CHAPTER IV DATA DESCRIPTION, DISCUSSION, AND TRUSTWOTHINESS
3. Texts in Contextual Learning Developing Competencies
The analyzing on the texts for modeling in the Grafindo textbook is also directed to characteristics of genre or grade X Senior High School and criteria of good texts.
a. Genre for Grade X Senior High School
To what extent the texts match the characteristics of genre for grade X Senior High School are described as follows:
1). Genre
In terms of providing genre required for grade X Senior High school, all the texts used are in accordance with genre stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.53. Matching the Genre for Grade X
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of genre required in SC & BC) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text is intended as a model for genre required for grade X Senior High School. From the text presented it can be identified easily that the text can be included into certain genre. It means that the texts are excellent in using genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence.
2). Purpose
In terms of the purpose of the texts, the data show that all of the texts follow the purpose of the genres for Grade X Senior High School. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.54. Fulfilling the Function of the Text
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The function of the texts in SC & BC) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text is intended as a model for genre required for grade X Senior High School. From the text presented it can be identified easily that the text belongs to certain genre. It means that the texts are excellent in using genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence.
3). Generic Structure
In terms of generic structure, the data show that the generic structure of each text is in accordance to the correct generic structure of genre for grade X (4).
All of the texts are developed based on the basic pattern of the generic structures and they can be easily recognized (4). All data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.55. Include the Basic Pattern of the Text Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of basic patern of the text in SC & BC) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data, the purpose of each text can be easily recognized and considered fullfil the indicator (4). It indicates that the texts are excellent in terms of the purpose of the text.
4). Grammatical Features
In terms of grammatical features, the data indicate that all of the texts use basic tense for genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence and the use of material process in the texts. In using temporal conjuction, mental process, and relational process there is only one text gets 4 for each indicator. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.56. Grammatical Features of the Text
Unit Title Purpose
SCORE
Total Average Note
Sub Variable 1
(The use of basic tense for genre required in SBC)
Sub Variable 2
(The use of material process)
Sub Variable 3
(The use of temporal conjunctio
n)
Sub Variable 4
(The use of mental process)
Sub Variable 5
(The use of relational
process)
1
Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
4 4 4 0 0 12 2,4
Even though each text does not possess all indicators, it does not influence the flow of information 2
Ali Baba and the Forty
Thieves
Narative
4 4 0 0 4 12 2,4
3
The Most Important Thing
Recount
4 4 0 4 0 12 2,4
Based on the data, each text uses basic tense for genre required and other features that really become characteristics of certain genre to signal the information. Thus it is interpreted that grammatical features of the texts can be graded as adequate.
b. Criteria of good texts
This part also discusses about the criteria of good texts which concern with interest, exploitability, readability, topic, cultural suitability, and appearance.
The data on such aspects are described as follows:
1). Interest
The data indicate that one text strongly stimulates personal involvement (4) and two texts are adequate to stimulate personal involvement (2). The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:
Table 4.57. Attractiveness of the Text
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The attractiveness of the text) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 2 2 2
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 2 2 2
The data above indicate that the narrative text which contains funny story is considered excellent in fullfing the indicator related to attractiveness. Two texts are grouped as adequate in this term.
2). Exploitability
In this aspect, the data indicate that only one text has correspondence to the aim of reading lesson and those delineated in syllabus (4), two texts have aims which are not really related to the reading lesson and what have been delineated in syllabus. The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:
Table 4.58. The Objective of Reading Lesson Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (Correspondence
to the aim of reading lesson)
Sub Variable 2 (Correspondence to those delineated
in syllabus) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 1 1 2 1
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 1 1 2 1
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 8 4
Based on the data, one text has average 4 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the text is excellent in possessing the aim of reading lesson. Two
texts have average 1 in which they can be intepreted as totally lacking in terms of exploitability.
3). Readability
In terms of readability, the researcher describes the data about how easily the text can be read and understood. It concerns with some aspects. In presenting the information, the data show that all of the texts present information clearly (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.59. Organization of Information
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The clear of presenting information) 1 Can You Grow Your Own
Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is concluded that all of the texts fulfill the indicator.
It means that the texts are excellent in presenting information clearly.
In terms of presentation of action in logical manner, the data indicate that the actions in the texts are presented in logical manner (follow a common thread with logical continuity) (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.60. Followinga Common Thread with Logical Continuity Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The presentation of action in logical manner) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is interpreted that all texts in this English textbook can be easily understood because of presenting information in logical manner. It means that all of the texts are excellent in presenting the actions.
In terms of involving simple and direct action, the data show that all of the texts involve the actions which are direct and simple (4). The data are presented in the folowing table:
Table 4.61. Involving Direct and Simple Action Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Avera ge Sub Variable 1
(The involvement of
direct action)
Sub Variable 2 (The involvement of
simple action) 1
Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
4 4 8 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 8 4
3 The Most
Important Thing
Recount 4 4 8 4
The data above indicate that the average of each text is 4 in fulfilling the indicators. It is interpreted that the texts are excellent in terms of involving direct and simple actions.
In terms of using context clues to explain unusual word, the data show that none of the text uses context clues to explain unusual words (0). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.62. Using Context Clues to Explain Unusual Words Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of
clues for unusual words)
Sub Variable 2 (The easiness of recognizing the
clues) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 0 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0 0
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 0 0 0 0
Based on the data, all texts have average 0 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the texts are totally lacking in terms of using context clues to explain unusual word.
In terms of using short sentence, the data present that short sentences are mostly used in presenting the information in all texts (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.63. Using Short Sentences
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of short sentence) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
The data above indicate that each text gets 4 in fulfilling the indicator. It means that all texts are excellent in terms of using short sentences.
In terms of organizing the information in paragraph, the data indicate that the information in all of the texts are presented in paragraphs (4). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.64. Organizing the Information in Paragraph
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of paragraph to present the information) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
The data above indicate that all texts have average 4 in fulfilling the indicator. For this reason, it is interpreted that all texts are excellent in presenting information using paragraph.
In terms of explaining one idea or concept, the data show that the texts discuss one idea (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.65. Explaining One Idea or Concept
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Addresing one new concept) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
The data above indicate that all texts get average 4 in fulfilling the indicator. It means that the texts are excellent in explaining one idea or concept.
In terms of using simple grammar and introducing linguistics items in appropriate context, the data show that all texts present the information by using simple grammar and use meaningful context to introduce linguistics item (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.66. Using Simple Grammar and Introduce Linguistics Item in Appropriate Context
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use simple grammar)
Sub Variable 2 (The use of meaningful context to introduce linguistics items) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 8 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 8 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 8 4
The data above indicate that all texts have average 4 which can be interpreted that they fulfill the indicators. They are qualified excellent in using simple grammar and meaningful context to introduce linguistics items.
In terms of providing visual supports to aid comprehension toward the ideas in the text, the data indicate that none of visual is provided to support comprehension (0). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.67. Providing Visual Supports to Aid Comprehension
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1
(The use of visual support)
Sub Variable 2
(The use of relating
visual)
Sub Variable
3 (The contributi
on of visual) 1
Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
0 0 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0 0 0
3 The Most
Important Thing
Recount 0 0 0 0 0
Based on the data, it is concluded that all the texts have average 0 in fulfiling the indicators. It means the texts are toally lacking in providing visuals to support comprehension.
Related to the way the text is broken, the data show that there is one text broken into heading, spacing, and listing (4), two texts are broken into heading and spacing. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.68. Breaking the Ideas
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(How to break the text) 1 Can You Grow Your Own
Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 2 2 2
3 The Most Important Thing Recount 2 2 2
Based on the data above, it is interpreted that Procedure text is broken into heading, spacing and listing and it is considered that the text is excellent in terms of the way the text is broken. Two texts are graded in adequate level.
In terms of providing exercises to understand the texts, the data show that just one text provides more than two groups of exercise and develops the exercises from easy to difficult one. Two texts just provide one group of exercises. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.69. Providing a Variety of Exercises to Understand the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to understand the
text)
Sub Variable 2 (The development of
exercise) 1
Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
1 1 2 1
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 1 1 2 1
3 The Most
Important Thing
Recount 3 3 6 3
Based on the data, in this aspect one text have average 3 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the text is good in terms of providing exercises to understand the text. Two texts are considered weak for the reason of limited exercises to understand the texts.
In the aspect of providing the exercises to apply reading strategies, there is only one text in which several reading strategies can be applied (3). Two texts provide limited exercise to apply reading strategies. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.70. Providing Exercises to Apply Reading Strategies Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to apply reading strategies) 1 Can You Grow Your Own
Food in a Jar?
Procedure 1 1 1
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 1 1 1
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 3 3 3
Based on the data above, Recount text is considered good in providing exercises to apply reading strategies and two texts are weak in providing exercises to apply reading strategies.
4). Topic
In terms of choosing topic suitable for grade X Senior High school, one text used is suitable for grade X, text related to genre procedure is not really interesting to the students of Grade X, and Narrative text is not suitable topic for grade X anymore The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.71. Providing More than One Interesting Topic
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The suitability of
topic)
Sub Variable 2 (Real-life
issues)
Sub Variable 3 (Providing more than one topic) 1
Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
2 4 1 7 2,33
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 0 1 5 1,67
3 The Most
Important Thing
Recount 4 4 1 9 3
Based on the data, the three texts have different average in fulfilling the indicators. One text has average 3 and procedure text gets 2,33 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the texts are graded in good level in terms of choosing suitable topic. One text has average 1,67 and is considered in weak level.
5). Cultural Suitability
In terms of cultural suitability, the researcher describes the data about the target language cultural information contained by the text. It concerns with some aspects. In terms of the window to learn target culture, the data show that there is one text can be used and two texts have no cultural information (0). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.72. Providing Correct Cultural Information
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1
(The window
into learning about target
culture)
Sub Variable 2
(Too culture based text)
Sub Variable 3
(Contain local culture)
1 Can You Grow Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 0 0 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0 0 0
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 3 0 7 2,33
The data above indicate that one text has average 2,33 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the text is adequate as the window to learn target culture.
Two texts get average 0. They are grouped in totally lacking in terms of containing target cultural information.
In terms of providing current cultural information, the data indicate that one text contains information related to culture considered current (4). Two texts provide no current cultural information (0). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.73. Providing Current Cultural Information Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Provide current cultural information) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
Based on the data above, one text gets an average 4 in fulfilling the indicator. It means that the text is excellent to learn current cultural information.
Two texts have average 0 which are considered totally lacking in providing current cultural information.
Related to the unbiased artwork provided for cultural information, the data show that none of the texts provides artwork (0). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.74. Providing Unbiasad Artwork for Cultural Information Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Providing unbiasad artwork for cultural
information) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 0 0 0
Based on the data above, each text gets an average 0 in fulfilling the indicator. It means that the texts are considered totally lacking in providing artwork to understand current cultural information.
6). Appearance
In terms of appearance, the researcher describes the data about the layout of the text, illustration, artwork, and typefaces of the texts which can be read and understood easily. In placing the text and others related to performance, the data show that the layout of all texts are beneficial (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.75. Layout of the Text
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The layout is beneficial to the
learner) 1 Can You Grow Your
Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure 4 4 4
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 4 4 4
3 The Most Important Thing
Recount 4 4 4
All texts get an average 4 that can be placed on excellent level in terms of fulfilling the indicator. It means that the texts’ placement and others related to performance are beneficial for the students.
In terms of the available of illustration to support the presentation of ideas, the data indicate that the illustrations are not available in each text to make the presentation of idea clear (0). The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:
Table 4.76. Using Pictures to Clarify the Presentation of Ideas
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (There are pictures used to clarify the presentation of ideas)
Sub Variable 2 (The illustrations are clear and
simple)
Sub Variable 3 (The illustrations
are free of unnecessary
details) 1 Can You Grow
Your Own Food in a Jar?
Procedure
0 0 0 0 0
2 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Narative 0 0 0 0 0
3 The Most
Important Thing
Recount 0 0 0 0 0
Based on the data above, each text gets average 0 in fulfilling the indicators. It is interpreted that the texts are totally lacking in terms of using illustration to support the presentation of ideas.
In terms of providing non-textual information directly related to the subject matter and assists the learner in understanding the printed text, the data present that the texts have no artwork to assist comprehension (0). The data are presented in the following table: