CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
B. Discussion 109
1. Types of Code Switching 109
The first type of code switching was intra-sentential switching. The collected data and data analysis that previously presented in the table 1, on page 28 were classified as intra-sentential switching because the shift was done in the middle of the sentence. It could be seen in the data number 1 to 56, the selected professions; Susi Pudjiastuti, Maudy Ayunda, Dr. Handry
Satriago, and Gaery Undarsa mostly inserted English words, dependent clauses, independent clauses, phrases in their utterances. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that intra-sentential switching was the type of code switching that occured within a sentence or inside of the sentence and this type has the same concept as code mixing. Further supported by Hammers and Michel (1982:260) stated that intra-sentential code switching happened within the clause boundary, including the word boundary. The speakers may inserted a single word, phrases or clauses from another language in their sentences. Holmes (2013:35) stated that the speaker was normally unaware of the change. The frequency of using intrasentential switching by those selected professions in talk shows showed 56 data consisted of 56 utterances. Intrasentential switching was the most type of code switching used by those selected professions. According to Holmes (2013:34) people who were fluent enough in two or more different languages would be mostly used intrasentential code switching because they have good control over the languages they were fluent in. They have an ability to find the appropriate words in another language if they happened to forget a word in their first language.
The second type of code switching was inter-sentential switching. The collected data and data analysis that previously presented in the table 2, page 67 were classified as inter-sentential switching because the switches occured between the sentence. It could be seen in the data number 57 to 81, the utterances spoken by those selected professions; Susi Pudjiastuti, Maudy
Ayunda, Dr. Handry Satriago, and Gaery Undarsa classified as inter- sentential switching because some of their utterances firstly spoken in Indonesian and then the next clause spoken in English. Those clauses from Indonesian and English could stand alone as a sentence and the meanings were still understandable. They also used English clauses or phrases without mixed it with any elements from Indonesian as their first language.
Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that clauses from two or more different languages spoken between sentences and they could stand alone as a sentence was called inter-sentential switching. One sentence spoken gramatically in one language and the other one in different one. The topic of conversation could be changed with a pause made by one of the speakers.
The frequency of using intersentential switching by those selected professions in talk shows showed 25 data consisted of 25 utterances.
The last type of code switching was emblematic switching. The collected data and data analysis that previously presented in the table 3, page 78 were classified as emblematic switching because the speakers, Maudy Ayunda and Handry Satriago used English interjection. The tone of the speakers’ voice a little bit increase when they pronounce the word.
There were only two of four selected professions used this type of code switching. They used interjection to express the feeling of happiness and surprises. It could be seen in the data number 81 to 84, the utterances spoken by Handry Satriago and Maudy Ayunda classified as emblematic switching. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that emblematic switching was also
called exclamation or interjection from another language that inserted in one language. It was a type of code switching where the language switch was located at the beginning or end of the sentence. The frequency of using emblematic switching by those selected professions in talk show videos showed 3 data consisted of 3 utterances. This type of code switching was the least type used by those selected professions.
2. Reasons of Using Code Switching
The first reason why those selected professions switched to English was because they mostly talked about particular topic. It could be seen from the collected data and data analysis that previously presented in the previous part, those selected professions occasionally expressed their feelings, showed their actions, their opinions about something in English and also inserted some English terms in their utterances. It could be seen from the data number 1 to 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, and 71 to 81. Hoffmann (1991:113) stated that talking about particular topic could make people switch their language, either the speaker’s statement in another language represent personal opinion, information, action or their feelings. The speaker occasionally felt comfortable in expressing their thoughts in another language. The speaker could also switch because of the lack of vocabulary in their first language. The frequency of those selected professions using this reason in their utterances showed 77 data consist of 77 utterances.
The second reason why those selected professions switched to English was because they quoted somebody else’s statement. It could be seen from
the data number 5, 13, 18, 27, 28, 32, 35, 40, 41, 48, 50 those selected professions quoted either someone’s statement or themselves. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that quoting somebody else’s was used to indicate that the speaker is using someone else's exact words. The statements could be from someone else or various famous figures in both orally or written form. The quotations could be formed in words, phrases, or sentences. All of those selected professions used this reason. The frequency of those selected professions using this reason in their utterances showed 11 data consisted of 11 utterances.
The third reason why those selected professions switched to English was because they were being emphatic about something. It could be seen from the data number 53, 60, 62 those selected professions Susi Pudjiastuti and Gaery Undarsa used English to emphasize their statements. Gaery Undarsa used English clause to emphasize the statement that he was going to state in Indonesian, while Susi Pudjiastuti switched to emphasize her answer to the interviewer’s questions. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that sometimes, people like to stress or emphasize something using another language in both orally or in written form. The speaker can make their point clear through emphasis. The frequency of those selected professions using this reason in their utterances showed 3 data consisted of 3 utterances.
The fourth reason why those selected professions switched to English was because they use interjection to express a strong sense of emotions. It could be seen in the data number 82, 83, 84 Maudy Ayunda and Handry
Satriago switched to English in order to express their feelings of happiness because they finally met to discuss something and Maudy switched to English to express her surprises on the interviewer’s question. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that people who have an ability use two or more different languages in communicating usually use interjection in another language in their speech. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally. The frequency of those selected professions using this reason in their utterances showed 3 data consisted of 3 utterances.
The fifth reason why those selected professions switched to English was because they used repetition in their speech. This reason only used by usi Pudjiastuti, Gaery undarsa, and Maudy Ayunda to re-clarified what they have been said in Indonesian. It could be seen from the data number 10, 43, 67, 68 they used repetition in their utterances. The first clause was spoken in Indonesian and then the next clause or word was spoken in English.
Semantically, these two clauses from two different languages had the same meaning. Hoffmann (1991:112) stated that when bilinguals want to clarify their speech so that it could be understood by the listeners, they usually repeated what they said in their first language and repeated it in different one. The frequency of those selected professions using this reason in their utterances showed 4 data consist of 4 utterances.
Based on the data finding and discussion about types of code switching and reasons of using code switching in the selected professions’ utterances above, it could be concluded that there were 84 data of types of code
switching found where 56 data of intrasentential, 25 data of intersentential and 3 data of emblematic switching. There were 10 data of intrasentential and 7 data of intersentential used by Susi Pudjiastuti. There were 15 data of intrasentential, 9 data of intersentential and 2 data of emblematic used by Maudy Ayunda. There were 14 data of intrasentential, 1 data of intersentential used by Gaery Undara. Meanwhile, 17 data of intrasentential, 8 data of intersentetial and 1 data of emblematic switching used by Handry Satriago.
There were also 5 reasons found why those selected professions used code switching. They were 77 data of talking about particular topic, 11 data of quoting somebody else, 3 data of being emphatic, 3 data of interjection, and 4 data of repetition. Susi Pudjiastuti used 15 data of talking about particular topic, 1 data of quoting somebody else, 2 data of being emphatic, and 1 data of repetition. Maudy Ayunda used 22 data of talking about particular topic, 2 data of quoting somebody else, 2 data of interjection and 2 data of repetition. Gaery Undarsa used 18 data of talking about particular topic, 2 data of quoting somebody else, and 1 data of repetition. Meanwhile, Handry Satriago used 25 data of talking about particular topic, 6 data of quoting somebody else, and 1 data of interjection. Intrasentential switching was the most type of code switching used and emblematic switching was the least type of code switching used. The most reason used was talking about particular topic and the least reasons used were being emphatic about something and interjection.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presented a conclusion and suggestion. The writer concluded the finding of this study that have been conducted and the writer gave suggestion for the further researchers in the same field.
A. Conclusion
The selected professions; Maudy Ayunda as an Indonesian public figure as well as a motivator, Susi Pudjiastuti as the former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Gaery Undarsa as the Co-Funder of Tiket.com platform, and Dr. Handry Satriago as the CEO of General Electric Indonesia used all of the types of code switching in their utterances while talking to the interviewer in talk shows. It could be seen based on the results that have been obtained in the previous chapter. The types of code switching used by those selected professions were intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and emblematic switching.
There were also 5 reasons found why those selected professions using code switching in their utterances. They were talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else’s statements, being emphatic about something, interjection, and repetition used for clarification. The reasons of express group identity and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor were not found.
B. Suggestion
In this study, the writer only focused on examining the types of code switching and the reasons of using code switching in selected professions’
utterances by using Charlotte Hoffmann’s theory. Therefore, the writer would like to suggest for the further researchers to conduct a phsycological study on analyzing the interuption that occured in one of the selected talk show videos as one of the sources of the data in this research, because the writer noticed one of the selected professions, Dr. Handry Satriago, occasionally cut Maudy Ayunda off during the conversation in his talk show. Further researchers are also suggested to discuss about the use of code switching by English Literature students during class presentations or in speaking class by using different theory, different method and approach, because according to a study that had been conducted by Kurnia (2015:66) it is almost 95% English Literature students used code switching or code mixing in their conversations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aggraeni, Dwinesa., & Dewi, H, C. 2020. Code Switching Used by Boy William in Breakout Program on NET TV. Deiksis, 12(2), 132-139. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/deiksis.v12i2.4505
Arrfah, Apri Prayoga & Haryanto, Joko Tri. 2021. Pandemi Momentum Transformasi Green Economy. Retrieved From: https://www.kemenkeu.go .id/publikasi/artikel-dan-opini/pandemi-momentum-transformasi-green- economy/. Accessed Date: 30th June 2022
Bapedda. 2010. Wawancara dengan Bapak Handry Satriago. Retrieved From:
https://bappeda.batubarakab.go.id/tokoh-nasional/handry-satriago/
Accessed Date: 29th Mei 2022.
Cahyani, N.P.N.A. 2021. The Indonesian-English Code-Switching Used by Najwa Shihab and Agnes Mo on Catatan Najwa YouTube Channel. Journal of Humanities, Social Science, Public Administration and Management, 1(3), 101-106. DOI:
https://doi/10.51715/husocpument.v1i3.23
Etnhologue. 2021. Languages of the World, 24th edition. Retrieved From:
https://www.ethnologue.com/ethnoblog/gary-simons/welcome-24th- editionAccessed Date: 15th September 2021.
Hammers, J.F., & Michel H.A.B. 1982. Bilinguality and Bilingualism. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, R. 2012. The Handbook of Language Contact. New Jersey: Wiley- Blackwell.
Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1991. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York:
Longman.
Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Fourth edition. New York: Routledge.
Karasuma, Yumi. 2022. SD Maudy Ayunda Dimana? Sekolah International yang Bikin Pinter Cas Cis Cus Bahasa Inggris. Retrieved From: https://www.go ogle.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://portalpurwokerto.pikir an-rakyat.com/hiburan/amp/pr-1154569821/sd-maudy-ayunda-dimana- sekolah-internasional-yang-bikin-pinter-cas-cis-cus-
bahasainggris&ved=2ahUKEwiBn8vjvoT4AhXbSGwGHXorAzkQFnoEC DcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2X31O9y3gXAZy__a0Liv2L Accessed Date: 29th Mei 2022.
Kurnia, Ela. 2015. Description of Using Code Switching and Code Mixing in Conversation by The 9th Semester English Literature Students of State
University of Semarang in The Academic Year 2014/2015. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Kusuma, Hendra. 2015. Kenapa Susi Kerap Berbahasa Inggris Ketimbang Indonesia?. Retrieved From: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=w eb&rct=j&url=https://economy.okezone.com/amp/2015/01/28/320/109857 3/kenapa-susi-kerap-berbahasa-inggris-ketimbang
indonesia&ved=2ahUKEwjSoefY9oT4AhVi7XMBHVQ7BosQFnoECDA QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1d5YDz9VBhe_jdO_2pwLM9 Accessed Date: 29th Mei 2022.
Maha, Eka Rejeki. 2017. Code Switching in Sarah Sechan Talk Show Program on NET TV. Jurnal Linguistik Terapan, 14(1), 27-34.
MainakeE. 2021. Code Switching on Advertisement: A Case of Food Advertisements in Indonesia. HUELE: Journal of Applied Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 1(1), 41-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/huele.v1.i1.p41-52
Mata Najwa. 2020. Gelap Terang 2020: Soal Korupsi Lobster, Susi: Saya Tidak Kaget Part 7. Retrieved From: https://youtu.be/NVN42VWMGHk Accessed Date: 15th February 2022.
McKay, S. L. 2018. English As an International Language: What It Is and What It Means For Pedagogy. RELC Journal, 49(1), 9–23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217738817
Murtisari, Elisabet., & Mali, Yustinus. 2017. Impact of English on the Indonesian Language and Culture: High School Students’ Preceptions. Studies about Languages, 1(30), 90-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.30.17570 Panggabean, Lukya. 2019. Handry Satriago, Antara Kepempinan dan Konsep
Usang Anak Buah. Retrieved From: https://www.ge.com/news/reports/han dry-satriago-antara-kepemimpinan-dan-konsep-usang-anak-buah
Accessed Date: 29th Mei 2022.
Pellu, Mitha Rahmawati. 2018. Code Switching of Bahasa and English on Novel and Movie “Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika” (A Sociolinguistic Comparison Study). Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Bosowa.
Prayoga, R.A., & Khatimah, H. 2019. Pola Pikir Penggunaan Bahasa Inggris Pada Masyarakat Perkotaan di JABODETABEK. Simulacra. 2(1), 39-52.
Putri Tanjung. 2018. Talks With Gaery Undarsa Co-Founder and CMO tiket.com - part 1. Retrieved From: https://youtu.be/u5qF9hFuFY0 Accessed Date:
15th February 2022.
Rio, Isidorus. 2019. Gaery Undarsa Membangun Start Up Yang Enggan Menjual Mimpi. Retrieved From: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.idn
times.com/news/indonesia/amp/isidorus-rio/gaery-undarsa-membangun- start-up-yang-enggan-menjual-mimpi Accessed Date: 29th Mei 2022.
Sari, S.W., & Kusumawardhani, P. 2021. Recognizing Code Switching and Code Mixing in Talk Show Catatan Najwa with Maudy Ayunda on YouTube.
International Journal of English Education and Applied Linguistic, 2(1), 105-116. DOI: https://doi.org/ijeal.v1n1.1029
Serra, Fernando., Martins, F.S., Cuncha, Julio. 2018. Secondary Data in Research –Uses and Opportunities. UNINOVE. 17(4), 01-04. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/v17i4.2723
Sharing Handry. 2020. Curiousity Maudy Ayunda #SharingHandry From Leader to Leaders. Retrieved From: https://youtu.be/pw5aqY5OgP4 Accessed Date: 15th February 2022.
Shinn, Lora. 2022. Renewable Energy; The Clean Facts. Retrieved From: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/renewable-energy-clean-facts.Accessed Date:
30th February 2022.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Fifth edition.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Weinreich. 1968. Language in Contact Finding and Problems. New York:
Mouton Publishers, The Hague.
Wibowo, Ary I., et al. 2017. Analysis of Types Code Switching and Code Mixing by The Sixth President of Republic Indonesia’s Speech at The National of Independence Day. Progressive, 12(2), 13-22.
Yuliana, Nana., et al. 2015. Code-Mixing and Code-Switching of Indonesian Celebrities: A Comparative Study. Lingua Cultura, 9(1), 47-54. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v9i1.761
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Talk Show Transcription: Mata Najwa: Gelap Terang 2020: Soal Korupsi Lobster, Susi Pudjiastuti: Saya Tidak Kaget part 7
Najwa Shihab : Ibu Susi, saya ingin tahu, jujur ibu apa yang terlintas pertama di benak ketika mendengar berita soal penangkapan menteri KKP karena menerima suap soal ekspor benih lobster? Apa yang pertama terlintas di benak bu Susi?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Saya no comment saja, Najwa. Itu proses hukum biar saja berlaku tapi ya kaget tidak. You remember? Dulu saya ditawarin 5 triliyun saya tidak mau.
Najwa Shihab : Jadi sejak dulu pun Susi Pudjiastuti : Sudah
Najwa Shihab : Sudah ada upaya mempengaruhi, membujuk, untuk mengubah kebijakan spesifiknya soal benih lobster itu, bu? Sudah ada tawaran-tawaran sebelumnya?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Oh enggak. general, illegal fisihing, kapal asing dan lain sebagainya.
Najwa Shihab : Tapi kalau benih lobster pasti tidak ada upaya karena tahu ibu Susi pasti menolak. Jadi tidak ada pernah dekat-dekat soal itu?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Tidak ada. Tangkepin sama saya. Tangkep buang. Tapi belakangan ada cerita bahwa saya mengangkut benih lobster pakai pesawat saya, saya juga selundupin katanya begitu. Saya jawab di twitter, ya memang saya angkut karena kadang – kadang mau bawa ke tempat pembuangan untuk dilepas liarkan susah, ya saya kasih pesawat saya, saya pake untuk di lepas ke laut. Dipikirnya saya jual dan itu mungkin yang disebarluaskan juga sama mereka cerita itu.
Najwa Shihab : Bu Susi bilang, ibu Susi kaget, tapi ada tidak bu dalam hati, tuh kan gue kata juga apa pasti kena tuh.
Susi Pudjiastuti : Tidak kaget.
Najwa Shihab : Ibu, ada enggak, bu? Pasti gitu atau tuh kan gue kata juga apa pasti kena tuh. Ada enggak bu perasaan-perasaan gitu?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Ya tidak ada. Saya tidak mau komen. Saya ikut berduka, prihatin. Tapi saya pikir, saya kadang-kadang berpikir ini permainan antara grup mafia lawan mafia.
Najwa Shihab : Mafia lawan mafia dalam artian apa ini, bu? Konteksnya benih lobster ini ada mafia yang bermain tapi melawan mafia yang lain saling menjatuhkan begitu, bu Susi?
Susi Pudjiastuti : The old player doesn’t like the new game. Mungkin saja saya pikir, tapi saya tidak tahu. No comment, Najwa. Move move to another question. (Intersentential)
Najwa Shihab : Karena ini menarik, bu. Begitu berita penangkapan itu ramai, meme bu Susi muncul dimana-mana. Ada ibu Susi Pudjiastuti yang duduk di atas perahu sambil minum kopi, ada yang, ada yang pokoknya macem-macem semua.
Susi Pudjiastuti : Itu foto dari tahun 2007.
Najwa Shihab : Bagaimana ibu?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Itu foto dari tahun 2009 atau 2007.
Najwa Shihab : Iya, saya tahu itu foto lama. Tapi rasanya pas sekali foto itu dikeluarkan.
Susi Pudjiastuti : Iya it’s hmm no comment, Najwa. So hopefully semua diberesken menjadi benar.
Najwa Shihab : Tapi yang jelas ibu kaget. Ibu kaget sedikit atau kaget sekali?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Saya tidak kaget.
Najwa Shihab : Tapi tadi katanya kaget, sebetulnya tidak kaget ini?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Enggak, tidak kaget. Tidak kaget
Najwa Shihab : Tidak kaget. Sudah menduga bau-baunya sudah ada?
Susi Pudjiastuti : Tidak. Ya itu ... It’s it’s it’s there. The game is always there.
Najwa Shihab : Ini permainan lama?