW and its Cormqonde~~)8 in I n S n

(3) D a s W h a s;etfn Fww;tknV -NP

in Qtdnwng.

Funotlon N

The child keeps his r m tidy.

'The child keeps his

room

Wy.'

NOMtWAL

EtEMeMT

IN

THE

BV(5

CONSTRU@TlO#

The nominal e l e m t is

an

important part

of the

N G

construction, bscaum

be

lexical meaning of the FVG mstrucZian lies in the nominal element. $yntactically the nominal dement

a

n

be

classifid into two group. They

am

the noun phrase with

th@

aawmtive

nal

noun gwp.

h

few nctkmmwbwiththe

mirmtive

mw

(@in@ Abf~Whwng

a m ) ,

g e n b

cam

(der

Meinung win),

6M

dative

/+a~c~satived.) case (ldn drier Pk~fung umtembhef?). The prepositions used

in

the

pqxsiticmI

noun gmps are au), au$, auhc

h i , hinter, un, urn, unter, zu*

Noun phra-s with

th@

~~

clse

are

cambind with hndNvt9 function

verbs,

and

prepositional noun groups are comblrte with intransitive verbis

or

verbs which have semantic feature +direction. The following

sentences are

examples

of each mn-verb
(6)

h m n t o r a , Vd. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212

MEANING OF M E FV% CONSTRUCTION FVG has the same meaning as the basic verb, the base of the derivation of the the function noun; even though there is a different meaning related to the verb semantic classification, like durative, inchoative, and causative. The different meaning based on the semantic classification is also found in the different use of several function verbs for the same function noun. It means that the use of different function verbs which are combined with the same function noun leads t o the different meaning. The following FVG

constructions show the different meaning

caused

by the use of the different function verbs.

-

in AbhBngQkeit sich befinden (durative)

-

in Abhangigkeit kommenfgereten (inchaatiie)

-

in Abh8ngigkeit brfnmn (causative)

Besides the semantic classification, there is also a meaning classification based on diathesis (active and passive voices). The FWG

construction with an active meaning can be checked by the paraphrasing using an active basic verb. By this process, a sentence with the active voice will result. The function verbs with the active meaning are found in the verbs anstellen, aufnehmen, ausaben, bringen,

srheben, e~teilen, mhmn, geben, halfen, leisten, machen, nehmen, setzen, stellen, treflen, Ilben, untemehmen, versetzen, vomehmen, dehen.

The FVG construction with a passive meaning can be known by the paraphrasing using a basic verb which results in sentences with the passive voice. The function verbs with the passive meaning are found in the verbs

sich

befinden, bekommen, bleiben, erfahren, efttatten, finden, gehen, gelangen, genieden, geraten, kommen, liegen, sein, stehen, zuziehen.

THE PFV CONSTRUCTION

One of the aims of this research is to took for the correspondence of the German FVG

construction. Firstly I provided the data of the

FVG construction, and then I provided

the

data

of PVF corresponding to the FWG

VERBAL ELEMENT IM THE PVF

CONSTRUCTION

Ahnri, et al. (2000:91) mntioned that

divided into transitive verbs

complements, transitive verbs with

complements. Aocording b the

data

there are 22 verbs which can fun function verbs of the PFVmstruMons.

fotlows.

oonstituents

as

an

object and

as

The obmplements in the PVFoo

optional. According to thdr syntactic

be dassified as follows.

Verbs which

amrr

with m n s in

or 'to observe', and rnekrkukan 'to make a conside

Another verb bel

'to give an answer', and m m k d

give an order'. The

use

of the wdwtj

sentence. The ve

(7)

CoJl- a d its c w l w ~ e c t In

sh an object only, the verb ordered'. Another example is mendapat

be used. The fdlawing

senbmes

ntusesofbothverbs.

5 (7) Sebaiknya pernerintah Israel tidak

memberi janji kosong

<- Function V Function N

kepada para penduduk imigran.

Complement

pa)

Sebaiknya pemerintah Israel tidak memberikan janji kkosong.

Function V Function N

The verb membuat 'to make' also has the mme syntactic and semantic behador, e.g. rriembuat aturan 'to make rules' and membuat perslapan 'to make preparation' which are *rnatives to the use of the verbs mengatur '

b rule' and mepersiapkan 'to prepare'.

There

~ a i - s o PVFswhich wnsistoftheverbmembuat

md

a noun in the form of nominaliration of Wpmcal verbs, such

as

membuat imepakatan

'b make an agreement'. This construction can b a n atternatbe to the verb bempakat'b agree'.

The next type is the verb mempunyaY memiliki 'to have' or 'to posses' which is combined with a noun in the form of adjective nominalization, such as memiliki kemampuan

'to have ability', memiliki keberanian 'to have courage'. The PVF with a function noun in the

form of adjective nominalization can be an atternative to the correspondence of the &man verb sein 'to be'. In German, adjective arguments are usually governed by the verb w i n 'to be'. In Indonesian, the use of adalah, as the correspondence of the German verb sein, is very seldom or even never exists. We say Saya berani 'I am encourage' or Saya memiliki keberanian 'I have courage' instead of saying Saya adalah berani (7)

There are some verbs in the PFV construction which are derived from passive voice constructions. Just like other passive voice constructions, the subject of the sentence with PFV construction has a patient role. For example, the verb mendapat 'to get' in the PFVconstruction mendapat petintah 'to get an order' is an alternative to the construction with the basic passive verb dipetintah 'to be

dukungan

'to

get support' as an alternative to the passive verb didukung 'to be supported'.

Other types of verbs are those which wllocate with the noun in

the

form of nominali- mtion of reciprocal verbs. One example is the fundion verb mengadakan 'to hold', such as in the w n s w rmqadakan hubungan Yo hdd

a relationship' which is an alternative to the reciprocal verb berhubungan 'to relate'. Another example is the PVF

construction

mengadakan perundingan 'to hold a negotiation' as an alternative to the reciprocal verb benmdiw 'to

n e g o W e ' . B e s i d e s t h e ~ ~ ~ n ' t o h o k l '

there is another verb which has

the

same

type

as the verb mngadakan. This

verb

L

membuat 'to make' like in the PVF constnrction m b u a t

kesepaWW'tomakean manaltw-

native

to another PVFcc#rstnrm mmgadktkan kesepakatan 'to have an a g r m r r t ' orthe wsrb

( W m ' t o

agree'

There is P N which consists of a function verb and verbal ~ n a l i z a t i o n which means

'process'. The verb that fundions a pmdicate such a conshction is mengalami 'to expe- rience', just like mengabmiperubahan 'to have changes', mengalami pmibwbn 'to get better', and m e n g a I a m i p n p ~ 8 n 'to get simpler'

Intransitive verbs are divided into comple- mentary intransitive verbs and uncomplimentary intransitive verbs. Complementary intransitive verbs are divided into obligatory complementary verbs and optional complementary verbs. The intransitive verb with an obligatory complement

is,

for example,

the

verb berada 'to W, such as berada dalam ketakutan 'to be in tenified' and betad8 dahm kerniskinan 'to be in poverty' all of which are alternatives to adjectives b k u t w

and miskin 'poor'.

Besides the construction above, there is another constnrcb'on which is combined with the

(8)

Humaniota, Vol. 21, No. 2 Juni 2009: 203-212

like in the construct& (tedmg) &Jam p?v#s pembangunan 'being built'. The PVF cons- truction with the preposition dalam 'in' is a passive construction, since this construction collocates with a noun subject function with patient role

NOMINAL ELEMENT IN THE WT=

CONSTRUCTION

As in the FVG construction (the German language), the nominal element in the PVF construction also plays a very importad role, because the red predicate meaning is in

the

nominal element (function noun) which is derived from the basic verbs. That's way the PVF construction has the same meaning with the basic verbs.

Most nominal elements in the Pn/ mns- truction are in the form of affixed words, because they are derived from the verbs. The nominalization of verbs in Indonesian uses the afflx (conffix) pe-/-en and its allomorphs, like penelifkin 'reseatch', pengamatan 'obsemtion',

penplikan'hnresbigsltion'.Anathet-hm

affix in Indonesian is suffix -an, like jawaban 'answer', gugatan 'claim'. Besides the affixed nouns there are also nominal elements in the form of basic nouns, like bukti 'proof in the construction memberi buMi 'to give a proof which is an alternative to membukfikan 'to prove'. Another example is perintah 'order' in memberiperintah Yo give an order' wh'ich is an alternative for the use ofthe verb memerintah 'to order'.

In the syntactical point of view the nominal elements of the PVF construction

can

function as an object, a complement, or an adverbial. The syntactic functions of the nominal elements

in PVF construction agree with the chamcte-

ristic of the function verbs, especially

as

shown by the transitivity of the verbs. In €he PVF construction with transitive verbs the nominal elements functioning

as

an objects like the noun permohonan 'request' in mengajukan par- mohonan 'to make a request'.

bemda dalam icemi- 'to be in PVF constructions also have nomi

which function as an adverbial. The adverb@ is usually in the form of preposDtional noun groups, such as the pmpositlon &!am

in dalam penyWikan 'under inve8tig

'to

be investigated'.

MEANING OF THE PVF C O N S U

Prindpally the P V . tzm&mWn similar meaning as the h d c verbs base form of the nomidrartion

of

the

among

them.

The diffwnoes ean

with basic verbs, as shown in the sentences.

the basic verb (sentence 8a) is

THE SlWULACUllES AND

OFtHEFVBAMDPMF

(9)

emsntisrehMtoW

.

In the N G a f x r s m the

mind

can be in the form of an

obi-

noun accusative

case

or a prepos-l n group. In the PVF cxmbetion most of

nominal slements are in the form of

an

nction verbs In the PVFtamhWon

re also mtnal elements

in form

of

There are

differences

the

dements. In

the

FVG mstrud-

verbal and nominal elements lie d

(as

discantinurn cons~fsons).

btribmofthe--(rn$te5fiflb

has three passibili; it depends

cm

the

In the yes/ no inte

dicats constructions, whi

verbs have

m

same

PVF cm&mcMns. The (of the F.TTCidPVF

constructiosls aims to aive battar swistie effeds.

a ~ t i w e b t t r e w # a W c : ~ , a i v d ~

ghre

h!et

The In

(10)

I

tunaton veru runcuons as me Tinire veru ana

the function noun provide the lexical meaning of the predicate. The PFV construction, as a secondary form, can be an alternative to the use of a basic verb, and can give better stylistic effects.

According to their forms, there are similarities between FVG and PVF construe tions. Both constructions consist of two elements which come together to function as the predicate of the sentence. Besides the similarities there are also differences between FVG and PVF constructions. Semantically, the function verbs in both constructions are not always the same.

Wga. jrucwea: maurustam.

DUDEN. 2095. Die Grammatik. Mannheim: DUDEN Verlag.

Engel, Urlich. 199 1. Deutsche Grammatik. Heidel- Julius Groos Verlag.

Helbig, Gerhard 81 Joachim Buscha. 1996. DeuucfrC

G r a m m a t i k E i n H a n d b u c h ~ d e n ~ ~ ~ Leipzig: Langemcheidt Verlag EnryWopadk.

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1993. Ibmus L'nguistik. Jakm& Gramedia Pusataka Utama.

Ramlan, M. 1996. llmu Bahasa Indonesia: S i n t a W Yogyakarta: C.V. Karyono.

Sudaryanto. 1983. Predikat-Oljek &lam Bahcrsa 1 -Keselarason Pda Urutan.

Jakarta.

Djambatan. Sudaryanto. 1990. Aneka Konsep k f a u a n Lingwl &/an

Linguistik Yogyakarta: D u t a m U n ~ ~ Sudaryanto, 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Wisb

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