E. Data Collection Technique
1. Interviews
Interview is a conversation between two people (The interviewer and interviewee) where questions asked by the interviewer to obtain information from interview. This research used interview to get the data from the teacher about the difficulties faced by the students.77 Here an interview is given to teacher.
In table 3.1, the interview analyses the students’ difficulties in writing narrative text, such as, grammar, vocabulary, handwriting, spelling, puntuation and layout
Table 3.1
TheَّStudents’َّDifficultiesَّinَّWritingَّNarrativeَّText No Source Indicators Sub-
Indicators
Points Questions 1. Jeremy
Harmer 2001
Identify difficulties in wriitng
a. Misuse of tense
Appropriate verbs and tenses
Do your students have difficulty in using the appropriate verbs and
76 Walliman, Research Method (London and New York: Routledge, 2011). p. 69.
77 Adhabi & Anozie., Literature Review for the Type of Interview in Qualitatif, 3.
47 No Source Indicators Sub-
Indicators
Points Questions Narrative Text
in Grammar
tenses when writing narrative text?
Brandon Royal,201 0
b. Subject verb agreement
Determine subject and verb
Do your students have difficulty in determining subject and verb in writing narrative text?
Distinguishi ng between singular and plural
Do your students have
difficulty in
distinguishing between singular and plural word form?
c. Article Determine the use of a/an
Do your students have difficulty in determining the use of a/an and the (article) in writing narrative text?
John Algeo,201 0
d. Word order
Determine, a phrase, clause or sentence
Do your students have difficulty in determining the right word order like a phrase, clause, or sentence in writing narrative text?
Amy Benjamin and Joan Berger,20 10
e.
Identifyin g sentence patterns
Patern sentence S+action verb
Do your students have difficulty in making complete sentences like S+action verb when writing narrative text?
Melony Jacobs,201 9
f. Types of sentence
Varying sentences such as compound, complex, compoun- complex sentence
Do your students have difficulty in varying sentences such as compound, complex sentence in writing narrative text?
2 Jeremy Harmer,20 01
The students are able to use the
appropriate
Enrich vocabulary in wriitng
Do your students have enough vocabulary to enrich in writing narrative text?
48 No Source Indicators Sub-
Indicators
Points Questions
Vocabulary Distinguish
synonyms and antonyms
Are your students able to distinguish synonyms and antonyms?
3 Diane Montgome ry,2007
The students are able to use the
appropriate Handwriting
Missing space, incorrectly written letters, letter style
Do your students have difficulties in create write such as missing space, incorrectly written letters, letter style?
4 Melony Jacobs,201 9
The students are able in using the correct
spelling,
a.Word spelling
Writing the correct spelling
Do your students have difficulty in writing the correct spelling when writing narrative text?
b.
Confusing sound and letter
Confuse what word and its spelling
Are your students often confused what word and its spelling can be used in writing narrative text?
5 Jeremy Harmer,20 01
The students are able in choosing the correct
punctuation and layout
a.Misuse of capitaliza tion
Using upper and
lowercase letters
Do your students have difficulty in using upper and lowercase letters when writing narrative text?
b. Misuse of full stop
Placing a period (.)
Do your students have difficulty in placing a period (.) when writing narrative text?
c. Misuse of commas
Placing comma (,)
Do your students have difficulty in placing comma (,) when writing narrative text?
49
In table 3.2, the interview analyses the cause of students’ difficulties in writing narrative text, such as, nature of writing, lack learner’s motivation, inadequate time, lack of pratie, teachers’ feedback.
Table 3.2
The Causes of Students Difficulties in Writing Narrative Text No Source Indicator Sub-Indicator Questions 1. Donn Bryne,
1988.
a.Nature of writing
lack of knowledge in writing
Does lack of knowledge in writing make it difficult for students to write narrative text?
Clark, 1977 Psycological process Can your
students explore their thoughts in writing narrative texts?
Kridalaksana,1986 Linguistic process In the linguistic process, can your students improve their writing
creativity into Narrative texts?
Pahliwandari,2007 Cognitive process In the process of cognitive
interaction with environment,
can your
students
improve their writing into Narrative text?
2 Devis Lawe, 1998 b. Lack learners’
motivation
Motivation in teaching and learning process
Do you often provide
motivation in teaching and learning process of narrative text?
50
Frequent writing assignments make students interested and motivated
Does the
frequent writing assignments make students interested and motivated in the quality of their writing?
Motivated to be more creative in writing
Can students be motivated to be more creative in writing by providing
several
evaluations of changes in writing?
3 T. Hedge 1998 c.
Inadequate time
Complete the task whitin the time given
Can your
students
complete the task of writing narrative text whitin the time given?
Write in good quality
Can students write in good quality with the specified time?
Creative in the writing process
Can students be creative in the writing process
with the
specified time?
Put their ideas into their writing
Can students put their ideas into their writing with the allotted time?
M.F Patel and M.
Jain Praven, 1998.
d. Lack of practice
Writing practice improves writing quality
Does lack of practice affect students’
difficulties in writing narrative text?
51
Do your students need a lot of writing practice to improve the quality of their writing?
Donn Bryne, 1988.
e.Teachers’
Feedback
Overcome students’
difficulties
What do you do to overcome students’
difficulties in writing narrative text?
Teacher improve their writing
The teacher as an influence for students in writing, what should you as a teacher do to improve your students’
writing?
Teacher supports and corrects students
What do you do to support and correct students to overcome mistakes?
In table 3.3, the interview analyses how the teacher overcomes difficulties in writing narrative text, Khasawneh, such as, teacher improving writing, motivate to learn, students’ put the idea and more active to reads.
Table 3.3
Overcoming Difficulties in Writing Narrative Text
No Indicators Sub-Indicators Questions
1. Teacher improving Writing Improve the students’ writing
How do you improve the students’ to overcome difficulties in Writing?
52
What do you do to reduce grammatical errors?
2 Motivate to learn Students’
motivation
Do students need motivation to overcome difficulties in writing narrative text?
3 Students’ put the idea Methods used What methods are used by the teacher to increase students’
creativity?
More active to Reads Teacher improve vocabulary
mastery
How does the teacher improve vocabulary mastery for the students’?
In table 3.4, the interview for students analyses how to overcome difficulties in writing narrative text based on Khasawne, such as: teacher improving writing, motivate to learn, students’ put the idea and more active to reads.
Table 3.4
Interview for Students to Know How to Overcome Difficulties in Writing Narrative Text
No Indicators Questions
1. Teacher improves Writing How does the teacher improve the students’ writing?
2 Grammatical Error Can grammatical correction
from the teacher improve your knowledge skills?
3 Multiplying Reading With multiplying Reading Can increase your vocabulary capabilities?
4 Idea of Students What strategies are the teacher used to increase students’
creativity?
53
No Indicators Questions
5 Prctice Writing Do you often practice writig
Narrarive text?