4.1 Findings
4.1.1 Analysis of Mood Types in Jokowi’s Speech
4.1.1.2 Imperative Mood
helps to keep the interaction between the speaker and the audiences. In Jokowi’s speech, the researcher found one of interrogative mood, that is:
(i) Echelon I echelon II, echelon III, echelon IV – isn’t that too many?
Echelon I echelon II, echelon III, echelon IV
isn’t that too many?
C F(neg) P S Adj
Residue Mood
Like declarative mood, interrogative mood may either positive or negative. In the example above the interrogative clause is in the negative form. The speaker demands information from the audience by asking the audience with the type of yes or no question. The speaker asks to the audience whether they agree or not with the speaker’s opinion. In order hand, interrogative clause used by the speaker to maintain the relationship with the audiences.
(ii) At this historic opportunity, allow me in behalf of myself, Vice President KH Ma’ruf Amin and all of the Indonesian people to express the highest gratitude and appreciation for Bapak Muhammad Jusuf Kalla.
At this historic opportunity,
allow me
in behalf of myself, Vice President KH Ma’ruf Amin and all of the Indonesian people
to express
the highest gratitude and appreciation for Bapak Muhammad Jusuf Kalla
Cir. Adj S Adj P C
Mood Residue
Let me and allow me in the example above express a command. The first example the speaker command himself to tell a story to the audiences or listeners about his experience in the last year to give an example to the audiences about monotone routine. Jokowi used this example to describe about something that should not to do. While in the second example the speaker command himself to express his gratitude toward Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, who has helped him during five years ago as Vice President of Republic Indonesia.
From the finding above, the researcher found that there are 95 totals of clauses in Jokowi’s speech, the dominant clause used is declarative clause with the total frequency are 92 times. Since the purpose of speech is to persuade or exchange audience’s point of view and to show or express speaker’s point of view, Jokowi’s inauguration speech is totally successful, which his speech provides information as much as possible to the audiences, recalling about his presidential election campaign and expressing his gratitude. The imperative clause also plays an
important role in the speech, since it can attract the audience to follow the speaker's instructions.
4.1.1.2.1 Mood Element
In order to identify the type of mood, the speech should be broken down into clauses. Mood element consists of Subject and Finite. While the Residue element consists of Predicator, Complement and Adjuncts. The clause will be analyzed through the system mood and residue. Therefore, these subfindings provide an explanation about the analysis of Mood and residue structure. There will be two subfindings in this analysis. The first subfinding is about mood element and the second subfinding is other elements of mood structure (Residue).
First analysis is about Mood, Mood consists of two components which are Subject and Finite. While residue consists of predicator, complement and adjunct. Below are the examples of data analysis of the clause.
4.1.1.2.1.1 Subject
Here some examples of Subject found in Jokowi’s speech:
(i) Indonesia will have become an advanced country with an annual income of Rp 320 million per capita or a monthly income of Rp 27 million per capita.
Indonesia will have become
an advanced country
with an annual income of Rp 320 million per capita or a monthly income of Rp 27 million per capita.
S F; mod P C Adj
Mood Residue
From the clause above, “Indonesia” as the subject, while “will” as finite.
“Indonesia” in the clause indicates as the concern of the message. “Indonesia” refers to the republic of Indonesia or Indonesia country. In this example the speaker expresses his idea about one of the targets of Indonesia by 2045 which Indonesia will have annual income of Rp 320 million percapita.
(ii) Our dream is that by 2045, Indonesia’s gross domestic product will have reached US$7 trillion.
Our dream
is that by 2045, Indonesia’s gross domestic product will have reached US$7 trillion.
S F Conj. Adj Adj C
Mood Residue
The subject in the clause above is “Our dream”. “Our dream” refers to all of Indonesian people including the speaker. Which “our” is possessive pronoun for first person plural. While “dream” categorized in the group of nouns. “Our dream”
in this clause shows about the speaker’s dream and Indonesian people’s dream, as the focus message in the clause.
(iii)Ladies and gentlemen, and all the people of Indonesia that I am proud of.
Ladies and gentlemen, and all the people of Indonesia
that I am proud of,
C Conj. Adj S F P Adj
Residue Mood Residue
The subject in this clause is “I”. “I” in this example refers to the speaker. “I” shows as the doer of the action. If we look again at the example, there are more than one subject in the clause such “Ladies and gentlemen”, “all people”, and “I”. All of them including as nominal group. However, the doer of the action in this clause is
“I”, so “I” considered as a subject. “I” in the clause functions a someone who hold the responsibility of the success and the failure of the proposition.
4.1.1.2.1.2 Finite
Finite is one of a small number of verbal operators expressing tense or time of speaking which in grammatical terms called as primary tense, or modality. The researcher found that Jokowi’s used both finite temporal operators and modal operators. However, the finite temporal operator particularly simple present tense mostly adopted by Jokowi with total occurrence 41 times.
4.1.1.2.1.2.1 Primary Tense
Primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of speaking. It indicates the different times which action taking place. Here some examples of data of finite expressed the time of speaking:
(i) I invited officials and the public for a halal bi halal [post-Idul Fitri gathering]. (Past tense)
I invited officials and the public for a halal bi halal [post-Idul Fitri gathering].
S F P C Adj
Mood Residue
The finite from the example above is “invited”. This example indicates the simple paste tense. To know whether “invited” is the finite or not, we can split the finite from the predicator. So, after the split process, the finite and the predicator found.
It is “invite” + “did”. The finite “did” shows about the action that happened in the past time or time before now. Azar (1992) argues that the simple past tense is used for actions that happen at a moment in a period of time now terminated.
(ii) It turns out that the people have not felt the results. (Present tense)
It turns Out that the people have not felt
the result.
S F P Adj Conj. Adj C
Mood Residue Residue
The finite in this clause is “turns”. To identify whether “turns” is the finite of the clause or not, we can use question tag in the end of the clause. “It turns out that the people have not felt the results, doesn’t it?”
From the tag test, the subject and the finite are found. “It” as the subject and “does”
as the finite. “Does” as the finite because this word appears as the element that get picked up by the verbal group. “Does” as the finite because the researcher split the
verbal operator from the predicator, since the finite elements sometimes get fused with another element, known as predicator, which “turns” is from “does” + “turn”.
And this finite shows the simple present tense. Azar (1992) stated simple present tense used to describe habitual action or those, which take place fairly regularly, expressed universal truth-facts and used to refer to actions or states, which are true at the present moment. “Turns out” here indicates about the idea that is true. What the speaker said is about the real condition at the moment of speaking.
(iii)Second, we will continue infrastructure (Future tense).
Second We Will continue infrastructure construction
S F; mod P C
Mood Residue
The finite from this clause is “will”. “Will” in this clause indicates simple future tense. Azar (1992) stated that simple future tense is used to express future time. It is expressed with the use of ‘shall’ and ‘will’. As show in the example above, the future tense realized by modal “will”. The speaker tells about something to do in the future. The speaker shows his firm determination to continue infrastructure.
4.1.1.2.1.2.2 Modality
Here are some examples of Modality found in Jokowi’s speech:
(i) Innovation should become a culture.
Innovation should become a culture
S F; mod P C
Mood Residue
The finite of this clause is “should”. Finite besides expressing tense also expressing modality. “Should” in the clause is modal finite which can be analyze as expression of obligation. The modality shows about something supposed to do by the hearers.
(ii) First, the development of human resource will be our main priority, building a workforce that is hard-working, dynamic, skilled with a mastery in science and technology, [as well as] inviting global talents to work together with us.
First the
development of human resource
will be our main priority, building a workforce that is hard-working, dynamic, skilled with a mastery in science and technology, [as well as] inviting global talents to work together with us.
S F; mod P C
Mood Residue
The finite is to show tense and modality. The finite modal operator in this clause is
“will”. The modality of the modal finite “will” could be analyzed as expression of probability with some impression of futurity. This modality shows probability of the proposition from the speaker’s opinion. The speaker tells to the audience what will be focused and did by the government. The speaker clearly shows his idea about the development of human resource. This first point will be done in the next five years in order to get out from the middle-income trap.
(iii)This cannot be achieved with old methods.
This cannot be achieved with old methods.
S F; mod (neg) P C
Mood Residue
The finite in this clause is “cannot”. However, “Cannot” is finite verbal operator expressing modality with negative polarity. “Cannot” show about the certainty of the proposition from the speaker’s opinion. The speaker asserts that all of the target only can be achieved by the new methods. Therefore, Jokowi’s used the finite
“cannot” to convince and exchange the audiences’ point of view.
(iv) New methods must be developed.
New methods must be developed
S F; mod P
Mood Residue
From the example above, the finite is “must”. “Must” indicates the obligation from the speaker opinion. The modal finite “must” in the clause required something to do in the future.
(v) We have to transform from dependence on natural resources to a competitive and modern manufacturing and service-based economy that has high added value for the prosperity of the nation and social justice for all the Indonesian people.
We have to transform from dependence on natural resources to a competitive and modern manufacturing and service-based economy
that has high added value for the prosperity of the nation and social justice for all the Indonesian people
S F; mod P C Adj
Mood Residue
The finite from the clause above is “have to”. “Have to” in the clause indicates an obligation. The speaker used “have to” to constrain the listener or the audience to do something in the future.
4.1.1.2.2 Other Elements of Mood Structure
The Residue consists of functional elements of three kinds: Predicator, Complement and Adjunct.
4.1.1.2.2.1 Predicator
The examples data found are presented as follow:
(i) We have counted.
We have Counted
S F P
Mood Residue
In the example above, the predicator can be identified easily. In this clause the predicator is “counted”. The predicator “counted” as the part of verbal group and could be seen clearly since the position of this word after the single finite element
“have”. The predicator “counted” functions as verb, which specifies the time of speaking. This verb shows an action that happened in the past time or before now.
(ii) Let me tell a story.
Let me tell a story.
S P C
Mood Residue
In this clause, the verbal group from the finite only need to be split, and the predicator will be appeared. From the clause above, the predicator is “tell”, which show the process actually going on. it comes from the split process of “tell” become
“do” + “tell”, and do here as finite.
(iii)The protocol officers asked me to stand at a certain spot, and that first year I complied.
The protocol officers
askled me to stand at a certain spot, and that first year I complied.
S F P C Adj
Mood Residue
In the clause above, the verbal group from the finite need to be split in order to find the predicator. In this clause, the predicator is “ask”. The word “ask” tell what process actually going on, which is the action happen at a moment before now. The predicator “ask” comes from the split process of “asked” becomes “did” + “ask”, while “did” as the finite.
4.1.1.2.2.2 Complement
A Complement is an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject but is not, and it’s typically realized by nominal group. For examples are:
(i) Ladies and gentlemen, and all the people of Indonesia that I am proud of.
Ladies and gentlemen, and all the people of Indonesia
that I am proud of,
C Conj. Adj S F P Adj
Mood Residue
In the clause above, the complement is “Ladies and gentlemen, and all the people of Indonesia”. Even though “Ladies and gentlemen and all the people of Indonesia”
is group of nouns, it has potential being subject but is not and could not be identified as subject. Hence, the rest of nominal group that has potential being subject but is not, they function as complement.
(ii) This is a big challenge and also a great opportunity.
This is a big challenge and also a great opportunity
S F P C
Mood Residue
From the clause above, the complement is “a big challenge and also a great opportunity”. This phrase is including in the noun phrase, therefore “a big challenge and also a great opportunity indicates a complement.
(iii)This could be a big problem
This could be a big problem
S F; mod P C
Mood Residue
The complement from the clause above can be identified easily. The phrase “a big problem” identified as a complement since it functions as the nub of the argument.
“A big problem” in the clause has potential being subject but actually not.
(iv) If we cannot provide jobs.
If we cannot provide Jobs
Conj. Adj S F; mod(neg) P C
Mood Residue
From the example above, apparently there are two subject candidates in the clause, they are “we” and “jobs”. However, there can be only one subject in this clause and one another is complement. “We” in the clause functions as subject since it’s indicates the nub of proposition. Therefore, “jobs” in the clause identified as complement. The noun “jobs” in the clause has potential being subject but not.
4.1.1.2.2.3 Adjunct
An Adjunct is an element that has not got the potential of being Subject. An Adjunct is typically realized by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. Some examples found in Jokowi’s speech are:
(i) Indonesia will have become one of the top five world economies with a poverty rate nearing zero percent.
Indonesia will have become one of the top five world economies
with a poverty rate nearing zero percent.
S F; mod P C Adj
Mood Residue
From the clause above, “with a poverty rate nearing zero percent” identified as adjunct. The adjunct expressed by the adverbial phrase, especially adverb of manner which clearly shows by the preposition “with”.
(ii) And we have calculated.
And we have Calculated
Conj. Adj S F P
Mood Residue
The adjunct from the clause above is “and”. The word “and” identified as adjunct especially conjunctive adjunct, since it functions to provide linking relations between one clause to another. The position of conjunctive adjuncts in the box doesn’t belong to either mood or residue element.
(iii)It must be coupled with productive work from our nation.
It must be coupled with productive
work
from our
nation
S F P C Adj
Mood Residue
From the example above, “from our nation” can be analyze as adjunct. “From our nation” in the clause is refer to the prepositional phrase, which signify marks by the preposition “from”.
(iv) We should not get stuck in a monotone routine.
We should not get stuck in a monotone routine
S F; mod (neg) P C Adj
Mood Residue
From the example above, the adjunct in the clause is “in a monotone routine”. This phrase refers to the adverbial phrase, especially adverb of manner, which
“monotone routine” show an action that to do more and more or repeatedly and then become a habit.
(v) Cooperation with industry must also be optimized, as well as the use of technology to make it easier to reach all corners of the country.
Cooperation with industry must Also be optimized
S F; mod Conj. Adj P
Mood Residue
From the clause above, “also” is analyzed as adjunct. It is including in the part of conjunctive adjunct. The word “also” refers to adverbial group which means “and”.
In this clause the speaker tell about the action should be done by the government.
Jokowi said that to build the dynamic human resources and mastering science and technology, we need large endowment fund and also optimize cooperation with industry. So, the dynamic human resources can be developed.
From the analysis above, Jokowi try to make better speech by implemented the constituent of mood structure and the residue. He tries to make a good speech by follow the rules, how to build the mood in correct way. Mood structure come up from subject and finite. While other mood structure is called as residue which consists of predicator, complement and adjunct. The predicator can be modality or primary tense. The complement realized by the nominal group. while adjunct realized by adverbial group. And then the mood structure and residue will create the speech function, whether it is giving an information or demanding good and service.