POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL ANNE OF GREEN GABLES.

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POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English the Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

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POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English the Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

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POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S

NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Thesis advisor

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd

By.

Siti Nita Pancarini

NIM. A73212117

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

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ADVISOR’S APPROVAL

This is to certify that this thesis written by Siti Nita Pancarini (A73212117) has been approved by thesis advisor to be examined.

Surabaya, 26 July 2016

Thesis Advisor

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.Pd NIP. 197303032000032001

Head of the English Department

Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag NIP. 19690251994031002

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THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiner, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya Surabaya, August, 9th 2016.

Dean of Arts and Humanities Faculty

The board of examiner:

Head of Examination Secretary

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.Pd Abdulloh Ubet , M.Ag

NIP. 197303032000032001 NIP. 196605071997031003

Examiner I Examiner II

Raudlotul Jannah, M. App.Ling Murni Fidiyanti, M.A.

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DECLARATION

This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. And to the best of this candidates knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.

Surabaya, July 28th 2016

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ABSTRACT

Pancarini, Siti Nita (2016). Politeness Strategy Focus on Bald on Record in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

Key words: politeness strategies, bald on-record, novel, Anne of Green Gables

Politeness strategy is a strategy for polite conversation by considering others’ feeling to establish level of mutual comfort and harmony in the purpose to achieve a final goal (communication goals) by maintaining other’s face. Politeness strategies have four strategies to face FTA (Face Acts Threatening) those strategies are bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off record (indirect) strategy. This study only focused on bald on-record strategy to be investigated. Bald on-on-record is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise. This study aims to describe in what circumstances bald on-record strategy used by characters’ in the Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables. It covered the factors influencing and the impact revealing in use of bald on-record. The data were mainly identified and analyzed by using the theory of politeness strategy based on Brown and Levinson’s theory (1978) focused on bald on-record strategy.

The data were obtained from the investigation in the characters’ utterances in Anne of Green Gables which contained bald on-record strategy. The participants of the research consisted of the six main characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables. The six main characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables were Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. The data were obtained by collecting utterances produced by the six characters. After that, the data were selected based on its problem and significances, then analyzed by using qualitative method approach to classify the terms circumstances in the bald on-record strategy in order to analyze in what circumstances bald on-record used by characters in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables, to show the factors influencing characters used those strategies, and to reveal the impacts.

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INTISARI

Pancarini, Siti Nita (2016). Politeness Strategy Focus on Bald on Record in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

Kata Kunci: politeness strategies, bald on-record, novel, Anne of Green Gables

Strategi kesantunan adalah sebuah strategi untuk percakapan yang sopan dengan mempertimbangkan perasaan lawan bicara untuk membangun hubungan yang nyaman dan harmonis antar pembicara dan pendengar yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan inti dari pembicaraan dengan cara memperhatikan muka lawan bicara. Strategi kesantunan mempunyai empat strategi untuk menghadapi FTA (Tindakan Pengancaman Muka). Empat strategi kesantunan adalah, bald on record (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi), negative politeness strategy (strategi kesantunan negative/formal), positive politeness strategy (strategy kesantunan positif/ keakraban), and off record (indirect) strategy (strategi kesantunan tidak langsung/tersamar). Penelitian ini hanya fokus pada bald on-record strategy (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi) untuk diteliti. Bald on-record strategy (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi) adalah sebuah strategi secara langsung dalam mengatakan sesuatu, tidak melakukan usaha apapun untuk meminimalisir ancaman bagi muka lawan tutur, jelas, dan padat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan dalam keadaan apa strategi bald on-record digunakan oleh para karakter di novel karya Lucy Maud Mongomery yang berjudul ‘Anne of Green Gables’. Yang mencakup faktor yang mempengaruhi dan dampak yang muncul dalam penggunaan strategi bald on-record. Sebagian besar data diidentifikasi dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori strategi kesantunan berdasarkan teori milik Brown dan Levinson (1978) yang fokus pada strategi bald on-record.

Data dalam penelitian ini di peroleh dari hasil investigasi didalam ujaran karakter in novel ‘Anne of Green Gables’ yang mana mengandung unsur strategi bald on-record. Para peserta penelitian terdiri dari enam karakter utama di novel Anne of Green Gables. Enam karakter utama dalam novel adalah Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. Data-data telah diperoleh dari pengumpulan ujaran-ujaran yang dinyatakan oleh karakter dalam novel. Kemudian, data yang dipilih berdasarkan pada pertanyaan penelitian dan tujuan penelitian, selanjutnya diteliti dengan menggunakan metodelogi pendekatan kualitatif untuk mengklasifikasi kategori dari keadaan/situasi yang masuk dalam tipe strategi bald on-record agar mengetahui di kondisi apa strategi bald on-record digunakan oleh para karakter novel karya Lucy Maud Montgomery ‘Anne of Green Gables’, selanjutnya untuk mengetahui faktor yang membuat karakter memilih strategi bald on-record dan untuk mengetahui dampak yang timbul kepada pendengar setelah pembicara menggunakan strategi bald on record.

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Communication is the way for people to show their thought. They do not only exchange information or deliver information but also form certain interpersonal relationship. During the process of it, politeness is a very important factor to be taken. In some cases of communication especially in conversation, the speaker chooses politeness strategies to minimize of FTA (Face Threatening Acts). In this research, the researcher decides to analyze the characters that use politeness strategy in their daily communication, by focusing on bald on record strategies. The researcher investigates the use of bald on-record by the characters in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables by focusing on the circumstances determining characters’ choice of

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Politeness strategy is developed in order to save the hearers’ “face”. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself to maintain that “self-esteem” in public or in private situations.

’face’ [is] the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself [sic], consisting in two related aspects:

(a) negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition

(b) positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ’personality’ (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants

Brown & Levinson (1987, p.61)

Brown and Levinson (1978: 65) present four strategies to face “threatening face” (FTA’s= Face Threatening Acts), they are bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off record (indirect) strategy, in which each of them had its role. For example: (a) Put your jacket away. (b) You must be hungry, it’s a long time since breakfast. How about some lunch?

(C) I just want to ask you if I could use your computer? (d) It’s bit cold in

here. Holmes (1992, p.296-297) stated that the study of politeness is specialization behaving in a way that attempts to take into account the feelings of the people being addressed. Shortly, the speakers try to treat others’ (hearer) face with civility and courtesy, and avoid embarrassing, ridiculing or hurting the others.

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which is mainly used in literary text. It has driven academics’ attention to do research on text with a variety of focuses (see e.g. Indriani; et al, 2014, Nevalainen, et.al, 2002; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007; Murliati, et.al, 2013; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015, Shigemitsu, 2004). However, since politeness can be expanded in any context of literary works politeness strategy begin to be widely used in analyzing of literary works such as, novel, drama, movie and poem (see e.g Maghfiroh, 2015, Indriani, 2014, Murliati, et.al, 2013; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007). The combination of both politeness strategy and directive speech act (see e.g Hastari; et al, 2013, Murliati; et al, 2013) collaboration of politeness strategy and study of criticizing action (see e,g Anjarsari; et al, 2011). The sub-strategies of politeness strategy focus on positive politeness has been also done (see e.g., Indriani; et al, 2014, Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015).

Whilst, Anjarsari (2011) has combined those two theories politeness strategy and speech acts criticism, to explore the exploitation of characters in The Ugly Truth movie, how the politeness strategy used to extend speech act

of criticism, and how politeness strategy used to respond the criticism, then to examine the factors which influence the choice of strategy. Hastari (2013), used two approaches those are, politeness strategy and speech act, to explore the use of politeness strategies of request in the Pride and Prejudice movie. The writer compares the data which contain politeness strategy with speech

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acts. Murliati (2013) has combined those two theories, politeness strategy and speech act to examine the directives speech which contain of commands, requests, and suggestions, then combined it by use politeness strategy to investigate George Milton’s utterances in the movie John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men based on their directive speech. The finding of Anjarsari’s research (2011) confirmed there are three characters in the movie The Ugly Truth

movie extended speech act of criticism. The finding in responding the

criticism of the speakers Anjarsari (2011) belong to the strategies those are bald on record, positive politeness, and off record strategy. The result show

people tend to use bald on record strategy to extend criticism to others. The

choice of strategy is influenced by the relative power that the speakers have

and the close relationship between the participants.

Hastari (2013) the result shows that there are four strategies of politeness strategies in the context of requesting which used by the characters

in the Pride and Prejudice movie. Those four strategies are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and off record. The finding shows that

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the basic theory of their research, they also used same object those are movie with different title and genre, and the result of those research has been similar, which bald on record is dominantly strategy of politeness strategy found and used by characters in each research.

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between Septyaningsih (2007), Indriani (2014), Maghfiroh, (2015) have significant similarities. They found all kinds of positive politeness in each subject research of them. It concluded that phenomenon of politeness strategy can be encountered even in the literary text.

In the same year, there is similar research between Murliati (2013) and Hastari (2013) both of researchers has combined those two theory, politeness strategy and speech act to examined the directives speech which contain of commands, requests, and suggestions, then combined it by using politeness strategy to investigate the character’s utterances based on their directive speech in the movie. They explore how the politeness strategy is used by the character in the directive utterances. Each of them used movie as their data source and the data is characters utterances. Murliati (2013) has been used in John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men movie to be investigated, Hastari (2013) has been used Pride and Prejudice movie to be investigated.

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precisely quotation letters. He was compared the politeness strategy used in the letters to find out the differences and the similarities.

The result of Fitriyana (2007) concluded that four strategies applied by the portrayed characters in their dialogues. Those are; first, bald on record which used in the situation in which S want to achieve maximum efficiency of his utterances. Second, positive politeness strategy used in the condition in which S tries to minimize the distance between expressing friendliness and solid interest. Third, negative politeness strategies which used in the situation in which S has the main focus on assuming that he may be imposing and intruding on H’s space. Fourth, off record strategy used in the condition to take some pressure off the hearer. Nevalainen (2002) noticed the results of the comparative from the non-native data the result from native speakers in business letters. Concluded that there are hardly any differences in the politeness strategies seem to correspond with business conventions. In other words, negative politeness strategies are more frequent than positive politeness strategies, and bald on record strategy was most infrequent of the three. The results of those two previous studies are contrasted difference(see e.g. Anjarsari 2011; Hastari 2013; Murliati 2013) stated that bald on record is dominantly strategy of politeness strategy found and used by characters. Both Fitriyana (2007) and Nevalainen (2002) found in their research that bald on record strategy was most infrequent used.

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which is it had already repeating by previous researcher such as to investigate the types and to find out factor used by characters in the literary works. It made the research are lacking of critical analysis of each strategy. After reviewing the existing of previous studies, it is worthwhile and timely to examine only one strategy of politeness strategy more deeply and only focuses on one spot that is bald on record. It makes the research more deeply and concise.

Bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise Brown and Levinson (1978:74). Brown and Levinson (1978:95) claim that the prime reason for bald on record usage may be stated simply: in general, whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record.

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Maximum efficiency is very important and this is mutually known to both speaker and hearer. Rule2: power difference between speaker and hearer is great. Sub-Rule 1: do not use the bald-on-record strategy to the situation unless they are in the same rank as you. Sub-rule 2: don’t use bald-on record strategies when you feel superior to your close friend. Sub-rule 3: don’t use the bald-on-record strategies when speaker and hearer clearly have different opinions. Sub-rule 4: don’t use the bald-on-record when you mention the Hearer’s defect. Sub-rule 5: even saying in hinting, if it violates those sub rules above.

The data and subject of the research has taken from Japanese expressions presented in this paper were obtained from class activities at three different colleges. Students wrote Japanese expression after preview the Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. Their task is to give one expression for each five strategies and gave context suitable for expression. Then, students found that some expressions were prohibited at some contexts or would have some risk if he or she really uttered them. So, the data can be called some side-products of the task in the classroom with native Japanese speakers’ intuition.

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condition which make someone choice of bald on record in their communication. The primary focus in this research are the circumstances determining by characters’ choice of bald on record strategy, the factors influencing the characters choice of bald on record strategy, and the impacts revealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in the novel.

In this present study, the researcher take into account some previous studies that have successfully revealed that politeness strategy have a significant role and already encountered in character’s daily communication in the novel (see e.g. Indriani; et al, 2014, Nevalainen, et.al, 2002; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007; Murliati, et.al, 2013; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015, Shigemitsu, 2004). The researcher had attempted to confirm whether this phenomenon is correlated with politeness strategy focuses on bald on record strategy, as noted earlier, linguistics markers of language use (bald on record) are among the circumstances potentially used by characters in Anne of Green Gables.

This study collects the data from characters’ utterances in the novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery which contain bald on

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bald on record have two types. They are type I non-minimization of the face threat and type II cases FTA oriented bald on record usage. The circumstances bald on record provides the condition and situation that it has been influenced the characters choosing bald on record strategy.

The researcher ensures that this study will timely and worthwhile, because of the minimum from the other researcher to analyze this case. Thus, this research is intended to analyze the use of bald on record in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. This research will fill the gaps by use bald on-record strategy by focusing on the circumstances, the factors influencing the characters, and the impacts revealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the problem of the study is focus on 1. What are circumstances of bald on record can be found in the

Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”?

2. What factors influencing the characters choosing bald on record strategies? 3. What impacts are reveal in use of bald on record strategy by the characters

in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

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1. To find out the circumstances of bald on record are used in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”

2. To identify the factors influence the characters whose imply bald on record strategies.

3. To describe the impacts revealing in use of bald on record’ strategy by the characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researcher points out two things of significance in this study, those are theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is significant to provide some information to the readers about bald on record strategy such as, the definition of bald on record, the circumstances of bald on record strategies, and the examples of bald on record in which a literary work especially in novel. This study has purposes to provide the explanation of bald on record strategy in which applied in a literary work, how the strategy can correlate with that literary work.

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strategy and its purpose that actually they face everyday therefore they can apply this strategy appropriately in order to make their conversation runs in harmony.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

In order to be focus, the researcher makes the scope of the study. The researcher limited on the sub-strategy of politeness strategies those are bald on record strategy. Concerning the theories employed which have various versions the researcher will use bald on record strategy based on Brown and Levinson’s theory as the orientation of this study.

The researcher focuses on the characters which use bald on record strategy in their daily communication. The researcher only takes 6 (six) of 26 total characters to analyze the data. The (6) six characters are, Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. The reason is mostly from 6 of 26 characters which frequently used bald on record in their communication and in order to make deeper analyzing in bald on record.

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sentences, and dialogue of the characters in the novel. The narration is taken as it is necessary to clarify the context of utterances, and dialogue.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on what discussed in the thesis, it is important for the researcher to provide definitions of some crucial key terms. Some terms are defined as follows:

1. Politeness strategy is one of the ways on human interaction, whose purpose is to consider others' feelings, establish levels of mutual comfort and promote rapport’.

2. Bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise.This strategy is mainly based on the Grecian Maxims. Brown and Levinson (1978:74) 3. Novel is one of literary works which is presence a fiction story an

invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. A novel expresses some aspect of human’s love and existence.

4. Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud

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Marilla Cuthbert, a middle-aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in Prince Edward Island.

5. Lucy Maud Montgomery, publicly known as L. M. Montgomery, was a

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of many significance theories concerning to the related object of this study and its related study. It involves, politeness strategy, Brown and Levinson politeness theory, bald on-record strategy, factors influencing choice of bald on-record, impacts revealing in use of bald on-record, Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery, and its previous study.

2.1 Politeness Strategy

First of all, the researcher will discuss some of the variation definitions of politeness. Because, many of scholars have attempted to define it according to their understandings. Before adopting a definition of the term politeness in this study, review of some definition will be given in the following section.

Yule (1996:106) defined politeness is a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by human interaction by minimizing potential conflict and confrontation inherent in all human interchange. In communication, politeness can be defined as the means to show awareness of another person’s face. Face means public self-image of person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize (Yule, 1996:134).

Similar with Yule (1996:106), Leech (1980: 19) defined politeness as

“strategic conflict avoidance”, which can be measured in terms of the degree

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of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation” and “the establishment and maintenance of comity. Because it is strategic, the avoidance of the conflict is seen as a conscious effort on the part of the person being polite.

In contrast with Yule and Leech, Fraser (1990) proposes a four-fold classification of politeness: the social-norm view, the conversational-maxim view, the face-saving view and the conversational-contract view. politeness is referred to as social politeness, which means according to Kasper (1994: 3206) (cited in Barron & Boubendir 2002) “the proper social conduct and tactful consideration of others”. Fraser (1990) views first-order politeness as etiquette andsocial appropriateness (in his terminology the social norm view

and the conversational-contract view). On the other hand Ide (1989: 22 in

Boubendir, 2012) thinks that politeness is "language associated with smooth communication".

According to Brown and Levinson (1978), politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearer’s face (in Goody, 1996). Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintaining the ‘self-esteem’ in public or in private situation.

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2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory

Brown and Levinson theory is based on three basic notions: the view of communication as a rational activity, Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle and maxims of conversation, and Goffman’s (1967) notion of face’. Central to Brown and Levinson’s theory is the concept of face, as proposed by Goffman (1967) who defined face as:

“… the positive social value of a person effectively claims for himself by line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes-albeit an image that others might share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.” (Goffman 1967:5)

Face is linked to a person’s self-esteem or self-image which can be damaged, maintained or enhanced during the interactions with other people. According to House (1998:57), the derivations from the Gricean maxims are motivated by employing strategies to counteract so called face-threatening acts’ (FTAs).

Brown and Levinson (1978:66) defined face as something that is emotionally invested and the face can be lost, maintained or enhanced and it must be constantly attended to in interaction. Similarly, in Thomas view (1995:169), ‘face’ is best understood within politeness theory as every individual’s feeling of self-worth or self-image. According to Brown and Levinson (1978:66), face has two aspects: positive and negative.

’face’ [is] the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself [sic], consisting in two related aspects:

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(b) positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ’personality’ (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants

Brown & Levinson, (1987 p.61) In other words, positive face is reflected in interactant’s desire to be liked, approved of, respected and appreciated by other people. A negative face is reflected in the desire not to be impeded or put upon. Cooperation is essentially connected to face in Brown and Levinson’s theory. They argue (1978:65) that it is everyone’s best interest of two persons to maintain each other’s face and people cooperate and assume other’s cooperation in doing so. Such cooperation is based on the mutual vulnerability of face (Brown and Levinson, 1978:66).

According to Brown and Levinson (1978:65), certain acts can damage or threaten another person’s face and these acts are referred to as face threatening acts (FTAs). An FTA has the potential to damage the hearer’s positive and negative face or the act may damage the speaker’s own positive or negative face Brown and Levinson (1978:65). In order to reduce the possibility of damage to the hearer’s to the speaker’s, s/he may adopt certain strategies; these strategies Brown and Levinson call politeness strategies (1978:65). Politeness strategies can be divided into four main strategies: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record strategies.

A. Bald on record, is a direct way of saying things, without any

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whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record.

B. Positive politeness, this strategy attempts to minimize the threat to the

hearer's positive face. It is oriented toward the positive face of H, the positive self-image that he claims for himself. For the same reason, positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress, but in general as a kind of social accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates that he wants to come closer to H. (Brown and Levinson, 1987:103 in Boubendir,2012).

C. Negative politeness, “is redressive action addressed to the addressee‟s

negative face: his want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his

attention unimpeded.” (Brown and Levinson (1987:129) in boubendir,

2012) Negative politeness on the other hand, is oriented mainly toward partially satisfy H’s negative face, his basic want to main claims of territory and self determination.

D. Off record, is uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the

potential to being imposing. “A communicative act is done off record when is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention to the act. (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 211).

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frequently occurs in daily communication. Besides, bald on record strategy is the strategy which not minimization the hearer’s face, the speakers speak direct in their utterances. It will reveals any question about this strategy such what circumstances bald on record are used by speakers, what factors influencing the characters choosing this strategy, and how the impact that reveals in use of this strategy. In this study, the researcher choice of novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery entitled “Anne of Green Gables” to be investigated.

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Figure 1.1. Circumstances determining choice of strategy by Brown and Levinson.

Brown and Levinson argue (1978:79) that the assessment of the seriousness of an FTA involves three factors in many cultures. The factors are: the social distance (D) of speaker and hearer, the relative power (P) of speaker and hearer and the absolute ranking (R) of impositions in the particular culture (Brown and Levinson 1978:79).

2.3 Bald on Record Strategy

Bald on record is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise Brown and Levinson (1978:74). Brown and Levinson (1978:95) claim that the prime reason for bald on record usage may be stated simply: in general, whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record. However, this type of strategy is commonly found with people who know each other very well, and very comfortable in their environment such as close and family.

These kinds of strategies are used when the speaker wants to do the FTAs with the most efficiency and does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face Boubendir, et.al (2012). Direct imperatives are a good example of this strategy. E.g. “come home right now!” Bald on record is mainly based on the Grecian Maxims.

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Maxim of Quantity: Don’t say less than is required Don’t say more than is required.

Maxim of Relevance: Be relevant.

Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous: Avoid ambiguity and obscurity

Brown and Levinson (1978, p. 95) These Maxims define for us the basic set of assumptions underlying every talk exchange. Bald on record may be used whenever a speaker wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than he/she wants to satisfy the hearer’s. There are different kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances, because S can have different motives for his want to do the FTA with maximum efficiency Brown and Levinson (1978:100).

The motives of bald on record usage fall into two classes. Type 1: Where face is ignored or is irrelevant so the face threat is not minimized. Type 2: S minimizes face threats by implication where in doing the FTA baldly on record.

2.3.1 Type I: Non-Minimization of the Face Threat

Non-minimization of the face threat is type where face is ignored or is irrelevant so the face threat is not minimized. These are the strategy in “Non-minimization of the face threat”

a. Maximum Efficiency

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of the face threat and it is very important when both S and H mutually known, so face redress is not required or not needed.

For examples: 1. Give me your bag.’ 2. ‘I’m not expecting a girl,’

3. ‘I hate you,’ ‘I hate you—I hate you—I hate you—

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

b. Metaphorical Urgency for Emphasis.

Metaphorical urgency for emphasis is a condition where speakers speak based on degree of urgency situation. Shortly, this strategy used to get hearer’s attention. The phrases that show about degree of urgency or attention getter such as; Listen, I’ve got an idea.., Hear me out…, Look, the point is this…. Brown and Levinson (1978, p.96) It explains why orders and entreaties which have inverted assumptions about the relative status of S and H. Moreover, these metaphorical usages seem to occur with the same superficial syntax, namely imperative. Such as; excuse me, forgive me, pardon me, accept my

thanks (Shigemitsu, 2004). For example:

How dare you call me skinny and ugly? How dare you say I’m freckled

and redheaded? You are a rude, impolite, unfeeling woman!’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) c. Metaphorical Urgency For High Valuation of H’s Friendship

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condition is told about speakers implores hearer to care and to understand about what speaker’s want and desire. Shortly, this condition concerns on close relation between speaker and hearer. Thereby, stressing the efficiency his high valuation of H’s friendships is required

For examples:

‘Only be as good and kind to her as you can without spoiling her. I

kind of think she’s one of the sort you can do anything with if you only

get her to love you.’ (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

d. Task Oriented/Paradigmatic Form of Instruction

Tasks oriented/paradigmatic form of instruction is a situation that concern on a task oriented interaction in which face redressed may be felt to be relevant. The focus of interaction is task-oriented, face redress may be felt to irrelevant Brown and Levinson (1978, p.97). Such task-oriented probably accounts for the paradigmatic instructions. For example:

“Go and bring me the bottle of vanilla you used.”

e. Power Difference Between S and H (S is higher)

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not have to redress the expression in order to satisfy H’s face. Power difference between S and H often appear in context of declaration, statuses, and instruction. For examples:

‘Here is something for you to notice, Anne. When I tell you to do a thing I want you to obey me at once and not stand stock-still and discourse about it. Just you go and do as I bid you.’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) f. Sympathetic Advice or Warnings

Sympathetic advice or warnings is a condition S conveys that he or she does care about H (and therefore about H’s positive face), so that no redress is required. It can occur in sympathetic advice or warning Brown and Levinson (1978, p.98). Sympathetic advice or warnings often appears in condition between speakers and hearers are mutually knows. Even, between speakers and hearers has close relationship. It is normally happened because both of participants are care each other.

For examples:

‘Don’t you do it, Anne,’ entreated Diana. ‘You’ll fall of and be killed. Never mind Josie Pye. It isn’t fair to dare anybody to do anything so dangerous.’ (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

g. Permission that H has Requested

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beneficial for both speakers and hearers. It causes the hearer will get permission from speaker. And speaker will get advantages as the consequence for giving permission for hearer requested that is speaker could give a requirements for hearer in her/his permission and it is must be agree with it. For example:

"Yes, you may wash the dishes. Take plenty of hot water, and be sure you

dry them well. (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

2.3.2. Type II. Cases FTA-Oriented Bald on-Record Usage

Types II cases FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage of bald on record is actually oriented to face. It is utilized when a speaker and hearer have oriented of face. Minimizes face threats by implication where in doing the FTA baldly on record. This nicely illustrates the way in which respect for face involves mutual orientation, so that each participant attempts to foresee what the other participant is attempting to foresee. In these circumstances it is polite, in a board sense, for S to alleviate H’s anxieties by pre-emptively inviting H to impinge on S’s preserve Shigemitsu (2004). Shortly, it is polite for S reduce H’s anxieties by preemptively inviting H to impinge on S’s preserve

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A. Greeting (Welcoming) and Farewells

Greeting (Welcoming) and Farewell is a condition where speaker accepts of H’s coming by stress the efficiency such as, come, go, sit down, come in, to receive the hearer’s comes. In this condition speaker insist to hearer that may impose on his negative face Shigemitsu (2004). Farewell is a condition when speaker leaving hearer by stress the efficiency to shorten the time. In this situation speaker insists that H may transgress on his positive face by taking his leave Shigemitsu (2004). And in general event of beginning and terminating encounters, often contain such bald on record commands such as;

come, go, sit down, come in.

For examples:

‘How do you do, Marilla?’ she said cordially. ‘Come in. And this is the little girl you have adopted, I suppose?’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) In this case S will not say “come in” to person who are clearly more important than he and are clearly in a hurry. This invitation belongs to bald on record because there is no other face want is affected, the lighter the invitation, the more polite it is.

Farewell is a condition when speaker leaving hearer by stress the efficiency to shorten the time. In this situation speaker insists that H may transgress on his positive face by taking his leave Shigemitsu (2004).

For examples:

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• The night before I went to the asylum I said good-bye to Violetta, and oh, her good-bye came back to me in such sad, sad tones.

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) B. Offers

Offers is a situation where speakers offering himself to the hearers by stressing the efficiency of communication. The reason is to respect hearer’s face. In this situation speaker also insists is the situation where Speaker insists that Hearer may impose on Speaker’s negative face in the context of offering (Shigemitsu, 2004). For examples:

‘I’m sorry I was late,’ he said shyly. ‘Come along. The horse is over in the yard. Give me your bag.’

C. Others (Miscellaneous)

Other cases is a condition of bald-on-record imperatives seem to be addressed to H’s reluctance to transgress on S’s positive face (as contrasted with the above, those are aimed at forestalling H’s reluctance to impinge on S’s negative face Shigemitsu, 2004.) This condition concerns to the speaker tries to transgress on S’s positive face, by doing minimization of H’s face threat to reduce the impacts of FTA. Such as; don’t worry about me, don’t

mind the mess. Here, S communicates essentially don’t worry about offending

me. In ‘don’t mind the mess’ S communicates something like, don’t worry that I will mind you seeing me in such a mess: I won’t. For example:

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These three functional categories are all potential FTAs: there is a risk that H may not wish to receive such invitations. Where the risk is great, we would expect some other strategy than bald on record to be utilized.

2.4 The Factors Influencing the choice of Bald on Record

According to Brown and Levinson (1997: 95), the prime reason that bald on record strategies are used is when the speaker wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy the hearer’s face. The motives for wanting to do the FTA with maximum efficiency, however, can be varied due to different contexts. Then, they were specified the reason speaker use bald on record strategy become two major factors.

The employment of bald on record strategy is influenced by several factors. According to Brown and Levinson (1987:71) there are two factors that influence the speaker to employ politeness strategy. The factors are payoff and circumstances.

A. Payoff: A Priori Considerations

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misunderstood; and speakers can have the opportunity to pay back in face whatever he potentially takes away by the FTA (Brown and Levinson, p.71). Applying bald on record strategies between speaker and hearer can get clarity and agreement about the meaning of an utterance. Furthermore, speakers avoid the danger of being misunderstood.

The guidelines of payoff: a priori considerations can be simplified to the following summary;

a. Clarity, perspicuousness

b. Demonstrable non-manipulativeness Bald- on record (non-redressed) payoff:

Efficiency is triggered by speaker can claim that other things are more important than face, or that the act is not an FTA at all (Brown and Levinson 1978:72).

B. Relevant Circumstances: Sociological Variables

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1. Social Distance

Social distance (D) is symmetric social dimension of similarity/difference between S and H. it can be seen as the composite of psychologically real factors (status, age, sex, degree of intimacy, etc) which together determine the overall degree of respectfulness within a given speech situation Brown and Levinson (1978, p.77) . It based on the symmetric relation between the speaker and the hearer. It is based on the frequency of interaction and the kinds of face that S and H exchanged. Social distance refers to the relationship between the interlocutors. If two people are very close, they would have a low degree of social distance. Two strangers would typically have a high degree of social distance. In most varieties of English, higher degrees of social distance result in the use of more formal language (Boubendir, 2012).

2. Relative Power

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colleague). In the other two, S would either have more power (e.g., as a boss, instructor) or less power (e.g., employee, student) than the person he was talking to. In English, more formal and indirect language is typically used in situations where the other person has more power than the speaker does Boubendir (2012). Thomas (1995 p.127; in Hastari) also states that there are three kinds of power, those are:

i. Legitimate power: one person has the right to prescribe or requests certain things by virtue of role, age or status

ii. Referent power: one person has power over another because the other admires and wants to be like him/her in some respect.

iii. Expert power: in this case, one person has some special knowledge or expertise which the other person needs.

3. The absolute ranking (R) of imposition

R is defined as the ranking of impositions by the degree to which FTA entails. Size of imposition (R) can be seen from the relative status between one speech acts to another in a context. Boubendir, 2012 stated that rank of imposition refers to the importance or degree of difficulty in the situation. For example, in requests, a large rank of imposition would occur if the speaker was asking for a big favor, whereas a small rank of imposition would exist when the request is small.

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different weights in different languages and cultures. When learning to be pragmatically appropriate, it is important to learn which social factors are most applicable and important to the context in which you are interacting. There are two which contribute to do FTA; the ranking impositions of services and goods (like information and other face payment) For example, borrowing a car in the ordinary time will make us feel reluctant, but in urgent situations it will natural. Thus, in the first context we will employ polite utterance. Meanwhile, in the second context it is not necessary to employ polite utterance because the situation is urgent.

2.5 The Impacts Revealing in Use of Bald on Record Strategy

The impacts does not written directly in the text, however it looked on the change of characters’ acts and gestures. The acts mutation changing significantly looked after speaker used bald on record and it make hearer shows their impacts. The unexpectedly event such speaker say something uses bald on record it encourage hearer will change their acts and gesture further. The mutation of acts and gestures spontaneity by hearer is the impacts of bald on record. Representation impacts of bald on record strategy those are: shock, uncomfortable, offense and offended.

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2.5.1 Shock

Shock is an emotional or physical reaction to a sudden, unexpected, and unusual or unpleasant event. An unpleasant feeling that you experience when something new or usual happens. It occurs when we communicate by doing bald on record strategy. It is surely happened to hearers who don’t know the speakers closely. The hearers think it was a rude communication because the speaker does not considering about speaking etiquette or ignoring about politeness strategy.

2.5.2 Uncomfortable

Uncomfortable is causing or feeling unease or awkwardness. Means, not feeling comfortable, pleasant and confidence or not making you feel comfortable and pleasant. It is a crucial thing that usually occurring in daily communication especially for people who those never meet each other before. This case had possibilities occur in communication if the speaker using bald on record strategy in his/her communicate with hearer who don’t know the speaker closely.

2.5.3 Offended

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2.5.4 Offense

Offense is the act of causing anger, resentment, displeasure, or affront. The state of being offended. Something that is wrong or improper, that causes a person to be hurt, angry, and upset. In case of communication being offense frequently occurred in certain person. Especially for those people who don’t know each other properly. However for those people who knowing well sometimes being offense for people which use communication direct strategy or bald on record in their communication. Being offense triggered somebody become offended.

After seeing the explanation above bald on record strategy will not work for speaker and hearer who never meet each other before or for them who don’t have closely relationship such as relation of family, friendship and other or have high position such as the relation between director and his employee. Type of this strategy commonly used with people who know each other very well such as close friend and family or with people which have highest position (power) such as, director to employee.

2.6 Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery

Lucy Maud Montgomery (L.M. Montgomery) the author of the novel

Anne of Green Gables, was born in Clifton, Prince Edward Island at

November, 30th 1874 AD. Lucy Maud Montgomery was a Canadian author published 20 novels and one of the most popular works was Anne of Green

Gables. In her lifetime, there are nine sequels of Anne, each of which

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character, Anne, an orphaned girl, made Montgomery. The character of Anne an orphaned girl was represented of Montgomery’s childhood.

Character of Anne Shirley is an orphan who is adopted by Matthew and Marilla cuthbert and grows up on their farm, Green Gables. Anne is stubborn, passionate, loyal and intelligent. She has unlimited imagination and occasionally she had bad temper. While, When Montgomery was a baby, her mother died of tuberculosis. Her father (Hugh John Montgomery) left her with her maternal grandparents, the Macneils on a farm in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. Montgomery herself was not so lucky. She was a sensitive girl her life was full of loneliness, suffering, and disappointment. It made him felt like an orphan. So, she created character of Anne as like as her life.

Montgomery got idea for Anne from an old journal. One day, Montgomery was leafing through a journal and found an entry written a decade before. It said, “Elderly couple apply to orphan asylum for a boy.” By

mistake a girl is sent them. Montgomery started writing a story about red

headed orphan, intending to submit it as a seven chapter serial for a newspaper. But Anne’s character took a life of her own. Below is a synopsis of Anne of Green Gables as follows:

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attached to Anne and decide to keep her. Anne quickly becomes best friends with Diana Barry, and develops an animosity with Gilbert Blythe, whom she competes against in school. Anne grows up, matures, and becomes an excellent student. When she goes away to further her education, she gets accepted into University and is awarded a scholarship. She decides to forego University, however, when she realizes that she is needed on Green Gables. She comes home to Green Gables and agrees to teach at the Avonlea school.

2.7 Related Study

There is similar study about politeness strategy focus on bald on record as language use. However, this study has different object research. The study focused on different perspective on ‘bald on record’ strategy between Japanese and English speakers. The research was conducted by Shigemitsu et.al (2004) entitled “Perspective Difference In ‘Bald on-Record’ Between Japanese and English Speakers”. Shigemitsu et.al (2004) was conducted his research in bald on-record perspective. The purpose of his research is to show a different perspective on ‘bald on record’ strategy between English speakers and Japanese speakers. Shigemitsu (2004) found a problem that Japanese people have difficulty in catching the correct concept of ‘baldness’ in communication when I introduced it to the students in three different colleges.

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wrote Japanese expression after preview the Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. Their task is to give one expression for each five strategies and gave context suitable for expression. Then, students found that some expressions were prohibited at some contexts or would have some risk if he or she really uttered them. So, the data can be called some side-products of the task in the classroom with native Japanese speakers’ intuition. In the result, Shigemitsu (2004) confirmed that bald on record is seldom used in Japanese and its usages are restricted to the situation according to the power relation (S, H) and distance (S, H). Moreover, even some expressions categorized in Brown and Levinson’s off-record strategies, Japanese people perceive them as a bald-on-record strategy and ‘being said straight out’. As the rules given shows, Japanese face threatening act is redressed in such culturally based biases. It is concluded that to use the bald on record strategy in Japanese is acceptable when the following rule 1 and rule 2 are applied. Rule 1: Gricean Maxim efficiency is very important and this is mutually known to both Speaker and Hearer. Rule2: power difference between Speaker and Hearer is great.

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Japanese and English speaker, the data collected from Japanese students expression at three different colleges. Beside, this study used bald on-record to show the use of bald on-record in Montgomery’s novel ‘Anne of Green

Gables’, the data collected from character’s utterances which contain of bald

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

This session presents the research methods used. It covers some headings dealing with methodology. It includes, design, instrument, data and data source, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In this study, the researcher was applied qualitative approach. Because, the data gained are in form of words (utterances, phrases, clauses, sentences, and dialogues) by the characters’ utterances in the novel. Bodgan and Taylor defined qualitative research as a research that presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior which can be observed (in Moleong, 2001:3) as stated by Miles and Huberman (1992), “qualitative data concerned appear in words rather than in numbers”. While, qualitative means the use of method in achieving the goal of the study which not using formulas or numeric data.

It can be pointed out that in a qualitative research, the researcher tried to collect the data, organized them, classified, identified, analyzed the data, then made the interpretation on the data, and at last, the researcher drew conclusion based on the data analyze which gotten from the novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

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bald on record strategy used by characters in the novel, what the factors influencing characters used this strategy, and how the impacts revealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. The researcher was conducted the data analyze based on bald

on record strategy as theoretical bases in this research. In the last the researcher drew conclusion.

3.2 Research Instrument

Instrument is important to obtain the data of this study to set up the methods were used to collect the data. Bodgan and Biklen (1998 in Ningsih, 2015) stated that the main instrument employed in descriptive qualitative designs is human instrument. In this research, the instrument was the researcher herself who collected, interpreted, organized, and analyzed the data and drew conclusion. The data was utterances which contained phrases, clauses, sentences, and dialogues by characters in the novel which have the characteristics of bald on record strategy directly because it is impossible to investigate the data without any interpretation from the researcher herself.

3.3 Data and Data Sources

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the characters used various types of bald on record strategy in their communication because of some factors.

Website address

Figure 2.1 The print screen of novel Anne of Green Gables

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3.4 Data Collection

All the data of this study were collected qualitatively by using all the instruments. In this study, the researcher collected the data from Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel ‘Anne of Green Gables’ chronologically. The data of this study were collected through some steps. The steps as follows:

1. Understanding the novel

First, the researcher had read the novel intensively and comprehends it until the researcher really overcomes all the aspects of the story and also in order to get understanding the content of the novel.

2. Noticing and selecting

During the reading process the researcher was noticed all the character’s utterances and selected particular dialogues one by one which contained of bald on record strategy. In this way, given underline with various colors in each utterance which contained circumstances of bald on record strategy, as a purpose to get easiest way to differentiate a certain utterances which contained of bald on record strategies.

3. Rechecking and revising some parts

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3.5 Data Analysis

This sub session provided the explanation about how the data obtained in the previous stage. After collecting the data, the researcher did several steps in analyzing the data. The steps as follows:

1. Identifying the circumstances of bald on record used in the utterances which produced by the characters in the novel based on theory bald on record strategy of Brown and Levinson (1978) in order to find the data which contained the circumstances of bald on record strategy. In this way, the researcher underlined every datum (utterances) which included the circumstances of bald on record with various colors in each situation of bald on record strategy. Next, the researcher given a mark in each datum which it included in bald on record strategy. The reason is to get easiest ways, in process of drew conclusion and it purposed to give clarity to the readers. It represents the problems no. 1.

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Picture 2.2 The example of identifying analyzing data

Picture 2.3 the example of identifying analyzing data

2. Classifying every datum (utterances) produced by the characters, based on circumstances of bald on record strategy. In order to make easier the classification and analysis of data in the research, each datum is marked by a code.

3. Coding

In order to make easy on the process of classification and analysis of the data in the research, each datum is marked by a code. The coding of data in this research can be seen through the following ways:

• The number of each datum.

• The number of chapter in the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”.

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• The number of pages in the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”

• The title of the film entitled “Anne of Green Gables” is abbreviated into AoGG.

• The types of circumstances bald on record strategy

• The circumstance of bald on record which employed by characters

To make clear the coding, an example presented as follows: (02 / I / 10/ AoGG /I/SAoW)

It means the datum is number 02. It is found in the first chapter, page 10 of the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”. The characters employed the type 1 which concern of Sympathetic advice or warning.

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Picture 2.5 The print screen example of technique coding

4. Determining the total for each circumstance of bald on record strategy produced by the characters in the novel. The researcher applied each total number of situations into percentage. As appearance in the following table:

Circumstances Data Qualification Frequency Percentage

Maximum

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The final results of the circumstances bald on record strategy are show on appendix 1.

5. Finding the factors influencing the characters’ choice of bald on record in their communication based on underlying theory.The researcher found the factors that influenced the characters choice of bald on record in their daily communication. In this way, the researcher made a draft then, the researcher elaborated the draft in part of analysis data. It represented to answer the research problem no. 2. The following table is used to portrait the factors influencing the characters choice of bald on record strategy.

The results of tabulating the factors influencing the characters choice of bald on record strategy are documented in appendix 2. The total of the Data

Marilla Giving advice Sympathetic advice or warnings

Social Distance (sex, and degree of intimacy)

02 Matthew Anne Offering Offers Social Distance

(Status)

26 Marilla Anne Commanding Maximum

Efficiency

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appendix 2, so the researcher limited to take only 3 pages to include in the appendix 2.

6. The researcher described the impacts revealed in use of bald on record that produced by characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. In this way the researcher made a draft and connected it with the factors influenced characters used bald on record. Then, the researcher elaborated the draft in part of analysis data. It represents to answer the research problem no. 3. The following table is used to portrait the impacts revealing the characters choice of bald on record strategy.

Data

Marilla Giving advice Sympathetic advice or

26 Marilla Anne Commanding Maximum Efficiency

Social Distance (Status)

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The results of tabulating the impacts revealing the characters choice of bald on record strategy are documented in appendix 2. The total of the wholeness data is 22 pages. It is impossible to include all the data in the appendix 2, so the researcher limited to take only 3 pages to include in the appendix 2.

7. Drawing conclusion from the result of the analysis

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter explains circumstances of bald on-record strategies used by characters in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables when they communicate one another. It delivered in four parts. In the first part, the researcher focuses on the findings of the circumstances in bald on-record strategies. In the second part, the researcher describes the factors influencing characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables in choosing bald on-record strategies. In the third part, the

researcher describes the impact revealing in the use bald on-record strategies by the characters in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables. In the fourth part, the researcher discusses all the parts above and compares it with the previous studies.

4.1 Findings

The findings of this study are to present the circumstances of bald on record used in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables, the factors encouraging the characters choice of bald on record strategies in daily communication and the impacts revealing the use of bald on record strategies by the characters in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables.

The researcher explains how significance the strategy used in daily communication by characters in the novel and in what circumstances bald on record used by characters in the novel. In this study, the researcher found 100 data which contained bald on record out of 392 total pages in the novel. These

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data were selected from the whole conversation of which its selection was intended to gain a clear description of the conversational context.

4.1.1 Circumstances of Bald on Record

Based on the data analysis the researcher found ten circumstances where the speaker applied bald on record strategies. The circumstances are frequently used when the speakers belong to certain conditions such as criticizing, getting angry, refusing, etc mostly use maximum efficiency. When the speakers in urgent condition depending on high and low degree of urgency. They will mostly use metaphorical urgency for emphasis and metaphorical urgency for high valuation of H’s friendship.

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In chart 4.1.1, the researcher shows circumstances when the speakers applied bald on record strategies. The highest percentage is presenting maximum efficiency and lowest percentage is presenting offers. Further discussion of each circumstance of those strategies will be discussed in the following sections.

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4.1.1.1 Maximum Efficiency

Maximum Efficiency is a condition in which the speakers stress the efficiency of communication more than anything else. It is non-minimization of the face threat and it is very important when both S and H know each other, so face redress is not required or not needed. Furthermore, this type of strategy can be shocking for the hearers who do not know the speaker personally. Maximum efficiency effectively used based on relationship between speakers and hearers. If both the speakers and the hearers mutually known and the speakers have great power than hearers, it will be effective to use maximum efficiency to shorten the time and to avoid misunderstanding.

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL ANNE OF GREEN GABLES.

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S

NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

By.

Siti Nita Pancarini

NIM. A73212117

Table of Contents