CHAPTER 5 REGIONAL VARIATION, THE LINGUSITIC
A. Language Variation
Language is essential for human interaction. Purnanto (2002: p. 16) claims that there are some language variations, but members of the same language community can interact and understand each other because they use linguistic forms that are nearly identical when speaking. Language application varies by social group. There are two possibilities. The first is that both social groups continue to understand their respective languages. Second, they are illiterate. If the first occurs, they will still be in the same speech community.
If the second occurs, they will be in a different speech community. The study of how language varies among different groups of speakers, as well as the relationship between this variation and social factors, is known as sociolinguistics and language variation. The exploration of social and linguistic diversity, as well as the reciprocal effects of social organization and social contexts on language use, helps people better understand how people use language to construct personal, cultural, and social identities. No one speaks the same way all the time, and people constantly exploit variation within the languages they speak for a wide variety of purposes.
Language variation is defined as a non-standard form of language in addition to its standard form. This occurs because the performance of different speakers, as well as the same speaker in different contexts, can vary greatly.
Wardhaugh and Fuller (2015: 6) state that speakers in some areas of the Midwestern United States may say "The car needs washed," while others may say "The car needs to be washed" or "The car needs washing." Furthermore, a single speaker may employ all three of these constructions at different times.
Variants are different structures for expressing the same meaning.
According to Hudson (1980:24), the term variety of language can be used to refer to different manifestations of it in the same way that the term'music' can be used to refer to different varieties of music. The linguistic items that make one variety of language different from another are what
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distinguishes it, so we can distinguish a variety of language as a set of linguistic items with similar social distribution. Language variation is defined as how people use their language or languages for different purposes.
According to Nababan (in Ohoiwutun, 2002), variation can be defined as a change or difference from a variety of linguistic manifestations, but it does not contradict linguistic rules. Language differs from one person to the next and from one community to the next. Because each area has its own language, there will be language variations.
According to Hartman and Stork (1972), language variation is classified into three types: (a) geographical and social backgrounds of the speaker, (b) media used, and (c) subject.
According to Chaer (2010), language variation is classified based on speakers and users. The speakers observe who uses language, where they live, their social status in society, gender, and when the language is used. Based on the language used, what the field is, what the lane and tools are, and how formal the situation is. Chaer classified language variation into the following categories:
1. Language variation in terms of Speaker a. Idiolect
Individual linguistic variation is referred to as idiolect. According to the concept of idiolect, everyone has their own language variation or idiolect. Idiolect variations differ in terms of voice "color," word choice, language style, sentence structure, and so on. However, the color of sound/voice is the most dominant, so if we are familiar with someone, we can identify them simply by hearing their voice without seeing them.
Although it is the same language, each speaker will say it differently because of accents, intonation, and so on. As a result, dialect differences will make it simple to determine who is speaking.
b. Dialect
Dialect is a language variation from a group of speakers who live in a specific location, region, or area. This dialect is known as areal dialect, regional dialect, or geography dialect. The speaker in the dialect, despite having each idiolect, has the same characteristic in one dialect, different from other groups of speakers, stays in own
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dialect with other characteristics that also mark the dialect. Balinese dialects, for example, differ from Singaraja dialect or Tabanan dialect.
c. Temporal dialect (kronolect)
Temporal dialect (kronolect) is a language variation used by a social group at specific times. For example, consider Indonesian language variation in the 1930s, variation in the 1950s, and variation in the present.
Language variation in the three eras must be different in terms of pronouncation, spelling, morphology, and syntax. The most visible is usually from lexicon, because lexicon is easily changed, and it effects of revolution in culture, social, science, and technology.
d. Social Dialect
The term "social dialect" refers to language variations that are related to the speaker's status, group, and social class. Language variation is frequently discussed in sociolinguistics because it is all about the problems of speakers, such as age, education, sex/gender, occasion, social level, and social economy situation. Language variation is not related to discussion content, but rather to differences in morphology, syntax, and vocabulary.
2. Language variation in terms of Utilization
The language variation of utilization or usage is known as function dialect (Nababan, 1984: 68-70), and they are known as style or register.
Language variation is typically discussed in terms of usage, style, or level of formality, and usage tool. Language variation based on style in relation to needs or other. For instance, the literary, journalistic, military, agricultural, cruise, economy, commerce, education, and science fields.
Language variations based on this field of activity have become more prevalent in the vocabulary. Every field of activity typically has a set of vocabulary that is unique to that field. In any case, variations based on this field of activity can be seen in morphology or syntax (Agustina and Chaer, 2004).
Literature language style usually emphasizes language from an aesthetic standpoint, so vocabulary is chosen and used that has a distinctive aesthetically also right expression. The language style of juornalistic is also distinct in that
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it is simple, communicative, and concise. Simple because it must be simple to understand; communicative because journalists must deliver the news appropriately; and concise because space (in print media) and time (in electronic media) are limited. The points of language variation show different that is reviewed from who is using the language.
Military language style is described as concise and firm, which is appropriate for the military's duty and life, which is full of discipline and briefing. Military abbreviation and acronyms are used in Indonesia.
Science language style is simple, clear, and devoid of ambiguity, as are all metaphors and idioms. It is not ambiguity because language variation must provide science with information that is clear, without doubt about meaning, and free of possible different interpretations of meaning. As a result, metaphors and idioms are not used in scientific language.
3. Language variation in terms of Formality
Martin Joos (in Chaer and Agustina, 2004: p. 70-71) divides it into five style languages based on the level of formality:
a. Frozen language style
The frozen language style is a very formal language variation that is used in solemn situations and formal ceremonies, such as state ceremonies, sermons in mosques, vow taking procedures, constitution books, notary certificates, and decrees.
b. Formal language style
The formal language style is a language variation that is used in state speeches, meetings, official letters, religious lectures, textbooks, and so on. Formal pattern and rule have been steadily appointed as standard. This formal language style is the same as standard language style, which is only used in formal situations and not in informal situations.
c. Consultative language style
Consultative language style is used in normal conversation in school, meetings, or discussions that are production-oriented. As a result, this style can be described as operational style language. The goal of this language style is to stand in both formal and informal or casual style.
120 d. Casual language style
Casual language style is used in informal situations such as chatting with family or friends during a break, exercise, or recreation.
e. Intimacy language style
Intimate language style is typically used by speakers who have experienced intimacy, such as between family members or friends.
This style is distinguished by incomplete, short, and frequently illegible language application. It happens because both participants understand and have the same knowledge.
4. Language Variation in terms of Facilities
There are oral and written styles, as well as language styles that use facilities or tools, such as phone or telegraph. Based on reality, there are oral and written styles. Oral and written styles do not have the same structure form.
There are not the same structure forms because when we deliver information orally, we are assisted by nonsegmental or nonlinguistic elements such as sound tone, hand movement, head shake, and other physical indications. Even though it mentioned nonsense in written form. There are four reasons why oral communication is so important:
a. Clarity factor, because respondent can understand conversation based on speaker's expression and body language.
b. Speed factor; the speaker can see the respondent's direct reaction to what is said.
c. Can be appropriated with the situation, even though communication is still possible in the dark.
d. The efficiency factor, which can save time.
Because oral language is easier to understand than written language, people must use caution when writing so that the reader can understand what the writer wrote.
As a result, no speaker of a language or group of people will speak the same as others. Wardhaugh (1987:127) mentions that language varies in a variety of ways. One way to characterize variation is to say that speakers of a particular language sometimes speak a different dialect of that language. He goes on to say that sociolinguistics today is more concerned with social variation in language than with regional variation. Linguists have long been aware of variation in the use of language: people speak one way on one
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occasion and another way on another, and this type of variation can be seen within even the most localized groups.