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THE CONCEPT SOCIOLINGUISTICS, LANGUAGE,
Fundamental Concepts of Sociolinguistics
- Speech Community
According to him, the real speech community is "all people who use a certain language (or dialect)" (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. The concept of speech community according to Gumperz (1982), according to Wardhaugh (2006) and Hudson (1996). ), offers two definition of the speech community.
Competence and Performance
To determine competence, syntacticians such as Chomsky often use grammatical judgments, while sociolinguists typically use recordings of language use (see the section on methodologies below and Chapter 11 on discourse analysis). Since speakers of a language know not only how to form sentences, but also how to use them appropriately, knowing a language also means knowing how to use that language.
The Boundaries and of Sociolinguistics
The view we will take here is that both sociolinguistics and the sociology of language require a systematic study of language and society if they are to be successful. Rather, we wish to include a broad spectrum of approaches and ideas that have been used in the study of language in society.
Speaker and Their Society
We will revisit this concept of multiple identities throughout this text because it is so important to our study of language in society. It is therefore another level of complexity that we must acknowledge in the pages that follow, as we refer to 'middle class', 'women', 'Haitian Creole speakers', 'adolescents' and so on.
What is Sociolinguistics?
- Sociolinguistic Theory
- Language, Dialect, and Varieties
- Language or Dialect?
- Mutual Intelligibility
- The Role of Socio Identity
There are different dialects of English depending on the region of the country you are in. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society and the way people use language in different social situations.
STANDARDIZATION; REGIONAL DIALECTS,
Discussion
It is obvious that most definitions of standardization concentrate on the standardization process being an attempt to select a dialect or an amalgamation of different varieties as a norm to be advanced into a standard through the process of elaboration of function, codification of form and broad acceptance.¹ But there are different concepts in these observations according to the importance of each step in the process, for example, the first concentrates on the acceptance, while the seventh concentrates on the uniformity of the codification. The preceding discussion reveals that it is almost impossible to work out a rigid definition of standardization.
Stewart suggested a typology based on four attributes as follows; 38
- Classical English
- Vernacular English
- Dialect English
- Creol English
- Pidgin English
- Artificial English
- Xized English
- Interlanguage English
- Foreigner Talk English
It can be seen that most of the world's languages are homogeneous, but some are not. In his restatement of the history of the attribute Hymes depends on Fishman (1971) whether the community is interested in finding about language a.
Models
- Haugen’s Model
- Garvin’s Standardization Model
- Gallardo’s cultural qualities
- Functions of standard language
Urbanity is the evolution of the standard language from a rural variety to an urban norm to meet the new cultural change in society. In a speech community, the standard language as a norm must be at the service of the norm for the correct use of speech.
An attitude towards a Standard language
Given the frame of reference, many linguists and sociolinguists debate the latter idea; for example, Trudgill (1974:3) states that judgments that some vernaculars are better than others have no basis in fact, and that the same is true of apparently aesthetic judgments of the comparative attractiveness of different accents. The users of the language are prepared to defend their literary language against any foreign intrusion that threatens to eradicate or change the use of the literary language.
Pride
They do everything possible to preserve their language and protect it from any foreign interference, especially when they are under foreign control, they try to clean it of any borrowings and foreign elements.
Awareness of the Norm
Standardization and some theoretical issues
Standardization and Nation-building
- Standardization and language Maintenance
In such a case, the actual existence of the national identity and language is endangered. Armed with a monopoly on the education system, mass media and unlimited use of coercion, the "modern" statist states are capable of planning.
Linguistic and Socio-Economic Modernization
In fact, some languages, which are subjected to standardization in the advanced world, are met with tremendous obstruction, including especially assimilationist state efforts. The experience of minority languages in the modern world shows that they cannot survive, let alone be standardized, if they are only used in interpersonal communication”(Hassanpour1992:466).
Typology and Periodization and Measurement
We are thus talking about the existence of a legal register (focus: language), but about the instantiation of this in the genres "the courtroom debates wills". Genre categories are determined based on external criteria that relate to the speaker's purpose and subject matter; they are awarded on the basis of use rather than on the basis of form. p. 170) EAGLES (1996)2 authors, however, hardly want anything to do with the inclusion of the word topic above, arguing that one should not think of topic as something to be established a priori, but rather as something that is determined on the basis of internal criteria (ie the linguistic characteristics of the text).
DIGLOSIA, CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING,
Diglosia
- Diction Versus Diglosia
- Different Definitions of Diglosia
- Double overlapping diglosia
- The situations are used in diglosia
- The effects that diglosia has on translation
Code switching
- Code switching in speech
- Who uses code Switching?
- The Term "code Switching" refer only to speech?
- What is the reasons speakers use code switching?
- What code switching as a language interference?
- Types of Code Switching
Code switching is an alternative way to be bilingual from two or more languages into one language in the same conversation. For example, in the classroom, code switching can be viewed as a language disorder because it can hinder learning.
Code Mixing
- Differences between code switching and code mixing
- What is the factor people do code mixing?
- Teacher’s code switching and code mixing
Code-switching and mixing is common these days due to language contact on a day-to-day basis. The code-switching and mixing of living in a bilingual (or multilingual) society forces people to speak at least two different languages.
Interference
- Types of Interference
- Some factors that cause the language interference for student . 80
- Categories of convergence and divergence
- Short-term and long-term in divergence
- Converge change the role of language in the service encounter
- Divergence in the Spread of English
Ellis in Chaer (2003, p. 236) states that in general, the mother tongue or the first language acquired has a great influence on the second language acquisition process. Usually, a person learns a second language in part based on the kinds of meanings already present in the first language.
Convergence
- Language and society in convergence language
- Knowledge sharing and language use (switching and
- Convergence and knowledge-sharing interaction
- Convergence for efficiency and knowledge-sharing interaction88
It can be suggested that linguistic convergence is likely to have a positive influence on knowledge sharing interactions. Most of the knowledge-sharing interactions at the individual level are likely to involve at least some form of linguistic convergence.
LINGUA FRANCAS, PIDGIN, AND CREOLE
Lingua Francas
In general, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from the mother tongue of both parties involved in the communication. The language chosen for communication purposes used by people who use different languages is called a lingua franca.
Pidgins
- Reasons for Pidgins to Arise
- Pidgin English
- Example of Pidgin Languages
It is said that members of the same population rarely use a lingua franca to communicate with each other and that pidgins are simplified versions of different languages and generally have no native speakers. Most pidgins are lingua francas that exist to meet the local needs of people from different languages.
Creole
- Characteristics of Creoles
- The Similarities between Pidgins And Creoles
- The Differences between Creoles And Pidgins
- Distribution and Characteristics
- Origins
- Relexification
This led to English-based pidgins and the process of creolization due to the need for communication (Wardhaugh, 2006: 79). A language like English often has complicated phonological relationships between words (or morphemes, the small pieces of meaning in words) that are closely related, e.g. the first vowel in type and typical, the c in space and spacious, and the different sounds of the.
REGIONAL VARIATION, THE LINGUSITIC
Language Variation
- Language variation in terms of Speaker
- Language variation in terms of Utilization
- Language variation in terms of Formality
- Language Variation in terms of Facilities
The language variants in the three periods must differ in terms of pronunciation, spelling, morphology and syntax. A formal language style is a language variation used in state speeches, meetings, official letters, religious lectures, textbooks, etc.
Regional Variation
Boston and Charleston were the two epicenters of the temporary spread of insecurity in the eastern United States in the 1930s and 1940s. If the language features used in areas A and B are sufficiently different, we can say that we have two dialects of the language in question, A and B.
The Linguistic Variable
The variable (ng) is widely used; Labov (2006, p. 259) says that this 'has the greatest generality in the English-speaking world, and has been the subject of the most fruitful study.' The (r) variable mentioned above has also been widely used. . Most of these had more than two varieties, so again some weighting, i.e. some imposed quantification, was needed to distinguish the least preferred varieties, i.e. the most non-standard, from the most preferred variety, i.e. the most standard.
Social Variation
- Age
- Social class and network
- Race and ethnicity
Sometimes experience also tells the researcher that social class is not a factor in a particular situation and that something else is more important. For example, Rickford's work (1986) on language variation in a non-American, East Indian sugar estate community in Cane Walk, Guyana showed him that using a social class-based model of the community would be inappropriate.
Some Changes in Process Gender and Language Change
We look for sources in the social life of the community and in the sociohistorical changes that occurred during these years to understand the different behavior of men and women over a period of almost 100 years. These women use a sociolinguistic variant more often than speakers in the social class position above them in situations of change from above.
The Process of Language Change
- Traditional linguistic
- Structural linguistic
Language change is the phenomenon of permanent changes in the characteristics and use of language over time. While the diachronic study of language is the study of the language that has been used by speakers for a long time.
GENDER, SEX CATEGORY, SEXUALITY, AND
Sociolinguistic
In the case of diglossia of the same language, low variety is strongly inferior to high variety. When speakers switch two or more languages in the same conversation, it is code switching.
Gender
In Gros Ventre, a Native American language of the northeastern United States, women have a palatal stop where the man makes a palatal stop for the teeth, for example women's kiatsa "bread" and men's diatsa. In Montreal, men do not pronounce the letter l in the pronouns il and elle more often than women.
Sex category
In the problem of English grammar, we find that Brend (1975) claims that male and female tone patterns are somewhat different, and women use certain patterns related to surprise and politeness more than men. However, POOS and Simpson (2002), after analyzing a large body of academic data from the University of Michigan, found that 'in the domain of academic speech, there is no specific gender effect on speakers' defensive frequency'.
Sexist language
- The problem of domination
- The problem of difference
Five criteria have been identified for photos in the gender bias screening, namely: . A. the activities in the photo; .. C. body language and eye direction; . D. personal clothing; This article focuses on the use of the term gender bias in Indonesian between Javanese and non-Javanese people.
GRAMMATICAL GENDER MAKING, WOMEN’S
Definition of Grammatical Gender
- Old English gender
- Function of Grammatical Gender
- Natural Gender
- Kind of gender in language
- Personal pronouns
- Grammatical vs Natural gender
Pronoun agreement usually corresponds to the natural gender of the referent (the person or thing indicated) rather than to the antecedent (a noun or noun that the pronoun replaces). Mädchen is neuter, although the natural gender is feminine (because it refers to a feminine person).
Women’s Language
- Current Patterns: Male Language
- Current Patterns: Female Language
- Current Patterns: Mixed Gender Conversations
- Aspects Difference between Men’s Language and Woman
For now – create an impression of less authority and less self-confidence: “The report is due today, isn't it?”. The velar plosive /k / is replaced by an affricate in men's speech, so where the women say /wakinsihila/ (newborn child), the men say /wadninsihila/. The word for bread is pronounced /kja'tsa/ by women, and /dna'tsa/ by men.
Language Change
- History of linguistic theory
- Internal language change
- External language change
TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING; LANGUAGE
Sociolinguistics
- Language Planning
This is different from men, regardless of whether he is married or not, he has only one address title, namely Mr. Treating the language system like this is a sign of male dominance over women. Gros Ventre men and women in Montana also consistently differ in their pronunciation (Flannery 1946).
Language Maintenance, Language Shift, & Endangered Languages
- Definition of Language Maintenance
- Language Shift
- Language Maintenance combating Language Shift
- Endangered Languages
- Number of Languages
- Measuring Endangerment