CHAPTER III THE DISPLAYING OF HADITHS
B. I’tiba>r of the Hadiths’ Sanad
After browsing and collecting the whole sanads of each hadith, the next step is making i’tiba>r.181 The purposes of I’tiba>r are to detect other transmitters corroborating that hadith, to find out transmission method, to find that a sanad is either ‘a>li>182 or na>zil183, and particularly to detect the quantity of a hadith’s sanad which is probably classified either mutawa>tir184 or ah}a>d185. Quantity of ah}a>d is devided into three, masyhu>r186, ‘azi>z187 and gari>b188.
1. The First Hadith
In sanad system, this first hadith is twenty-three spreading in ten different hadith source books. They are S{ah}i>h} al-Bukha>ri>, S{ah}i>h} Muslim, Sunan Abi> Da>wud, Sunan al-Nasa>i>, Sunan al-Tirmiz\i>, Sunan Ibnu Ma>jah, Musnad Ah}mad bin H{anbal, Sunan al-Da>rimi>, al-Mu’jam al-Kabi>r and Sya’b al-I<ma>n. The last two are excluding from kutub al-tis’ah. The quantity of hadith’s sanad is classified masyhu>r because in every t}abaqah (level) it consists of at least five
181 Etymologically, I’tiba>r is a present proressive of I’tabara which means reviewing something. In Hadith science terminology, it means enclosing all sanads of a single hadith to identify an exsistence of other supporting transmitters. See Suryadi and Muhammad Alfatih Suryadilaga, Metodologi Penelitian Hadis, p. 67
182 ‘A<li> is a term belongs to a hadith whose a short sanad occasioned by the number of transmitter. The author’s t}abaqah till the Prophet pbuh. is close. See ‘Umar bin ‘Ali> bin ‘Umar al-Qazwi>ni>, Masyi>khah al-Qazwi>ni> (Beirut: Da>r al-Basya>ir al-Isla>miyyah, 2005), p. 107.
183 The antonym of ‘A<li>.
184 Mutawa>tir is a hadith transmitted by a large number of ra>wi> whose agreement on telling a lie is inconceivable from the very start of sanad till the end. There are different opinions regarding to the minimum number of ra>wi> required. See. ‘Abdurrah}ma>n bin Abi> bakr Jala>l al-Di>n al-Suyu>t}i>, Tadri>b al-Ra>wi> fi> Syarh} Taqri>b al-Nawa>wi>, juz 1 (Riyadh: Da>r al-T{ayyibah, n.y.) p. 67.
185 Ah}a>d (Solitary) is hadith narrated by an individual or mumbers of ra>wi> at any level which does not reach the minimum number of mutawa>tir. Most hadiths are classified to this. See Muh}ammad bin Ibra>hi>m bin Sa’dilla>h bin al-Kana>ni> al-H{ima>wi> al-Sya>fi’i>, al-Minhal al-Ra>wi> fi>
Mukhtas}ar ‘Ulu>m al-H{adi>s\ al-Nabawi> (Edt II; Damascus: Da>r al-Fikr, 1406 AH), p. 31.
186 Masyhu>r is hadith whose at least four transmitters on each level. See Abu> Zakariyya>
Muh}yiddi>n Yah}ya> bin Syarf al-Nawawi>, al-Taqri>b wa al-Taisi>r li Ma’rifah Sunan al-Basyi>r al- Naz\i>r fi Us}u>l al-H{adi>s\ (Beirut: Da>r al-Kita>b al-‘Arabi>, 1985), p. 85.
187 Hadith narrated by two or three transmitters on each level.
188 Hadith whose only one transmitter on one or more level.
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ra>wi>. The core of this criticism is a sanad that starting at Abu> Da>wud to Ja>bir bin
‘Abdulla>h. It reveals that Asma>’ binti Yazid, Abu> Hurairah, Abu> Qata>dah, and Salamah bin al-Akwa’ become Sya>hid (companion). Under the t}abaqah of s}ah}a>bah, all transmitters accompanying Abu> Da>wud’s transmitters on each level.
For the more clear decription, the hadith scheme can be looked on the following page.
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2. The Second Hadith
The second hadith comes through nineteen sanads in eight books. also contains five transmitters on the t}abaqah of s}ah}a>bah and collected from numerous books. Sahl bin H{unaif, Abu> Qata>dah, Abu H{urairah and Anas bin Ma>lik become sya>hid to ‘Abdulla>h bin ‘Amr bin al-‘A<s}. All transmitters on the second t}abaqah that comes to the side of Abu> ‘Aburrah}ma>n al-H{alabi> are muta>bi’
to him. As the first hadith, its quantity also is classified masyhu>r. For futher description, the scheme is below.
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3. The Third Hadith
As above-mentioned, this third hadith does not exist in kutub al-tis’ah, and it solely appears with a complete sanad in Sya’b al-I<ma>n. Cause of the number of transmitter, it is classified as gari>b. Because it only consists of single sanad and has no any supporting one, it classified as fard mut}laq189.
ِلاَم ِنْب ِسَنَأ ْنَع ،َبو يَأ ْنَع ،ٍدِلاَخ ِبَِأ َديِزَي ْنَع ،َناَهْ بَ ن ُنْب ُثِراَْلْا ِنَّرَ بْخَأ ، ٍبْىَو ُنْبا اًنَ ثَو ،ٍك
ِالل َلوُسَر َّنَأ ِراَهَّ نلِبَ ٌةَّلَذَمَو ،ِلْيَّللِبَ ٌّمَى ُوَّنِإَف ،َنْيَّدلاَو ْمُكَّيَِإ" :َلاَق َمَّلَسَو ِوْيَلَع َُّللَّا ىَّلَص
189 See Syams al-Di>n Abu> al-Khair Muh}ammad bin ‘Abdurrah}man bin Muh}ammad al- Sakha>wi>, Fath} al-Mugi>s\ bi Syarh} Alfiyyah al-H{adi>s\ li al-‘Ira>qi>, juz 1 (Cairo: Maktabah al-Sunnah, 2003), p. 268.
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4. The Fourth Hadith
The hadith has transmitted twenty one times and recorded by nine aouthors of hadith book, i.e. al-H{a>kim, al-T{abara>ni> al-Tirmiz\i>, Ah}mad bin H{anbal, al-Nasa>i>, al-Bukha>ri>, Abu> Da>wud, al-Da>ruqut}ni>, Abu> Syaibah. Four of them are excluding from kutub al-tis’ah (canonical compilations). It was narrated by six s}ah}a>bah and grew increasingly widespread after ta>bi>un era. The quantity is also reach masyhu>r because of the number of ra>wi> on every level. For more detailed explanation, the scheme is on the following page.
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5. The Fifth Hadith
This last one is recorded in twelve books through totally twenty two sanads. Although consisting of a large number of sanad, it is only classified as
‘azi>z due to number of s}ah}a>bah narrating it. the hadith exists in all canonical compilations, i.e. S{ah}i>h} al-Bukha>ri>, S{ah}i>h} Muslim, Sunan Abi> Da>wud, Sunan al- Nasa>i>, Sunan al-Tirmiz\i>, Sunan Ibnu Ma>jah, Musnad Ah}mad bin H{anbal, Muwat}t}a’ Ma>lik and Sunan al-Da>rimi>. And the rest three source are al-Mu’jam al-Awsat}, al-Mu’jam al-S{agi>r and Mus}annaf ‘Abdurrazzaq. The core of criticism of sanad goes to al-Bukha>ri in his S{ah}i>h}. The scheme seems quite different because 6 sanads comes through Ma>lik bin Anas who is also an author of a canonic book. Its detail is on the next page.
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CHAPTER IV
THE CRITICISM OF THE HADITHS’ SANAD
A. The First Hadith
ْى زلا ِنَع ،ٌرَمْعَم َنََرَ بْخَأ ، ِقاَّزَّرلا ُدْبَع اَنَ ثَّدَح ، ِنّ َلََقْسَعْلا ِلِّكَوَ تُمْلا ُنْب ُدَّمَُمُ اَنَ ثَّدَح ِبَِأ ْنَع ،ِّيِر
ْنَع ،َةَمَلَس ِوْيَلَعَو َتاَم ٍلُجَر ىَلَع يِّلَصُي َلً َمَّلَسَو ِوْيَلَع ُالل ىَّلَص َِّللَّا ُلوُسَر َناَك :َلاَق ،ٍرِباَج
:َلاَقَ ف ، ٍتِّيَِبِ َ ِتُِأَف ،ٌنْيَد
؟ٌنْيَد ِوْيَلَعَأ « : َلاَق ،ِناَراَنيِد ،ْمَعَ ن :اوُلاَق »
ْمُكِبِحاَص ىَلَع او لَص « »
َداَتَ ق وُبَأ َلاَقَ ف ِوْيَلَع ُالل ىَّلَص َِّللَّا ُلوُسَر ِوْيَلَع ىَّلَصَف :َلاَق ،َِّللَّا َلوُسَر َيَ َّيَلَع اَُهُ : يِراَصْنَْلأا َة
: َلاَق ،َمَّلَسَو ِوْيَلَع ُالل ىَّلَص َِّللَّا ِلوُسَر ىَلَع َُّللَّا َحَتَ ف اَّمَلَ ف ،َمَّلَسَو ْنِم ٍنِمْؤُم ِّلُكِب َلَْوَأ َنََأ «
ْفَ ن ِوِتَثَرَوِلَف ًلًاَم َكَرَ ت ْنَمَو ُهُؤاَضَق َّيَلَعَ ف اًنْ يَد َكَرَ ت ْنَمَف ،ِوِس
»
a. Abu> Da>wud
His fullname was Sulaima>n bin al-Asy’as\ bin Ish}a>q bin Bisyr Syadda>d bin
‘Amr bin ‘A<mir al-Sijista>ni> al-H{a>fiz}.190 He was well-known with his kunyah (agnomen), Abu> Da>wud. It is said that his grandfather was killed in the battle of Siffin. He was born in Sijistan in 202 AH191 and died in Bashrah in 275 AH. He had made intelectual journey to several places in order to study hadith. The places were Basrah, Bagdad, Khurasan, Sham, Egypt, Hejaz, etc.
Number of his teachers shows his spirit in learning hadith. He was such a prolific writer. He left many fundamental works in hadith especially.
He studied hadith with Abu> ‘Abdulla>h Ah}mad bin Muh}ammad bin Hanbal who wrote Musnad Ah}mad bin H{anbal, Muslim bin Ibra>hi>m, Sulaima>n bin Ibra>hi>m al-Dimasyqi>, Muh}ammad bin al-Mutawakkil etc. While his students were al-Tirmiz\i>, ‘Ali> bin Abd al-S{ama>d al-Taya>lisi>, Muh}ammad bin ‘Abdul
190 Abu> Bakr Ah}mad bin ‘Ali> bin S|a>bit bin Ah}mad bin Mahdi> al-Khat}i>b al-Bagda>di>, furtherly written as al-Khat}i>b al-Bagda>di>, Ta>rikh Bagda>d, juz 10 (Beirut: Da>r al-Garb Isla>mi>, 2002), p. 75.
191 al-Khat}i>b al-Bagda>di>, Ta>rikh Bagda>d, juz 10, p. 75.
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Kari>m al-Ra>zi> (Nephew of Abu> Zar’ah), al-H{usain bin Idri>s al-Ans}a>ri> dan Zakariyya bin Yah}ya> al-Sa>ji>.192
Some of Abu> Da>wud’s works are:193 1) Al-Suna>n
2) Al-Mara>sil 3) Al-Qadr
4) Al-Na>sikh wa al-Mansu>kh 5) Fad}a>il al-Amal
6) Al-Zuhud
7) Dala>il al-Nubuwwah 8) Ibtida> al-Wah}yi>
9) Akhba>r al-Khawa>rij
His most monumental work was ‚al-Sunan‛ which is on third chart in canonical books compilation rank. He himself said ‚I had written 500,000 hadiths, then chose 4,800 hadiths to be placed in this Sunan. A d}a’i>f hadith is explained at the end. An unexplained one is acceptable.‛
Abu> Da>wud was a scholar in various fields. Ah}mad bin Muh}ammad al- Harawi> said, ‚Abu> Da>wud is a h}a>fiz} (good in memorizing) of the hadith and also a geniunely religious one.‛194 Musa bin Ha>ru>n al-H{a>fiz} berkata ‚Abu>
Da>wud was born to this world for hadith and for the paradise in hereafter.‛
Al-H{a>kim Said, ‚Abu> Da>wud was a best incredible muh}addis\ in his era.‛
192 Abu> al-Qa>sim ‘Ali> bin al-H{asan bin Hibatilla>h Ibnu Asa>kir, Ta>rikh Dimasyqi, juz 22 (Beirut: Da>r al-Fikr li al-T{aba>’ah wa al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzi>’, 1995), p. 191.
193 A. Faqihuddin, ‚Berkenalan dengan Imam Abu Dawud dan Sunannya‛ al-Risalah, vol. 4 no. 2 (June 2014), p. 52.
194 Abu> Bakr Ah}mad bin ‘Ali> bin S|a>bit bin Ah}mad bin Mahdi> al-Khat}i>b al-Bagda>di>, furtherly written as al-Khat}i>b al-Bagda>di>, Ta>rikh bi Bagda>d wa Z|uyu>lih, juz 9 (Beirut: Da>r al- Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1417 AH), p. 56.
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Ish}a>q bin Ibra>him also said ‚Noone is able to resembles him (his incredibility) in Damascus.‛195
b. Muh}ammad bin al-Mutawakkil
Muh}ammad bin al-Mutawakkil bin ‘Abdurrah}man bin H{assa>n al-Qurasyi> al- Ha>syimi> al-‘Asqala>ni>,196 known as Ibnu Abi> al-Sari>197, brother of Abu> al- H{usain bin Abi> al-Sa>ri>, maula> (client) of Bani> Ha>syim. He died in 238 AH in Basrah. His teachers were Isma>i>l bin ‘Abd al-Kari>m al-S{an’a>ni>, Risydi>n bin Sa’d al-Mis}ri>, ‘Abdulla>h bin Wahb, ‘Abdurrazzaq bin Hamma>m and Yah}ya>
bin Sa’i>d al-H{amas}i>. His students were Abu> Da>wud, Ibra>hi>m bin al-Hus\aim al-Baladi>, and Abu> H{a>tim al-Ra>zi>.198
Al-Ra>zi> (d. 327 AH) said that he was layyin al-h}adi>s\ (lenient in hadith).199 Yah}ya> bin Ma’i>n (d. 233 AH) found him s\iqah (trustworthy). On another hand, Al-Z|ahabi> (d. 748 AH) found him s}adu>q (truthful).200 Ibnu ‘Adi>
considered him kas\i>r al-galat} (made many mistake).201 In al-Mu’jam al-S{agi>r li Ruwa>t Ibnu Jari>r al-T{abari>, he was indicated s}adu>q and had many faults in transmitting hadith.202 Due to the year of passing away, the writer considers the rating of Yah}ya> bin Ma’i>n. They both lived in a same era.
195 Muh}ammad bin ‘Abdul Ga>ni> bin Abi> Bakr bin Syuja>’ al-H{anbali> al-Bagda>di>, Taqyi>d li Ma’rifah Ruwa>t al-Sunan wa al-Masa>nid (Beirut: Da>r al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1988), p. 279.
196 Yu>suf bin ‘Abdirrah}man bin Yu>suf Abu> al-H{ajja>j Jama>l al-Di>n bin al-Zaki> Abu>
Muh}ammad al-Qad}a>i al-Kalabi> al-Mizzi>, futherly written as al-Mizzi>, Tahz\i>b al-Kama>l fi Asma>’
al-Rija>l, juz 26 (Beirut: Muassasah al-Risa>lah, 1980), p. 355.
197 Abu> Muh}ammad ‘Abdurrah}man bin Muh}ammad bin Idri>s bin al-Munz\ir al-Tami>mi>
al-H{anz}ali> al-Ra>zi> Ibnu Abi> H{a>tim, furtherly written as Ibnu Abi> H{a>tim, al-Jarh} wa al-Ta’di>l, juz 8 (Beirut: Da>r Ih}ya> al-Turas\ al-‘Arabi>, 1852), p. 105.
198 Al-Mizzi>, Tahz\i>b al-Kama>l fi Asma>’ al-Rija>l, juz 26, p. 355.
199 Jama>l al-Di>n Abu> al-Faraj ‘Abdurrah}man bin ‘Ali> bin Muh}ammad al-Jauzi>, al-D{u’afa>’
wa al-Matru>ki>n, juz 3 (Beirut: Da>r al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1406), p. 95.
200 Syams al-Di>n Abu> ‘Abdulla>h bin Ah}mad bin ‘Us\ma>n bin Qaima>s al-Z|ahabi>, al-Mugni>
fi al-D{u’afa>’ juz 2 (Doha: Ida>rah Ih}ya> al-Turas\ al-Isla>mi>, n.y.), p. 628.
201 Syams al-Di>n Abu> ‘Abdilla>h Muh}ammad bin Ah}mad bin ‘Us\ma>n bin Qaima>z al- Z|ahabi>, furtherly written as al-Z|ahabi>, Mi>za>n al-I’tida>l fi Naqd al-Rija>l, juz 4 (Beirut: Da>r al- Ma’rifah li T{aba>’ah wa al-Nasyr, 1963), p. 23.
202 Akram bin Muh}ammad Ziya>dah al-Fa>lu>ji> al-As\ri>, al-Mu’jam al-S{agi>r li Ruwa>t Ibnu Jari>r al-T{abari>, juz 2 (Cairo: al-Da>r al-As\riyyah, n.y.), p. 527.
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c. ‘Abdurrazza>q bin Hamma>m
His fullname was ‘Abdul Razza>q bin Hamma>m bin Na>fi’ al-H{imyari> Maula>
of them, al-Yama>ni>. Abu> Bakr al-S}an’a>ni>. He was born in 126 AH and died in mid-syawwa>l 211 AH.203 He transmitted hadith from Ibra>hi>m bin ‘Umar bin Kaisa>n al-S}an’a>ni>, Al-Hajja>j bin Art}a>h, Ma’mar bin Ra>syid (study mate for seven years and he attended Ma’mar’s funeral204), His uncle, Wahab bin Na>fi’ and many others. He transmitted hadith to Ah{mad bin Muh{ammad bin H{anbal, Ibra>hi>m bin ‘Abba>d al-Badri>, Ah{mad bin Sa’i>d al-Riba>t}i>, Bisyr bin al-Sari>, Muh}ammad bin Ra>fi’, Yah{ya> bin Ja’far al-Bi>kandi>, ‘Ali> bin al- Madi>ni>, Muh}ammad bin al-Mutawakkil and others205
Yah{ya> bin Ma’i>n told that Abdul Razzaq was one of al-S|auri>’s companion.
Ahmad bin Hanbal preferred hadith narrated by ‘Abdul Razzaq from Ma’mar than Basrah people because he memorized hadith from Ma’mar. He was more s\iqah (s\abat) than Muh{ammad bin Bakr. ‘Ubaidullah bin Mu>sa> rejected his hadith due to Tasyayyu’. Ya’qu>b bin Syaibah found him S|iqah, S|abat.
Abu> Ah{mad bin ‘Ali> stated ‚Abdul Razzaq considerably transmitted hadith.
He had made journeys to numerous s\iqah ra>wi>, and they also listened to his.
His hadith is acceptable, except relating to Tasyayyu’‛206. Ibnu H{ibba>n said that he was a Mus}annif (author), s\iqah, H{a>fiz} (memorizer), but he faulted in transmitting hadith relating to Tasyayyu’207. Al-‘Ajali> also admitted his
203 Abu> ‘Abdilla>h Muh}ammad bin Sa’d bin Mani>’ al-Ha>syimi> al-Bas}ri> al-Bagda>di>, furtherly written as Ibnu Sa’d, al-T{abaqa>t al-Kubra>, juz 5 (Beirut: Da>r S{a>dir, 1968), p. 548.
204 ‘Ala> al-Di>n Muglat{a>y bin Qulaij bin ‘Abdulla>h al-Mis}ri> al-Hikari> al-H{anafi>, Ikma>l Tahz\i>b al-Kama>l fi Asma>’ al-Rija>l, juz 11 (Cairo: al-Fa>ru>q al-H{adi>s\ li al-T{aba’ah wa al-Nasyr, 2001), p. 300.
205 al-Mizzi>, Tahz|i>b al-Kama>l fi> asma>i al-Rija>l, Juz 18, p. 52.
206 A circumtance a person is allegedly Shia.
207 Muh}ammad bin H{ibba>n bin Ah{mad bin H{ibba>n bin Mu’a>z} bin Ma’bad al-Tami>mi>
Abu> H{a>tim al-Da>rimi>, furtherly written as Ibnu H{ibba>n, al-S|iqa>t, Juz 8 (H{aidar: Da>irah al Ma’a>rif al-Us|ma>ni>, 1973), p. 412.
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trustworthy.208 Ibra>hi>m bin ‘Abba>d al-Daburi> said that Abdul Razzaq memorized 1017 hadith. Muh}ammad bin ‘Us\ma>n al-S|aqafi> said ‚In the name Allah. He was a kaz\z\a>b (liar).209 In Ta>ri>kh Irbil (The History of Erbil) book, Ibnu al-Mustaufi> said that he was s\iqah because his riwa>yah210 was written in S}ah}i>h} books, and al-Z|ahabi> wrote his biography in Taz\kirah Book.211 He lived in Basrah in his old age.212
d. Ma’mar bin Ra>syid
Ma’mar bin Ra>syid al-Azdi> al-H{udda>ni> Abu> ‘Urwah Ibnu Abi> ‘Amr al-Bas|ri>
Maula> ‘Abd al-Sala>m bin ‘Abd al-Quddu>s.213 He was born arround 95 AH.214 He lived in Sanaah and married there. He died in Ramadhan 152/153 AH.
Jama’ah215 narrated his hadith.
Some of his teachers were Aba>n bin Abi> ‘Abba>d, ‘Abdulla>h bin Muslim bin Syiha>b, Muh{ammad bin Muslim bin Syiha>b al-Zuhri>, Ibra>hi>m bin Maisarah, and Muh}ammad bin Munkadir. His students were Aba>n bin Yazi>d (his close friend), ‘Abdulla>h bin Muba>rak, ‘Abdul Razza>q bin Hamma>m, ‘Abdul A’la>
bin ‘Abdul A’la>, ‘Abdul Maji>d bin ‘Abdul Maji>d, ‘I<sa> bin Yu>nus and many others.216
208 Abu> al-Fad}l Ah{mad bin ‘Ali> bin Muh{ammad bin Ah{mad bin H{ajar al-‘As\qala>ni, furtherly written as Ibnu H{ajar al-‘As\qala>ni, Tahz}i>b al-Tahz}i>b, Juz 6 (Beirut: Muassasah al- Risa>lah, 1996), p. 277.
209 Abu> Ah}mad bin ‘Adi> al-Jurja>ni>, al-Ka>mil fi D{u’afa> al-Rija>l, juz 6 (Beirut: al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1997), p. 538.
210 Hadith Transmission.
211 Al-Muba>rak bin Ah}mad bin al-Muba>rak bin Mauhu>b al-Lakhami> al-Irbili>, Ta>ri>kh Irbil, juz 2 (Iraq: Wiza>rah al-S|aqa>fah wa al-I’la>m, 1980), p. 136.
212 Abu> al-‘Abba>s Syams al-Di>n Ah}mad bin Muh}ammad bin Ibra>hi>m Abi> Bakr bin Khalka>n al-Barkami> al-Irbili>, Wafiya>t al-A’ya>n wa Anba>’ al-Zama>n, juz 3 (Beirut: Da>r S{a>dir, 1994), p. 216.
213 Ibnu H{ajar al-‘As\qala>ni, Tahz}i>b al-Tahz}i>b, Juz 10, p. 243.
214 Fa>ru>q bin Mah}mu>d bin H{asan H{amma>d, A’la>m al-Si>rah al-Nabawiyyah fi> al-Qurun al-S|a>ni> li al-Hijrah (Medina: Majmu’ al-Mulk Fahd li al-T{aba>’ah al-Mus}h}af al-Syari>f, n.y.), p. 32.
215 Author of kutub al-Sittah
216 al-Mizzi>, Tahz|i>b al-Kama>l fi> asma>i al-Rija>l, Juz 28, p. 303.