CHAPTER 3 DIGLOSIA, CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING,
C. Code Mixing
74 6. Types of Code Switching
There are three types of code switching namely:
Inter-Sentential
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries—words or phrases at the beginning or end of a sentence. This type is seen most often in fluent bilingual speakers. For example: If you are late for the job interview, işe alınmazsın.
Intra-Sentential
In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations, or pauses to indicate a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. For example, You are sleepy coğu zaman because you spend a lot of salt in your bed. Different types of switches occur within the clause level and the word level.
Extra-Sentential or Tag Switching
This is the switching of either a single word or a tag phrase (or both) from one language to another. This type is common in intra-sentential switches. It involves the insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance in another language. For example: "Él es de Oaxaca y así los criaron a ellos, if you know what I mean." Another example is how Turkish students use some boundary words like ama (but) or yani (I mean) while speaking English.
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Code switching and code mixing is a common things nowadays because of language contact from day to day. Many languages are getting shut down and hence languages are becoming contaminated with each other. Because bilingualism and language multilingualism are increasingly mixed, various languages are created. When speakers switch two or more languages in the same conversation, it is code switching. In it, speakers start with one language and end with a different language. (Moving from one language to another) in which speakers use various language codes (languages) that are generally owned by speakers without grammatical errors. The feature of code switching is that the user uses the full clause and switches between two or more languages.
Code mixing still refers to the transfer of linguistic elements or words from one language to another or mixed into one. Code mixing is also a term studied in sociolinguistics. In code mixing, multilingual or bilingual users use different codes from different languages and mix them with other languages.
This is very common nowadays because of language contact. It usually occurs when the speaker and listener understand more than two mixed languages. In code mixing, speakers use words from other languages which are also known as lexical variations in the language. Language users combine lexical elements (words) with spoken language so that listeners can understand.
1. Differences between code switching and code mixing
The difference between code mixing and code-mixing switching can be concluded. First, in code-mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply to some foreign words or phrases (part of one language smaller than a clause) while other languages (codes) function as a base. The second bilingual speaker says to code-mixing (but not switching from one to another) when none of the topics are changed, and so did the situation. Fasold (1996: 192) describes one criterion for different code-switching and code mix. One of the creations that are sometimes offered to differentiate switch from mixing is that clause grammar determines language. With this criterion, if someone uses words or phrases from another language, he has mixed and does not switch. But if one clause has grammar as well the structure of one language and the next is built according to the grammar of others to code. Code-switching and code-mixing living in a bilingual (or multilingual) society forces people to get speak at least two different languages
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Now we can see the difference between code-switching and code- mixing. When you change a language on purpose and you do it for a specific purpose (Ex the presence of a third person not sharing the same language, or a change of topic or situation), in other words, switch works, which means you are code switching. When you enter a piece of words other than your language, and you don't have a specific purpose when doing it means you are doing a mixed code in languages.
2. What is the factor people do code mixing?
There are six factors, that cause people to do code mixing according to Kim (2006:43), namely:
a. Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than one language is a basic factor of code-mixing. Most of the world‟s population is bilingual or multilingual.
b. Speaker and partner speaking. Communication is the process of expressing ideas between two participants in a conversation. Speaker needs a partner speaking to communicate and code-mixing could appear if both use and understand it well.
c. Social community. An individual lives and cooperates in one community either in a monolingual or bilingual community. Now, most communities are bilingual that use two languages in their interactions.
In this case, an individual will be influenced by the social community directly.
d. Situation. Usually, code-mixing occurs in relaxed or informal situations.
This situation is closer to the daily conversation and for writers is also described as their habitual communication.
e. Vocabulary. There is not an appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from one to another language and it can be combined.
f. Prestige. The globalization era has led people must able to speak more than one language, especially English. For many young people, code- mixing becomes awn style that is hoped to be modern and educational.
They mix languages because of prestige
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Bilingual speakers can use code mixing as a marker in the identity of a group in an intra-group bilingual variety community. This can happen because speakers want to show their solidarity and familiarity with each other. And in principle, code-mixing is the mixing of one language into the structure of other languages such as words, phrases, clauses, and even the punishment of activities where participants can conclude what is meant. In this case, the code- mixing involves a language component such as words, phrases, clauses, and even sentences in the same sentence.
3. Teacher’s code switching and code mixing
Crystal (1987) states that code-switching, or language, occurs when a bilingual individual alternates between the two languages as long as he talks to other bilingual people. A similar system can also be used where teachers use code-switching by starting lessons in the first language and then switching to the second language and back and this makes the lesson as communicative as possible. Cook (1991) explains The Institute of Linguistics in Languages for International exams has been tested in communication as one that utilizes code-switching.
1) At the beginner level, students may use the second language for obtaining information from material to answer comprehension questions in the first language.
2) At advanced stages, the student may be required to research a topic and provide a report in the first language.
This approach is one of the goals that use code-switching as the basis for the development of learners in their second language who can stand between the two languages and use whichever best suits the situation rather than be an imitation native speaker. Many teachers do code-mixing and code- switching at different levels of students. It depends on the situation, topic and participants, but in reality, the teacher dominantly performs code-switching in front of students rather than at low levels.
The teacher should know and understand when they should emphasize the language for the students to understand what he/she means by code switching and code mixing. Finally, code-switching and mixing is a strategy to support the student to develop their ability in foreign language learning.
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