CHAPTER IV DATA DESCRIPTION, DISCUSSION, AND TRUSTWOTHINESS
2. Texts in Linked to the World
Related to what extent reading materials in Linked to the World for grade X Senior High School match the characteristics of genre for grade X stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence and criteria of good texts, the researcher describes the data as follows:
a. Genre for Grade X Senior High School
In this section, the researcher describes to what extend the texts for modeling provided in Linked to the World published by Yudhistira fulfill the indicators for Genre for Grade X Senior High School aspects.
1). Genre
In terms of choosing genre required for grade X Senior High school, all the texts used are in accordance with genre stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.27. Matching the Genre for Grade X Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The use of genre required in SC & BC) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English
Teacher
Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text belongs to genre intended for grade X Senior High School. They can be identified easily after reading once. It means that the texts are excellent in using genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence.
2). Purpose
In terms of the purpose of the texts, the data present that all of the texts possess the purpose based on the purpose of the texts intended for grade X as stated in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.28. Fulfilling the Function of the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The function of the texts
in SC & BC)
1 An Unforgetable Experience Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is interpreted that the writers of all the texts have had purpose before writing the texts. It indicates that the texts are excellent in terms of the purpose of the text.
3). Generic Structure
In terms of generic structure, the data show that the texts use correct generic structure (4). All the texts are developed based on the basic pattern of the generic structures and they can be easily recognized. All data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.29. Include the Basic Pattern of the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of basic patern of
the text in SC & BC)
1 An Unforgetable Experience Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
Based on the data, in this aspect each text in modeling of text is developed based on generic structures certain genre. It means that the generic structures of the texts are excellent.
4). Grammatical Features
In terms of grammatical features, the data show that the information in each text is presented using basic tense for genre required in Standard of Competence and Basic Competence (4) and five texts use material process in the texts (4). Temporal conjuction relational process can be found in recount and procedure texts. Relational process is possessed by Descriptive and News item texts (4), and one text uses limited mental process. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.30. Grammatical Features of the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Note
Sub Variable
1 (The use of basic tense for
genre required in SBC)
Sub Variable
2 (The use
of material process)
Sub Variable 3 (The use of
temporal conjunction)
Sub Variable
4 (The use of mental process)
Sub Variabl
e 5 (The use of relation al process
) 1
An Unforgetabl e
Experience
Recount
4 4 4 1 0 13 2,6
Even though each text does not possess
all indicator,
it does not influence
the flow of informati
on 2
John’s English Teacher
Narative
4 4 0 0 0 8 1,6
3
How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure
4 0 4 0 0 8 1,6
4
Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative
4 4 0 0 0 8 1,6
5 Live in
Ancient Rome
Descriptive
4 4 0 0 4 12 2,4
6
Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item
4 4 0 0 4 12 2,4
Based on the data, each text uses basic tense for genre required and other features that really become characteristics of certain genre to signal the information in the texts. The flow of information is not inluenced by the absent of certain feature. Thus it is interpreted that grammatical features of the texts can be determined after reading once (good).
b. Criteria of good texts
Criteria of good texts which are fulfilled by the texts related to interest, exploitability, readability, topic, cultural suitability, and appearance are described as follows:
1). Interest
The data indicate that one text strongly stimulates personal involvement (4), one text is good enough to stimulate personal involvement (3), and four texts need no help to make it interesting (2). The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:
Table 4.31. Attractiveness of the Text
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The attractiveness of the text)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 2 2 2
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 2 2 2
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 2 2 2
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 2 2 2
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 3 3 3
The data above indicate that one text attracts the reader to read it. It means that the text is excellent in fulfilling the indicator. four texts are grouped as adequate and one text is considered good in terms of interest.
2). Exploitability
In this aspect, the data indicate that there are four texts which have correspondence to the aim of reading lesson and those delineated in syllabus (4) and two texts are appropriate for more than one reading strategy (2). The data on this aspect are presented in the following table:.
Table 4.32. The Objective of Reading Lesson
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (Correspondence
to the aim of reading lesson)
Indicator 2 (Corres Sub Variable pondence to those delineated
in syllabus) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 8 4
2 John’s English Teacher
Narative 4 4 8 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure
2 2 4 2
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 2 2 4 2
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 8 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 8 4
Based on the data, four texts have aims which are in accordance to the aims of reading lesson and those delineated in syllabus. It means that the texts are excellent in possessing the aim of reading lesson. Two texts can be used to apply more than one strategy in which they can be intepreted as adequate in terms of exploitability.
3). Readability
In terms of readability, the researcher describes the data about how easily the text can be read and understood. It concerns with some aspects. In presenting the information, the data show that the information in each text is presented clearly (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.33. Organization of Information
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The clear of presenting information) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English Teacher
Narative 4 4 4
3
How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure
4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is interpreted that the information in all of the texts can be easily comprehended. It means that the texts are excellent in presenting information.
In terms of presentation of action in logical manner, the data indicate that the actions in the texts follow a common thread with logical continuity (4).
The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.34. Followinga Common Thread with Logical Continuity Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(The presentation of action in logical manner) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English
Teacher
Narative 4 4 4
3
How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure
4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, it is interpreted that all texts in this English textbook can be easily understood because of presenting information in logical manner. It means that all of the texts are excellent in presenting the actions.
In terms of involving simple and direct action, the data show that the actions involved in the texts are considered direct and simple (4). The data are presented in the folowing table:
Table 4.35. Involving Direct and Simple Action Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The involvement of
direct action)
Sub Variable 2 (The involvement of
simple action) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 8 4
2 John’s English Teacher
Narative 4 4 8 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure
4 4 8 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 4 4 8 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 8 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 8 4
The data above indicate that the average of each text is 4 in fulfilling the indicators. It is interpreted that the texts are excellent in terms of involving direct and simple actions.
In terms of using context clues to explain unusual word, the data show that there is none of the text uses context clues to explain unusual words (0). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.36.. Using Context Clues to Explain Unusual Words
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of
clues for unusual words)
Sub Variable 2 (The easiness
of recognizing
the clues)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 0 0 0 0
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 0 0 0 0
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 0 0 0 0
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 0 0 0 0
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 0 0 0 0
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 0 0 0 0
Based on the data, the texts provided do not fulfill the indicators at all. It indicates that the texts are totally lacking in terms using context clues to explain unusual word.
In terms of using short sentence, the data show that the information in the texts are presented mostly by using short sentences (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.37. Using Short Sentences
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable (The use
of short sentence) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English
Teacher
Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 3 3 3
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome
Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data above, five texts fulfill the indicator. It means that the texts are excellent in terms of using short sentences. One text is considered as good.
In terms of organizing the information in paragraph, the data indicate that all of the texts present the information in paragraphs (4). The data of such variable are presented in the following table:
Table 4.38. Organizing the Information in Paragraph
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The use of paragraph to present the information)
1 An Unforgetable Experience Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, all of the texts have average 4 in fulfilling the indicator. For this reason, it is interpreted that all texts are excellent in presenting information using paragraph.
In terms of explaining one idea or concept, the data show that the texts discuss one idea (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.39. Explaining One Idea or Concept
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Addresing one new concept)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 4 4 4
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 4 4 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 4 4 4
Based on the data, each text intended as a model contains one idea. It means that the materials are excellent in explaining one idea or concept.
In terms of using simple grammar and introducing linguistics items in appropriate context, the data show that the information in the texts are presented by using simple grammar and meaningful context to introduce linguistics item is also provided (4). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.40. Using Simple Grammar and Introduce Linguistics Item in Appropriate Context Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
I Sub Variable 1 (The use simple
grammar)
Sub Variable 2 (The use of meaningful
context to introduce linguistics items)
1 An Unforgetable Experience Recount 4 4 8 4
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 8 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in
Indonesia Procedure 4 4 8 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 4 4 8 4
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 8 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed News Item 4 4 8 4
Based on the data, the average of each text is 4 in fulfilling the indicators. For this reason, the average is interpreted that the texts are excellent in terms of using simple grammar and meaningful context to introduce linguistics items.
In terms of providing visual supports to aid comprehension toward the ideas in the text, the data indicate that all texts provide limited visuals to support comprehension, four texts contain closely relating visual, one text provides visual that really supports understanding, and four texts possess visual which give little contribution for comprehension. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.41. Providing Visual Supports to Aid Comprehension
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1
(The use of visual support)
Sub Variable 2
(The use of relating
visual)
Sub Variable 3
(The contributi
on of visual) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience Recount 1 1 1 3 1
2 John’s English
Teacher Narative 1 4 1 6 2
3
How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 2 1 0 3 1
4 Steve’s Favourite
Sport Narative 1 4 1 6 2
5 Live in Ancient
Rome Descriptive 1 4 1 6 2
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed News Item 1 4 4 9 3
Based on the data, it is concluded that only one text has average 3 in fulfiling the indicators. It means the text is good related to providing visuals to support comprehension. Three texts provide visual which give adequate contribution. Two texts have average 1 and are considered as weak in providing visual which support comprehension.
Related to the way the text is broken, the data show that there is one text broken into heading, spacing, and listing (4), the five texts are broken into heading and spacing (2). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.42. Breaking the Ideas
Unit Title Genre SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(How to break the text)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 2 2 2
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 2 2 2
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 4 4 4
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 2 2 2
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 2 2 2
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 2 2 2
Based on the data above, there is only one has average 4 in fulfilling the indicator. It means that the text is graded as excellent in breaking the text. Five texts are considered adequate in terms of the way the text is broken.
In terms of giving the learners a chance to do the exercises to understand the texts, the data show that there are two texts provide various exercises for reading activity, and they are developed from simple to complicated one. Two texts provide some exercises and the rest have limitied exercises and they are developed from difficult to easy exercises. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.43. Providing a Variety of Exercises to Understand the Text
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to understand the
text)
Sub Variable 2 (The development
of exercise)
1 An Unforgetable Experience Recount 3 2 5 2,5
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 8 4
3 How to Develop the
Tourism in Indonesia Procedure 2 2 4 2
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 2 2 4 2
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 8 4
6 Illegal Medicine Destroyed News Item 3 3 6 3
Based on the data, in this aspect two texts have average 4 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the texts are excellent in terms of providing exercises to understand content and genre of the text. Two texts provide two groups of questions as the exercise to understand the texts and they are considered adequate.
The texts about Steve’s Favorite Sport and Illegal Medicine Destroyed are placed on the good level for their exercises which consist of more than two groups of questions asking about content and features of the text.
In the aspect of providing the exercises to apply reading strategies, there are two texts which can be used to apply several reading strategies (4). One text provides exercises in which more than two reading strategies can be developed and three texts give the learners a chance to apply two reading strategies. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.44. Providing Exercises to Apply Reading Strategies Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Exercise to apply reading strategies)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 2 2 2
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 4 4 4
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 2 2 2
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport Narative 2 2 2
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 4
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 3 3 3
Based on the data above, one narrative text is considered excellent in providing exercises to apply reading strategies, descriptive text is also considered excellent in this term, News item text is placed on good level, and three texts are adequate in providing exercises to apply reading strategies.
4). Topic
In terms of choosing topic suitable for grade X Senior High school, five texts used have suitable topic, one text is not really suitable for grade X . All of the texts have topic related to real-life issues and the textbook only provides one topic in modeling of text (1). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.45. Providing More than One Interesting Topic
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1
(The suitability
of topic)
Sub Variable 2
(Real-life issues)
Sub Variable 3 (Providing more than one topic) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience Recount 2 4 1 7 2,33
2 John’s English
Teacher Narative 4 4 1 9 3
3 How to Develop the
Tourism in Indonesia Procedure 4 4 1 9 3
4 Steve’s Favourite
Sport Narative 4 4 1 9 3
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 4 4 1 9 3
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed News Item 4 4 1 9 3
Based on the data, in this aspect five texts have average 3 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the texts are good in terms of choosing suitable topic.
One text has average 2,33 and is also considered in good level.
5). Cultural Suitability
In terms of cultural suitability, the researcher describes the data about the target language cultural information contained by the text. It concerns with some aspects. In terms of the window to learn target culture, the data indicate that none of the target language cultural information can be learnt through the texts provided (0). There is one text contains local culture. The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.46. Providing Correct Cultural Information
Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average
Sub Variable 1 (The window into learning about target culture)
Sub Variable 2 (Too culture
based text)
Sub Variable 3
(Contain local culture) 1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 0 0 4 4 1,33
2 John’s English
Teacher Narative 0 0 0 0 0
3
How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 0 0 0 0 0
4 Steve’s Favourite
Sport Narative 0 0 0 0 0
5 Live in Ancient
Rome Descriptive 0 0 0 0 0
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed News Item 0 0 0 0 0
The data above indicate that five texst have average 0 in fulfilling the indicators. It means that the texts are totally lacking as the window to learn target culture. One text gets average 0,33 and is also grouped in totally lacking in terms of containing target language cultural information.
In terms of providing current cultural information, the data indicate that none of the texts contains current cultural information (0). The data are presented in the following table:
Table 4.47. Providing Current Cultural Information Unit Title Genre
SCORE
Total Average Sub Variable 1
(Provide current cultural information)
1 An Unforgetable
Experience
Recount 0 0 0
2 John’s English Teacher Narative 0 0 0
3 How to Develop the Tourism in Indonesia
Procedure 0 0 0
4 Steve’s Favourite Sport
Narative 0 0 0
5 Live in Ancient Rome Descriptive 0 0 0
6 Illegal Medicine
Destroyed
News Item 0 0 0