CHAPTER III RESEARCH METOD RESEARCH METOD
D. Data Collection Technique
In case study, researcher could apply multiple techniques such as interviews, direct observations, review of related documents and audiovisual materials. In collecting data related to the research focus, researcher used some techniques in this research. Researcher used three techniques, those are:
1. Interview
Interview is an activity of getting the data through questioning the participants directly. This is an in-depth process because researcher have to explore the data from participants’ answer. A qualitative interview is marked when researchers ask participants in general, with an open-ended questions and record the participant’s answers. Then, researcher classifies the types of data by making computer file for analysis.54. The question in the qualitative interview must be an open-ended questions so that the participants can best voice their experiences unconstrained by any perspectives of the researcher or past research findings.55
54 Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research. United States of America: Pearson, 217
55 Ibid, 217
In this research, researcher used two model of interviews, those are:
a) One on one interview
The common interview used by researcher in qualitative is one and one interview. The one on one interview is a process of collecting data in which the interviewer asks questions to and records the answers from one participant only in the research56. It may be used in a several time during the data collecting process with a different participants. In this case, one on one interview was used to collect the data related to the research focus from English teacher of class five at MI Tarbiyatul Islam, Mrs. Nur Laili Noviana Mukarromah,S.Pd.
b) Focus group interviews
A focus group interview define as the activity of data collection through interviewing a group of people, commonly four to six. Researcher can use this interview to collect a collected understanding from participant.
Researcher can also use this interview when the time of collecting data is limited but he also have to encourage all participant of group to talk and to take their turns answering a question.
Researcher used this interview to gather the information from students related to the research focus. The students are from class five B who have participated in teaching speaking skill through animation video well, they are: Noval, Kamila, Nafisa, Nazil, and Rizky. But, researcher found a limitation in this interview. Every single participants agreed each other, there is no a contrast statement among participants.
56Creswell, 218
2. Observation
Observation is the direct process of collecting data in the field. In qualitative method, to gather the data researcher must directly enter to the case being investigated, because this method requires a description about behavior, activity, and all interaction of participants. Observation is a data collecting technique that applied by entering the case directly and meeting with participants being observed. This technique compels researchers to directly enter the case and meet the participant for investigation. It is also defined as communication with natural objects in research which is not limited in communication with people.57
According to Creswell, the process of observation is divided into ten steps:
a. Selecting a site to be observed that can help researcher best understand the central phenomenon. Obtain the required permissions needed to gain access to the site.
b. Easing into the site slowly by looking around; getting a general sense of the site; and taking limited notes, at least initially. Conducting brief observations at first, because researcher will likely be overwhelmed with all of the activities taking place. This slow entry helps to build rapport with individuals at the site and helps researcher assimilate the large amount of information.
c. Identifying who or what to observe, when to observe, and how long to observe. Gatekeepers can provide guidance as you make these decisions.
57 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Administrasi (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2003), 165- 166.
The practical requirements of the situation, such as the length of a class period or the duration of the activity, will limit your participation.
d. Determining, initially, the role as an observer. Researcher select from the roles of participant or nonparticipant during the first few observations.
Considering whether it would be advantageous to change roles during the process to learn best about the individuals or site. Regardless of whether researcher change roles, consider what role will be use and the reasons for it.
e. Conducting multiple observations over time to obtain the best understanding of the site and the individuals.
f. Designing some means for recording notes during an observation. The data recorded during an observation are called field notes. Field notes are text (words) recorded by the researcher during an observation in a qualitative study.
g. Considering what information that will be recorded during an observation. For example, researcher may record activities by the teacher, the students, the interactions between the students and teacher, and the student-to-student conversations.
h. Recording descriptive and reflective fieldnotes. Descriptive fieldnotes record a description of the events, activities, and people (e.g., what happened). Reflective fieldnotes record personal thoughts that researchers have that relate to their insights, hunches, or broad ideas or themes that emerge during the observation (e.g., what sense you made of the site, people, and situation).
i. Researcher have to make himself known and showing unobtrusive.
During the observation, be introduced by someone if you are an “outsider”
or new to the setting or people. Researcher must be passive, friendly, and respectful of the people and site.
j. After observing, slowly withdrawing from the site. Thanking the participants and informing them of the use of the data and the availability of a summary of results when researcher completes the study.58
In this study, researcher carried out the observation by non-participant technique, which means the researcher did not participate in classroom activity as students or teacher, he just entered to the class and stood as observer only.
3. Document Review
Documents consist of the records of private and public that researchers obtain about a site or participants in a research. Document provide a notes or report of an activity, include of them personal journals, newspapers, minutes of meetings, and letters.59 The need of document in this study is crucial in completing the data. This part stand as secondary data. A helping data that will be very useful for researcher to determine research findings.
In this case, researcher reviewed the documents of lesson plan to gather the information related to the research focus. There were three lesson plan that is used by teacher for four classroom meetings.
58 Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research. United States of America: Pearson, 2015-2017
59 Ibid, 223