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100 (eds P. Robinson, S. Heitmann and P.U.C. Dieke)
Dr Helen Farrell and Sheila Russell
Introduction and Key Concepts It is helpful to defi ne what is meant by ‘rural’
and to also explain the scope and nature of
‘countryside’, where rural tourism takes place.
In Europe, the countryside is comprised of rural areas that have been transformed extensively by human activities associated with the land.
Elsewhere, the countryside is distinct from wilderness, which may not have seen such levels of human infl uence. Activities such as clearing woodland to plant crops and herd animals have been taking place since prehistoric times, and help to defi ne the countryside as a modifi ed landscape. Further common acts of countryside modifi cation include the planting of forestry and hedgerows and the building of paths, roads, bridges, dams and walls. These activities have created a rural landscape that is neither wild nor urban, and that is appreciated for its picturesque scenery.
Before the 18th century, rural life was the only known existence (urbanization was a consequence of the technologies and systems developed through the Industrial Revolution).
Rural life took many forms throughout Europe, from the landed estates of the rich to small- scale peasantry. Rural land was under the ownership of a limited number of powerful individuals and groups such as the church, royal families and the aristocracy. Peasants were those who worked the land and paid taxes and rent to the landowners. The result was a
landscape that was partly in active use for agriculture, partly common grazing and partly landscaped for aesthetic purposes. Cities developed through the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, but it was not until the late 1840s that there was any sense of the need to provide the thousands of factory workers (who had migrated to the city for work) with formal holidays. Once Thomas Cook pioneered mass travel, facilitated by the railway, the rights of workers and the need to reward workers was widely recognized (prior to this only a few industrial pioneers provided much in the way of a philanthropic approach to people manage- ment). As cities began to dominate the country- side economically, people started to long for the simpler, more wholesome way of life in tune with the seasons, to be found in the countryside (Taylor, 1994; Berghoff , 2002) and so developed a romantic, nostalgic sense of ‘what we have lost.’ It was in this period that the National Trust emerged. Founded in 1895, its aim was to preserve and allow access to cultural and natural heritage, including areas of rural land.
Several decades later, however, access to the countryside had grown into a much more contentious issue that culminated in the mass trespass on Kinder Scout in the Pennines in 1932. At this time, walkers were denied access to areas of countryside by law. The mass trespass served to highlight this issue and is credited with being the trigger that prompted the formation of the UK’s National Parks.
Rural Tourism 101
Rural Tourism
Contemporary urban attitudes to the country- side are often based on a romantic notion of rural life. Indeed, some of the best known poetry, music and art in Western society from the last two centuries feature themes of nostalgia for a disappearing countryside (Ousby, 1990;
Berghoff , 2002; Murdoch, 2003). The Romantic
Movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries was based largely on this impression.
Even today there tends to be a desire to retain some of that belief that the countryside represents some lost, golden age of the ‘pastoral’
(Taylor, 1994).
Rural areas became idealized in this way as urbanization increased, agriculture modernized and landscapes changed (Murdoch, 2003). It is Case Study 8.1. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park.
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park was made an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 for the following reasons:
1. It is an outstanding example representing signifi cant ongoing geological processes, biological evolution and humanity’s inter action with the natural environment.
2. It contains unique, rare or superlative natural phenomena, formations or features or areas of