Approach to A Journal Article
B. Systematic Approach to The Article Sections
5. A second reading may be necessary It is not unusual to have to read an article twice
to understand its message. Often there is so much information presented that it cannot all be absorbed in one pass. Even experienced scientists need to read articles slowly, carefully, and repeatedly so do not expect yourself to breeze through them! After you have a good feel for the article's results, go back and re-read the introduction, and finally, go back and read the general discussion to see how the author interprets his or her data.
Conclusion
The purpose of research is to find and create new knowledge. Scholarly journals and the peer-reviewed articles in them are how that knowledge is shared with others. Medicine is ever expanding knowledge, countless new journal articles are being published every year, all year round. One should have the ability to discern which of them are credible and valid, since not all research articles published are excellent. Reading and appraising a scientific journal article can be considered a skill that takes time to master. The more journal articles reading one does using the systematic approach, the more adept one will become in systematically and critically appraise them.
References
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Illustration of Neurocognitive Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients at Dr Ramelan Naval Hospital
Olivia Mahardani Adam*
Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya Medicine Faculty
*Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that leads to AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a collection of symptoms caused by HIV that attacks the immune system, causing severe damage. HIV-1 or HIV-2 progressively destroys white blood cells called CD4 + lymphocytes. MMSE is used as a tool to detect the presence of cognitive impairment in individuals, evaluate the course of a disease associated with cognitive declination and to monitor the response to treatment is estimated neurocognitive complications occurred in 30% - 50% of all individuals infected with HIV-1.This is a descriptive study that was conducted at the Dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital Surabaya with study duration from May to December 2014. We enrolled 25 patients who met the study criteria with the distribution of 84% male and 16% female. In the data analysis was also found that 4% of the total normal samples with levels of CD4 < 200 cells / mm³, 28% of the total normal samples with levels of CD4 > 200 cells / mm³, 8% of the total sample experienced probable neurocognitive disorders with CD4 count < 200 cells / mm³, 44% of the total sample experienced probable neurocognitive disorders with CD4 count > 200 cells / mm³, 4% of the total sample experienced definite neurocognitive disorders with CD4 count < 200 cells / mm³, 21% of the total sample experienced definite neurocognitive disorders with a CD4 count > 200 cells / mm³. So it can be concluded that the increased prevalence of mild
neurocognitive impairment in HIV patients with CD4 lymphocyte numbers ≤ 200 cells / mm3 compared with the numbers of CD4 > 200 cells / mm3.
Keywords: neurocognitive function, patients with HIV
Background
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Furthermore, AIDS is a syndrome or a group of symptoms that is caused by HIV virus which attacks the immune systems or body’s defenses that causes severe damages (Fazidah, 2004).
Based on UNAIDS’ (United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS) data, 31.4-35.9 million people in the world population was infected by HIV by the end of the year 2011. Approximately 0.8%
adult (in a range of 15-49 years old) was infected by HIV, even though the epidemiology varies in
every country and region. Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst affected region in the world, with approximately 1 person in every 20(4.9%) adults was infected. The incidence of HIV infection in Indonesia has increased by more than 25% in the interval of 2001-2011 in the age group of 15-49 years old (UNAIDS, 2012).
According to Ditjen PPM & PL DEPKES RI, the statistic on HIV or AIDS cases in Indonesia cumulatively from 1st January 1987 to 31th March 2010 was 20564 people, in which 3936 of the people died (Ditjem PPM, 2010)
HIV infection can cause several neurological complications that involve peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. One of the neurocognitive disorder that is caused by HIV infection is HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND), in the form of HIV- Associated Dementia (HAD), Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (MND), and Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment (ANI) (Moreno, et al, 2011).
An article found that from 57 studies which examined neuropsychology (NP) function on asymptomatic phase, 32% reported an increasing NP impairment on HIV+ subject, 21% had vague results, and 42% didn’t find any significant differences between HIV + and HIV – group.
Neuropsychology examination has strong correlation with a tendency to find the differences between groups. Research with considerable amount of examination sequences (more than 14 test) have significantly greater tendency to find impairment in asymptomatic HIV + group (M Allen, 2008).
Methods
This research was conducted in Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital Surabaya from May until December 2014. The sample of this research was new HIV outpatient that is older than 17 years old. The sampling was taken according to the total numbers of the HIV patient. The analysis used in this research was univariate which described the laboratory examination of CD4 and neurocognitive MMSE
Results and Discussion 1. Sample Characteristics
Table 1. Sample characteristics based on gender
Gender Quantity %
Male 21 84
Female 4 16
Total 25 100
Table 2. Sample characteristics based on age (in years)
Age Group of Study
Sample Quantity %
17-27 14 56
27-37 7 28
37-47 4 16
47-57 0 0
Total 25 100
Table 3. Sample characteristics based on education level
Education Level Quantity %
Elementary 4 14
Junior High 4 14
Senior High 13 52
University 4 14
Total 25 100
Tabel 4. Characteristic of the sample’s sexual acts
Perilaku Jumlah %
No risk 1 4
Men with high risk 4 16
Sex worker 1 4
Homosexsual 13 52
Transsexual 6 24
Total 25 100