F. Technique of data analysis
2. Homogeneity testing
Then the homogeneity testing is conducted to see whether the data in two treatments groups are homogeny or not. Thus homogeneity was analyzed by Variance testing or t-testing. The formula of f-testing as follows:
iants small
iants fn big
var
var
The criterion of examining the homogeneity of data is:
If F calculated ≥ Ftable, it means that both of variance are not homogenous If F calculated ≤ Ftable, it means that both of variance are homogenous 3. Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis testing was carried out with technique analysis that is managed by using t-test.
The formula of t-test is:
2 1
2 1
1 1
n s n
x t x
𝑥1
= mean score of experimental class 𝑥2
= mean score of control class
S1 = the sum of the squared deviation score in experimental class S2 = the sum of the squared deviation score in control class S = standard deviation
n1 = number sample in experimental class n2 = number sample in control class Where:
a. First hypotheses
Ho : the students who are taught by using collaborative writing get the same result in writing of recount text with those who are taught by using conventional strategy
Ha : the students who are taught by using collaborative writing get better result in students‟ writing of recount text than those who are taught by using conventional strategy
Or its statistic hypothesis can be written as follow:
Ho : µ 𝐵1 = µ𝐵2
Ha : µ 𝐵1 ≠ µ𝐵2
Where:
µ = students‟ writing of recount text
B1= teaching writing recount text by using collaborative writing B2= conventional technique
Based on testing category, Ho is accepted if tobserved is smaller than ttable, but if the value of tobserved is higher than critical value of ttable, the null hypotheses will be rejected.
b. Second hypotheses
Ho : the students who have high reading habit taught by using collaborative writing get the same result in writing of recount text than those who are taught by using conventional technique
Ha : the students who have high reading habit taught by using collaborative writing give better result in students‟ writing of recount text than who are taught by using conventional technique
Or its statistic hypothesis can be written as follow:
Ho : µ 𝐴1𝐵1 = µ𝐴2𝐵2 Ha : µ 𝐴1𝐵1 ≠ µ𝐴2𝐵2
Where:
µ = students‟ writing of recount text
B1= students‟ who have high reading habit
A1= teaching writing recount text by using collaborative writing A2= conventional technique
c. Third hypotheses
Ho : the students who have low reading habit taught by using collaborative writing get the same result in writing of recount text than those who are taught by using conventional technique
Ha : the students who have low reading habits taught by using collaborative writing give better result in students‟ writing of recount text than those who are taught by using conventional technique
Or its statistic hypothesis can be written as follow:
Ho : µ 𝐴2𝐵1 = µ𝐴2𝐵2 Ha : µ 𝐴2𝐵1 ≠ µ𝐴2𝐵2 Where:
µ = students‟ writing of recount text
B2 = students‟ who have low reading habit
A1 = teaching writing recount text by using collaborative writing A2 = conventional technique
d. Fourth hypotheses
Ho : there is no interaction between both treatments and students‟ reading habit toward students‟ writing of recount text
Ha : there is an interaction between both treatments and students‟ reading habit toward students‟ writing of recount text
Or its statistic hypothesis can be written as follow:
Ho : µ B1A1 = µ B1A2 = µB2A1= µB2A2
Ha : one of the average is not the same
The researcher used two ways ANOVA (Ferguson, 1976) to test hypothesis 4.
Factorial designs use unweighted means method because of experimental and control classes have different samples in each class.
The steps in applying unweighted mean method as follow:
1) Calculated of harmonic mean from frequency cell nh = 1 𝑅𝐶
𝑛11+ 1 𝑛12+1
𝑛21+1 𝑛22
2) Calculating the average score of cell of row and column
C1 C2
T1 𝑋 1
R1
T2 𝑋 2 R2
T1 T2 T 𝑋 1 𝑋 2 𝑋 Note :
R1 = students who have high reading habit R2 = students who have low reading habit
C1 = teaching and learning process by using collaborative writing C2 = conventional technique
T1. = total of average value of students who have high reading interest that are taught by using collaborative writing and conventional technique
T2. = total of average value of students who have low reading interest that are taught by using collaborative writing and conventional technique
T.1 = total of average value of students who have high and low motivations that are taught by using collaborative writing
𝑥11
𝑥 12 𝑥21
𝑥 22
T.2 = total of average value of students who have high and low reading habit that are taught by using conventional technique
𝑋11
= average value of students who have high reading habit that are taught by using collaborative writing
𝑋12
= average value of students who have high reading habit that are taught by conventional technique
𝑋21
= average value of students who have low reading habit that are taught by using collaborative writing
𝑋22
= average value of students who have low reading habit that are taught by using conventional technique
To calculate Total Square, the researcher used the formula as follow:
Row nh (1
𝐶 𝛴RTr2 - 𝑇2
𝑅𝐶)
Column nh (1
𝐶 ΣC Tc2 - 𝑇2
𝑅𝐶)
Interaction nh (Σ R Σ 𝑋 rc2- 1
𝐶 ΣR 𝑇𝑟2- 1
𝑅 ΣC 𝑇𝑐2 + 𝑇2
𝑅𝐶)
Within cell Σ R Σ C Σ nrc 𝑥 2 rci – Σ R Σ C (𝑇𝑟𝑐2
𝑛𝑟𝑐)
Table 11: Analysis of Two Ways Classification with n is different
Variety Sum of square Degrees
of freedom
Estimate
Row (reading
habit)
nh (1𝐶 𝛴RTr2 - 𝑇
2
𝑅𝐶) R-1 𝑆𝑟2
Column (learning strategy )
nh (1𝐶 ΣC Tc2 - 𝑇
2
𝑅𝐶) C-1 𝑆𝑐2
Interaction nh (Σ R Σ 𝑋 rc2- 1
𝐶 ΣR 𝑇𝑟2- 1
𝑅 ΣC 𝑇𝑐2 + 𝑇2
𝑅𝐶) (R-1)(C-1) 𝑆𝑟𝑐2 Within
cell Σ R Σ C Σ nrc 𝑥 2 rci – Σ R Σ C (𝑇𝑟𝑐2
𝑛𝑟𝑐) N-RC 𝑆𝑖𝑐2 Note :
𝑛ℎ = harmonic mean R = number of row C = number of column
Tc = number of average column to c where c = 1,2 Tr = number of average row to r where r = 1,2 𝑋 rc = average of all values of row and column T = number of average value of two groups Criterion of testing is:
Accepted Ho if thitung < ttable and rejected Ho if thitung ≥ ttable with degrees of freedom (dk) = (n1+ n2 - 2). It means that if Ho accepted, data of students‟ writing of recount text have normal distribution or there is the effect of collaborative writing and reading habit towards students‟ writing of recount text.