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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Design of microstrip patch antenna at 2.4 GHz for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth applications

To cite this article: Ayush Arora et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1921 012023

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ICASSCT 2021

Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023

IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

1

Design of microstrip patch antenna at 2.4 GHz for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth applications

Ayush Arora^1,2, Arpit Rana^1,3 Abhimanyu Yadav^1,4 and R.L.Yadava^1,5

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India

2[email protected], ³[email protected], ⁴[email protected]

5[email protected]

Abstract. In this paper, the Rectangular Patch Antennas are designed and their performance parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and radiation pattern have been calculated and compared. Design frequency is 2.4 GHz, the copper-coated substrate material is FR-4 Epoxy having dielectric constant ε=4.4 and thickness is 1.5 mm. The feeding technique, used in MSA is Microstrip 50 Ω feed line. Using a parametric study found that the proposed antenna design will be useful for ISM band applications like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.

Keywords. Rectangular Patch, Return Loss, copper-coated Substrate, Microstrip, ISM Band.

1. Introduction

Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA) is one of the most favoured antenna structures because of its ease of fabrication and have many applications in wireless communication. They are very useful nowadays because they are directly printed onto the circuit boards. In this paper, FR- 4 Epoxy material is used as a substrate. The MSA (Microstrip Patch Antenna) is widely used nowadays because of its various advantage but it also has some disadvantages but due to its various advantages, it surpasses its disadvantages. These are some advantages of MSA: -

a) Light Weight b) Low Profile

c) Capable of dual and triple frequency operation.

It also has some drawbacks like low gain, low bandwidth. To overcome this type of disadvantage, in this paper authors made plenty of types of Microstrip antennas. Accordingly, in present paper, first a MSA is designed with a single layer of a substrate, then calculated its parameter like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and directivity. Secondly, another MSA with two layers of a substrate is designed in which the second layer was stacked over the first substrate of the same material. Thirdly, the diagonal slots are cut on the MSA, and in final attempt slots are also cut at all the corners on the MSA, and then comparison has been made between performance parameters of the antennas. The motive of paper is to meet increasing demands of wireless communication in various applications. The main objective behind this research work is to: -

A. Increase the bandwidth of an antenna

The bandwidth of the antenna can be improved by increases the height of the antenna, by lowering the dielectric constant.

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IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023 B. Increase the gain of an antenna

A gain can be improved by changing the shapes of a patch, in this paper, a rectangular patch is used because this configuration reduces patch area by around 65-70% and also enhances the gain.

2. Antenna Design and its Dimensions

The proposed antenna geometry containing of a dielectric substrate, patch along with microstrip feed line, is shown in Fig 1. The rectangular patch is separated from the ground plane with FR-4 Epoxy Dielectric substrate with the above-shown dimensions. [1]

Table 1. Proposed Antenna Dimensions [1]

Parameters Values (in mm) Length (Substrate) 47.04

Width (Substrate) 38.48 Height (Substrate) 1.5

Length (Patch) 38.04

Width (Patch) 29.48

Length (Feedline) 5.2

Width (Feedline) 1.0

All the dimension of designed parameters of MSA is shown above in Table 1. The figure beneath shows a structure of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. It consists of a dielectric substrate (FR-4), patch, and ground plane.[1]

Figure 1. Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna [2]

In this paper, the ground is located at the co-ordinate on (22.04, -18.7, -1.5), and the substrate is located over a ground plane having a co-ordinate on (-25,19.78,0). Now, a patch is positioned at the co-ordinate on (-19.02, -14.74,0). However, the proposed antennas are fed with the microstrip line feeding technique, which one of the convenient feeding approaches of MSA. The co-ordinate of the feed point of the antenna is given as (-0.49, -13.5,0). The feed point must be located on a patch. The solution frequency or resonant frequency is 2.4GHz, and operating frequency is chosen to in range of 1.5-5.0 GHz.

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3. Antenna Designed in HFSS

Figure 2. Rectangular MSA (Single Layer). Figure 3. Rectangular MSA (Double Layer).

Figure 4. Diagonal Slotted Rectangular MSA. Figure 5. Slotted Rectangular MSA.

Fig. 2 represents a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA) having a single layer of a substrate.

Fig. 3 shows a rectangular MSA having a double layer of a substrate. In the double-layer Rectangular Patch Antenna design, another layer of the substrate was stacked over the first substrate having the same thickness of 1.5 mm and having the same material (FR-4 Epoxy). Fig. 4 represents a diagonal slotted MSA. In a diagonal slotted rectangular patch antenna, the slots were created diagonally in the patch to analyse the effects of performance parameters (increases or decreases) on introducing the slots. The dimension of the slot is 2.01 mm and 4.64 mm and the co-ordinate of the first slot is (-19.02,14.74,0) and the co-ordinate of the second slot is (19.02, -14.74,0). Fig. 5 represents a Slotted Rectangular MSA.

In a slotted (all corners) rectangular patch antenna, the slots were introduced in a patch at all the corners to analyse the effects of performance parameters (increases or decreases). The dimension of slots is 2.01 mm and 4.64 mm and the co-ordinate of slots are (-19.02 ,14.74 ,0), (19.02 ,14.74 ,0), (19.02, -14.74 ,0), (-19.02, -14.74 ,0).

4. Result and discussion

After accomplishment of the design of the proposed antennas, the simulation was done using HFSS for antenna parameters such as return loss (S11 parameter), VSWR, 2D radiation pattern, Gain, and Directivity, characteristics have been shown in Fig 6-9. Fig. 6 reveals that the designed antenna (Single

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IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023 layer Rectangular MSA) provides -29.601 dB return loss at the resonant frequency of 2.37 GHz ≅ 2.4 GHz, while Fig. 7 shows that the designed antenna (Double layer Rectangular MSA) is providing -33.26 dB return loss at the frequency of 2.33 GHz. Fig. 8 displays the variation of return loss with frequency and indicates that the designed antenna (diagonal Slotted Rectangular MSA) offers -41.65 dB return loss at the frequency of 2.35 GHz, however, however, Fig. 9 indicates that Slotted Rectangular MSA is providing -32.09 dB return loss at the frequency of 2.37 GHz. The variation of frequency is taken from 1.50 -5.50 GHz.

Figure 6. Return Loss vs Frequency for single layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 7. Return Loss vs Frequency for double layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 8. Return Loss vs Frequency for diagonal slotted Rectangular MSA.

Figure 9. Return Loss vs Frequency for slotted Rectangular MSA.

Fig 10, shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the single-layer Rectangular MSA, and the value of VSWR is 1.58 at 2.4 GHz. However, after forming another layer of a substrate over the previous one, VSWR decreases to 1.19 and the corresponding frequency is 2.33 GHz as shown in Fig 11. If diagonal slots are created in the double layer substrate MSA, the value of VSWR is further reduces to 1.01 at the operating frequency of 2.35 GHz (Fig 12). The final design in which slots are created at the four corners of the double layer slotted antenna, obtained values of VSWR is plotted in Fig. 13. It is observed that the value of VSWR is found to be 1.09 at the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz.

2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00

dB(S(1,1))

HFSSDesign1

S11 Parameter ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info dB(S(1,1)) Setup1 : Sweep

Name X Y

m1 2.3700 -29.6087

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-35.00 -30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00

dB(S(1,1))

HFSSDesign1

S11 Parameter ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info dB(S(1,1)) Setup1 : Sweep

Name X Y

m1 2.3200 -33.2669

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-45.00 -40.00 -35.00 -30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00

dB(S(1,1))

HFSSDesign1

S11 Parameter ^ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info dB(S(1,1)) Setup1 : Sw eep

Name X Y

m1 2.3500 -41.6507

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-35.00 -30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00

dB(S(1,1))

HFSSDesign1

S11 Parameter ^ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info dB(S(1,1)) Setup1 : Sw eep

Name X Y

m1 2.3800 -32.0907

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Figure 10. VSWR vs Frequency for single layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 11. VSWR vs Frequency for double layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 12. VSWR vs Frequency for diagonal Rectangular slotted MSA.

Figure 13. VSWR vs Frequency for slotted Rectangular MSA.

Radiation pattern shown in Figs. 14-17, indicates that antennas are highly directive in the directions angle ‘0’ degree, with a very small amount of radiation in the direction of angle ‘90’ degree. That is the ratio of forward to backward power radiation (FBR) is finite. Directivity of antennas increases as one moves from a single-layer antenna to derivatives of the antennas.

2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

VSWR(1)

HFSSDesign1

VSWR ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info VSWR(1) Setup1 : Sweep

Name X Y

m1 2.4000 1.5800

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

0.00 12.50 25.00 37.50 50.00 62.50 75.00

VSWR(1)

HFSSDesign1

VSWR ANSOFT

m1

Name X Y

m1 2.3300 1.1933

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

0.00 12.50 25.00 37.50 50.00 62.50 75.00

VSWR(1)

HFSSDesign1

VSWR ANSOFT

m1

Name X Y

m12.3500 1.0167

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

VSWR(1)

HFSSDesign1

VSWR ANSOFT

m1

Name X Y

m1 2.3900 1.0990

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Figure 14. 2D Radiation Pattern for single layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 15. 2D Radiation Pattern for double layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 16. 2D Radiation Pattern for diagonal slotted Rectangular MSA.

Figure 17. 2D Radiation Pattern for slotted Rectangular MSA.

The plot of antenna gain shows the strength of a signal that an antenna can send/receive in a particular direction, and the variation of gain of an antenna with frequency is revealed in Figs 18-21. Fig. 18, shows that the designed antenna (Single layer MSA) has got a maximum gain of 0.25 at the frequency of 2.5 GHz. However, the maximum gain of double layer and diagonal coupled Microstrip Antennas was found to be 1.48 at the same frequency, as shown in Fig 19 and 20. The maximum gain of Slotted MSA is 1.75 at frequency 2.65 GHz. Obtain results for all the antenna designs reveals that maximum gain lies between 0.25 dB -1.75 dB in the operating frequency range 2.5-2.65 GHz. MSA Parameters at First Resonance and Second Resonance are given in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.

Figure 18. Gain vs Frequency for single layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 19. Gain vs Frequency for double layer Rectangular MSA.

-7.60 -5.20 -2.80 -0.40

90 60 30 0 -30

-60

-90

-120

-150 -180

150 120

HFSSDesign1

Radiation Pattern 2 ANSOFT

Curve Info dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : LastAdaptive Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

-7.60 -5.20 -2.80 -0.40

90 60 30 0 -30

-60

-90

-120

-150 -180

150 120

HFSSDesign1

Radiation Pattern 1 ANSOFT

Curve Info dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : Sw eep Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

-7.60 -5.20 -2.80 -0.40

90 60 30 0 -30

-60

-90

-120

-150 -180

150 120

HFSSDesign1

Radiation Pattern ANSOFT

-7.60 -5.20 -2.80 -0.40

90 60 30 0 -30

-60

-90

-120

-150 -180

150 120

HFSSDesign1

Radiation Pattern ANSOFT

2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-20.00 -17.50 -15.00 -12.50 -10.00 -7.50 -5.00 -2.50 0.00 2.50

dB(GainTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Gain ANSOFT

m1

m2 m3

Curve Info dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : Sw eep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.5000 0.2549 m2 3.6900 -18.2015 m3 2.4000 0.1634

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-14.00 -12.00 -10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00

dB(GainTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Gain ANSOFT

m2m1 Curve Info

dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : Sw eep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.5000 1.4814 m2 2.4000 1.3772

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Figure 20. Gain vs Frequency for diagonal slotted Rectangular MSA.

Figure 21. Gain vs Frequency for slotted Rectangular MSA.

The directivity graph (Figs. 22-25) shows the strength of a signal that an antenna can send/receive in a particular direction is maximum at a resonance frequency of the antennas, and its values between 3.95 dB-4.14 dB.

Figure 22. Directivity vs Frequency for single layer Rectangular MSA.

Figure 23. Directivity vs Frequency for double layer Rectangular MSA.

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-14.00 -12.00 -10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 -0.00 2.00 4.00

dB(GainTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Gain ANSOFT

m1

Curve Info dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : Sweep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.4000 1.2989

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-14.00 -12.00 -10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00

dB(GainTotal)

HFSSDesign1

gain ANSOFT

m1

m2 Curve Info

dB(GainTotal) Setup1 : Sweep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.6500 1.7579 m2 2.4000 1.3892

2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-15.00 -12.50 -10.00 -7.50 -5.00 -2.50 0.00 2.50 5.00

dB(DirTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Directivity ANSOFT

m2m1 Curve Info

dB(DirTotal) Setup1 : Sweep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.5000 4.3741 m2 2.4000 4.1472

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-12.50 -10.00 -7.50 -5.00 -2.50 -0.00 2.50 5.00

dB(DirTotal)

HFSSDesign1

directivity ANSOFT

m1

m3m2 Curve Info

dB(DirTotal) Setup1 : Sweep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 3.5600 -10.2068 m2 2.5000 4.2292 m3 2.4000 4.0322

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Figure 24. Directivity vs Frequency for diagonal slotted Rectangular MSA.

Figure 25. Directivity vs Frequency for slotted Rectangular MSA.

Table 2. MSA Parameter at First Resonance

Table 3. MSA Parameter at Second Resonance Antenna

(MSA)

Return Loss(dB)

VSWR Fr2 (GHz)

Changes in Return

Loss(dB) Single

Layer

-21.96 1.09 4.66 ____

Double Layer

-24.52 1.67 4.54 2.56

Diagonally slotted

-28.32 1.004 4.59 3.80 Slotted -26.38 1.07 4.70 -1.94

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-12.50 -10.00 -7.50 -5.00 -2.50 -0.00 2.50 5.00

dB(DirTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Directicity ANSOFT

m1 Curve Info

dB(DirTotal) Setup1 : Sw eep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m1 2.4000 3.9514

1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50

Freq [GHz]

-10.00 -7.50 -5.00 -2.50 0.00 2.50 5.00

dB(DirTotal)

HFSSDesign1

Directivity ANSOFT

m1 Curve Info

dB(DirTotal) Setup1 : Sw eep Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'

Name X Y

m12.4000 3.9849

Antenna (MSA)

Return Loss(dB)

VSWR Fr1 (GHz)

Changes in Return

Loss(dB) Single

Layer

-29.601 1.58 2.4 ___

Double Layer

-33.26 1.19 2.33 3.26 Diagonally

slotted

-41.65 1.01 2.35 8.39 Slotted -32.09 1.09 2.4 -9.56

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Table 4. Variation of Gain, Directivity, and BW Resonances at 2.4 GHz.

Antenna (MSA)

Gain (dB)

Directivity (dB)

BW1 (MHz)

BW2 (MHz) Single

Layer

0.16 4.14 80 100

Double Layer

1.37 4.03 90 110 Diagonally

slotted

1.29 3.95 100 200

Slotted 1.38 3.98 110 90

5. Conclusion

This paper presents the design and simulation of the double layer and slotted coupled microstrip patch antennas to be operated at a frequency 2.4 GHz. The performance parameters such as VSWR, return loss, gain and directivity are obtained using HFSS 13, and reveals that diagonally coupled MSA provides a minimum reflection of power compared to single-layer MSA. The gain of the antennas (single layer, double layer, diagonally slotted, and corner slotted antennas) lies between 0.16-1.38 dB However, corresponding directivity lies between 4.14-3.98 dB, the significant improvement is observed in the case of diagonally coupled slot antenna where return loss value is improved by 8.39 dB (Table 4). The 10 dB operating bandwidth of the antennas is in the range of 80-200 MHz, hence will be useful for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth services.

6. References

[1] Shera Prabjyot Singh, Ashish Singh, Deepak Upadhyay, Sunilkumar Pal, Mahesh Munde;”

Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz for WLAN Application using HFSS”, IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) Special issue AETM’16 Volume No. 1.

[2] B.Sai Sandeep; S.Sreenath Kashyap;” Design And Simulation Of Microstrip Patch Arrayantenna For Wireless Communication at 2.4 GHz”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012.

[3] Tanish Narang; Shubhangi Jain; “Microstrip Patch Antenna- A Historical Perceptive of the development”, Conference on Advances in Communication and Control Systems 2013(CAC2S 2013).

[4] Liton Chandra Paul, Nahid Sultan, “Design, simulation and Performance Analysis of a line feed rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna” IJESET, Feb 2013.

[5] S. L Latif, L. Shafai, and S.K.Sharma, Bandwidth Enhancement and Size Reduction of Microstrip Slot Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, USA, Vol.53, No.3, pp.994- 1003, March-2005.

[6] Md. Maruf Ahamed, Kishore Bhowmik, Abdulla Al Suman “Analysis and design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna on different resonant frequencies for pervasive wireless communication” International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 1, Issue 5, JUNE 2012.

[7] Aiza Mahyuni Mozi, Dayang Suhaida Awang Damit, Zafirah Faiza, “Rectangular Spiral Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application”, IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2012), 2013.

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IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023 [8] M Ammanagi, Rahul Khadilkar, Akash Harwani, Disha Budhlani, Disha Dembla; “Comparison

of the performance of Microstrip Antenna at 2.4GHz Using Different Substrate Materials”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2014.

[9] Stutzman. and Thiele, G.A., Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998.