CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
F. Data Validation
CHAPTER IV
DATA DESCRIPTION, DISCUSSION, AND TRUSTWORTHINESS
A. Data Description
This section reveals the analysis of data collected using document analysis technique to explain to what extent reading materials in the English textbooks for grade X Senior High School published by Erlangga, Yudhistira, Grafindo, and Bumi Aksara match the characteristics of genre for grade X Senior High School and match criteria of good texts.
1. Texts in Look Ahead (Erlangga Textbook)
In analyzing the data, to explain to what extent reading materials that match the characteristics of genre for Grade X Senior High School, genre, purpose, generic structure and gramatical features are basis to report and to understand the description. To explain to what extent reading materials that match the criteria of good texts, interest, exploitability, readability, topic, cultural suitability, and appearance become the basis.
The researcher observed and analyzed the existing phenomena in each text for modeling in the textbook.
a. School Based Curriculum
The researcher describes the data about to what extent the texts for modeling
provided in Look Ahead (Erlangga Textbook) match the characteristics of genre for
Grade X Senior High School.
1). Genre
In terms of choosing genre required for grade X Senior High school, all the texts used for modeling are in accordance with genre stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence for Grade X (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.1. Matching the Genre for Grade X
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of genre required in SC or BC)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text is intended as a model for genre required for grade X Senior High School. From the text presented it can be identified easily that the text belongs to certain genre. It means that the texts are excellent in using genre stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence for Grade X.
2). Purpose
In terms of the purpose of the texts, the data present that all of the texts have purpose based on the purpose of the genre in Standard of Competence and Basic Competnce especially for grade X. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.2. Fulfilling the Function of the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The function of the texts in SC or BC)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4
Based on the data, the purpose of each text can be easily recognized and considered fullfil the indicator (4). It indicates that the texts are excellent in terms of the purpose of the text.
3). Generic Structure
In terms of generic structure, the data show that the textbook provides texts that posses correct generic structure (4). All the texts are developed based on the basic pattern of the generic structures and they can be easily recognized. All data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.3. Include the Basic Pattern of the Text Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of basic patern of the text in SC or BC)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI Maid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, the texts presented as models are developed based on generic structures that are more than basic requirements (4). It means that the generic structures possessed by the texts are excellent.
4). Grammatical Features
In terms of grammatical features, the data indicate that the writers of the texts
use basic tense for genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence and
use material process in presenting information. Temporal conjuction is used in recount
and procedure texts and relational process are for descriptive and news item texts. Mental
Table 4.4. Grammatical Features of the Text
Unit Title Purpose
SCORE
Total Average Note
Sub Variable 1 (The use of basic tense for genre required in SBC)
Sub Variable 2
(The use of material process)
Sub Variable 3
(The use of temporal conjunctio
n)
Indicator 4 Sub Variable (The use of mental process)
Sub Variable 5
(The use of relational
process)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4 0 0 12 2,4 Even though each text does
not possess all indicators, it does not influence the flow of information 2
The Fly and the Bull
Narative
4 4 0 0 0 8 1,6
3 The Hole Game
Procedure
4 4 4 0 0 12 2,4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 0 0 0 8 1,6 5 Debby
Putti
Descriptive
4 4 0 4 4 16 3,2
6 Man Jailed for Striking RI Maid
News Item
4 4 0 0 4 12 2,4
Based on the data, each text uses basic tense for genre required and other features that really become characteristics of certain genre to signal the information.
Thus, it is interpreted that grammatical features of the texts can be determined after reading once (good).
b. Criteria of good texts
Criteria of good texts concern with interest, exploitability, readability, topic, cultural suitability, and appearance. The data on such aspects are described as follows:
1). Interest
The data indicate that the text entitled “The Gift” which belongs to narrative
text strongly stimulates personal involvement (4). Other narrative text is considered good
as it does not strongly attract the reader (3). Recount and procedure texts are grouped
good enough to stimulate personal involvement (3), and two texts need no help to make it
interesting. The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:
Table 4.5. Attractiveness of the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The attractiveness of the text)
1 Picasso Recount 3 3 3
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 3 3 3 3 The Hole Game Procedure 3 3 3
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 2 2 2 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 2 2 2
The data above indicate that the narrative text which contains story in target language area is considered excellent in fullfing the indicator related to attractiveness.
Three texts are grouped as good since they stimulate personal involvement and two texts are considered adequate in this terms.
2). Exploitability
In this aspect, the data indicate that only one text has correspondence to the aim of reading lesson and those delineated in syllabus (4), two texts are only appropriate to develop more than one strategy, and three texts are considered have limited correspondece to the aim of the reading lesson and what have been delineated in syllabus.
The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.6. The Objective of Reading Lesson
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (Correspondence to
the aim of reading lesson)
Sub Variable 2 (Correspondence to
those delineated in syllabus)
1 Picasso Recount 2 2 4 2
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 1 1 2 1 3 The Hole Game Procedure 1 1 2 1
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 8 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 1 1 2 1 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 2 2 4 2
Based on the data, one text has aims which are in accordance to the aims of reading lesson and those delineated in syllabus. It means that the text is excellent in possessing the aim of reading lesson. Five texts can be used to apply one or more strategies in which they can be intepreted as adequate and weak in terms of exploitability.
3). Readability
In terms of readability, the researcher describes the data about how easily the text can be read and understood. It concerns with some aspects. In presenting the information, the data show that all the texts present information clearly (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.7. Organization of Information
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The clear of presenting information)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is concluded that all of the texts fulfill the indicator. It means that the texts are excellent in presenting information clearly.
In terms of presentation of action in logical manner, the data indicate that the
actions in the texts are presented in logical manner (follow a common thread with logical
continuity) (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.8. Followinga Common Thread with Logical Continuity Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The presentation of action in logical manner)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for Striking
RI Maid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is interpreted that all texts in this English textbook can be easily understood because of presenting information in logical manner. It means that all of the texts are excellent in presenting the actions.
In terms of involving simple and direct action, the data show that all of the texts involve the actions considered direct and simple(4). The data are presented in the folowing table:
Table 4.9. Involving Direct and Simple Action
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Indicator 1
(The involvement of
direct action)
Indicator 2 (The involvement of
simple action)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 8 4
2 The Fly and the Bull
Narative
4 4 8 4
3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 8 4 4 The Gift Narative 4 4 8 4 5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 8 4 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 4 4 8 4
The data above indicate that the total average of sub variable 3 is 4 in fulfilling
the indicators. It is interpreted that the texts are excellent in terms of involving direct and
simple actions.
In terms of using context clue to explain unusual word, the data show that only one text uses context clues to explain unusual words (4), five texts have no context clue in presenting the information (0). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.10.. Using Context Clues to Explain Unusual Words
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of clues for
unusual words)
Sub Variable 2 (The easiness of recognizing the
clues)
1 Picasso Recount 0 0 0 0
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 0 0 0 0 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 8 4
4 The Gift Narative 0 0 0 0
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 0 0 0 0 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 0 0 0 0
Based on the data, only one text is excellent in terms using context clues to comprehend the information in the text and most of the texts are weak in using context clues to explain unusual word.
In terms of using short sentence, the data present that all of the texts mostly use short sentences in presenting the information (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.11. Using Short Sentences
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of short sentence)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for Striking
RI MAid
News Item 4 4 4
The data above indicate that all of the texts fulfill the indicator of using short sentences and are considered excellent in this terms.
In terms of organizing the information in paragraph, the data indicate that the information in all of the texts are presented paragraphs (4). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.12. Organizing the Information in Paragraph
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average I Sub Variable 1
(The use of paragraph to present the information)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for Striking RI
MAid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, all texts provided have average 4 in fulfiling the indicator.
For this reason, it is interpreted that all texts are excellent in presenting information using paragraph.
In terms of explaining one idea or concept, the data show that the texts discuss one idea (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.13. Explaining One Idea or Concept
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Addresing one new concept)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 4 6 Man Jailed for Striking RI
MAid
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text presented as model contains only one new concept.
In terms of using simple grammar and introducing linguistics items in appropriate context, the data show that all of the texts present the information by using simple grammar and meaningful context to introduce linguistics item (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.14. Using Simple Grammar and Introduce Linguistics Item in Appropriate Context
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable
1 (The use
simple grammar)
Sub Variable 2 (The use of meaningful
context to introduce linguistics items)
1 Picasso Recount 4 4 8 4
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 4 4 8 4 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 8 4
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 8 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 8 4 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid News Item 4 4 8 4
The data above indicate that all of the texts have average 4 which can be considered that they fulfill the indicators. It indicates that the texts are excellent in using simple grammar and meaningful context to introduce linguistics items.
In terms of providing visual supports to aid comprehension toward the ideas in
the text, the data indicate that three texts provide visuals which support comprehension
(4), one text needs more attention for full comprehension because of visual supports
provided, and there is no visual provided to support comprehension in three texts. The
data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.15. Providing Visual Supports to Aid Comprehension
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of
visual support)
Sub Variable 2 (The use of
relating visual)
Indicator 3 (Th Sub Variable e contribution
of visual)
1 Picasso Recount 1 4 0 5 1,67 2 The Fly and the
Bull Narative 0 0 0
0 0 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4 12 4 4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4 12 4 5 Debby Putti Descriptive 0 0 0 0 0 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid
News Item 0 0 0 0 0
Based on the data, it is concluded that only two texts have average 4 in fulfiling the indicators. It means the texts are excellent related to providing visuals to support comprehension. One text provides visual which does not really support comprehension and is considered as adequate. Three texts provide no visual and qualified totally lacking in providing visual which support comprehension.
Related to the way the text is broken, the data show that there is one text broken into heading, spacing, and listing (4), two texts have no heading and listing, and the rest are broken into heading and spacing . The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.16. Breaking the Ideas
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(How to break the text)
1 Picasso Recount 1 1 1
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 3 3 3 3 The Hole Game Procedure 4 4 4
4 The Gift Narative 3 3 3
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 1 1 1 6 Man Jailed for Striking RI
MAid
News Item 3 3 3
Based on the data above, it is interpreted the text belongs to procedure can be
broken into heading, spacing and listing and considered excellent in this terms. The texts
about Picasso and Debby putty have no heading and listing are considred weak. The texts belong to Narative and News item are broken into heading and spacing. They are placed on the level of good in terms of the way the text is broken.
In terms of providing exercises to understand the texts, the data show that just one text provides more than one group of exercise to understand the text and the genre of the text (4), one text contain questions asking the content and kind of text (3). Two texts just provide one group of questions asking about the content of the texts, stated and detail information (2). Two texts also possess one group of exercise asking about stated information only. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.17. Providing a Variety of Exercises to Understand the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to understand the
text)
Sub Variable 2 (The development of
exercise)
1 Picasso Recount 3 3 6 3
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 2 2 4 2 3 The Hole Game Procedure 2 3 5 2.5 4 The Gift Narative 4 4 8 4 5 Debby Putti Descriptive 1 1 2 1 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid News Item 1 1 2 1
Based on the data, in this aspect two texts get average 1 in fulfilling the
indicators. It means that the texts are weak in terms of providing exercises to understand
the text. Two texts provide one group of questions as the exercise to understand the texts,
stated and detail information and they are considered adequate. The text about Picasso
are placed on the good level for its exercise which consists of questions asking about
content and features of the text.There is only one text (The Gift) considered as excellent
in providing exercises to understand the content of the text and its genre.
In the aspect of providing the exercises to apply reading strategies, narrative text entitled The Gift provides exercises to apply several reading strategies (4) and in recount text more than two reading strategies can be developed (3). Two reading strategies can be useful to understand the texts in the forms of Narrative, Procedure, and News item (2).
Limited reading strategy can be applied in Descriptive text (1). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.18. Providing Exercises to Apply Reading Strategies Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to apply reading strategies)
1 Picasso Recount 3 3 3
2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 2 2 2 3 The Hole Game Procedure 2 2 2
4 The Gift Narative 4 4 4
5 Debby Putti Descriptive 1 1 1 6 Man Jailed for Striking RI
MAid
News Item 2 2 2
Based on the data above, one narrative text is considered excellent in providing exercises to apply reading strategies, recount text is placed on good level, and three texts are adequate in providing exercises to apply reading strategies. Text about Debby Putti only provides six questions in which one strategy is needed to find the answers and considered weak.
4). Topic
In terms of choosing suitable topic, five texts used are suitable to the students of
grade X Senior High School and two texts related to genre Procedure and Narrative
possess topic which are not related to real-life isssue and not suitable anymore for grade
X. Four texts have topic related to real-life issues (4). There are more than one topic in
Recount, Narrative and News item text and the rest just provide one topic in modeling of
Table 4.19. Providing More than One Interesting Topic
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1
(The suitability
of topic)
Sub Variable 2
(Real-life issues)
Sub Variable 3 (Providing more than one topic)
1 Picasso Recount 3 4 4 11 3,67 2 The Fly and the Bull Narative 2 1 4 7 2,33 3 The Hole Game Procedure 2 1 1 4 1,33 4 The Gift Narative 3 4 1 8 2,67 5 Debby Putti Descriptive 4 4 1 9 3 6 Man Jailed for
Striking RI MAid News Item 4 4 4 12 4