CHAPTER 3 DIGLOSIA, CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING,
F. Convergence
4. Convergence for efficiency and knowledge-sharing interaction88
desires and goals of the interlocutors. Two strangers having a short conversation at the train station less tend to gather than individuals trying to
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solve complex problems in the organization. There is a difference in the purpose of the two conversations. Language convergence reduces differences between interlocutors at both verbal and psychological levels (Gallois et al., 2005). Therefore, in certain communication situations characterized by shared goals and contextual conditions, language convergence will be common cases (Giles and Coupland, 1991; Giles and Powesland, 1997). Knowledge sharing is likely to be one of these situations because successful knowledge transfer is the ultimate destination of the sender and receiver (Cummings, 2003). After all, this is It is very reasonable that the knowledge-sharing interaction has been initiated by two parties. Knowledge exchange at the individual level is usually more voluntary and independent effort guided by employee personal relationships and a sense of community (Ipe, 2003). In this scenario, knowledge exchange partners are more likely to engage in cooperative tactics that would allow them to secure their goal of a successful transfer, and at the speech level, language convergence may be one such tactic, especially in a multilingual situation. Most of the knowledge-sharing interactions at the individual level will likely involve at least some form of language convergence.
Convergence is influenced by how an individual relates to each other (Wardhaugh, 2010). The greater the perceived differentiation and the greater the need to achieve communication efficiency, the greater the convergence between interlocutors. This means that individuals with different language backgrounds will gather more than individuals with the same linguistic background in knowledge-sharing interactions. This is due to the perception of the difference between interlocutors with different linguistic backgrounds are usually greater than between interlocutor with the same language background. In a multilingual organization where people with different linguistic backgrounds are involved, a sense of difference in social interaction is usually high (Ahmad and Widen, 2015). It's becoming clearer when the interaction involves native and non-native speakers or when linguistic differences coincide with cultural differences. Language differences are known to enhance or reduce the perception of cognitive and psychological differences. For example, Spanish Managers will have very different perceptions and expectations about their interactions with the people around them.
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On the other hand, in terms of knowledge-sharing interactions between natives and the language used, the convergence situation tends to be different.
They may converge, but their convergence tends to be less broad, due to their perception of less differentiation. When people talk to someone from their speech community, they usually also have the same understanding, which affects the way they speak and adjust their speech.
5. Convergence for approval and knowledge-sharing interaction Language convergence is seen quite often when there is an asymmetry in power between interlocutors. For example, an employee will gather more than a supervisor In their information communication, a witness tends to gather more than the interrogator, and the interviewee will converge more than the interviewer in a job interview (Giles and Coupland, 1991). In short, it means that in a hierarchical relationship interlocutors with lower hierarchies are more likely to gather than interlocutor who has a high hierarchy. In such a relationship there is a clear benefit to one party meeting, for example, the interviewee gets a job, the witness can make the interrogator believe his story, and the employee can gain the support and approval of supervisors within the organization. The principle of convergence in language for the agreement will apply in knowledge-sharing interactions between multilingual. It is based on the well-known postulate that language is a source of power and that it promotes asymmetrical relationships between language communities in organizations (Ahmad and Widen, 2015; Vaara et al., 2005).
In a multilingual organization, languages represent different language communities in the organization. Some languages and their communities are considered stronger than others in terms of official hierarchy and access to information and knowledge. Proficiency in a particular language allows access to informal information networks which otherwise may remain hidden (Welch and Welch, 2008).
A language group that has access to more resources and information can become more attractive to other language groups. In such a scenario when there is distance and power between two language groups, members of the lower hierarchical language group are more tend to congregate in their knowledge-sharing interactions with members of high-hierarchical language groups. There is an immediate benefit to low hierarchical language group members to gain approval and support from members of a high-hierarchical
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language group. Securing the consent of members of a high-hierarchical language group will pave the way for the possibility of applying the principle of reciprocity in the future. Individuals with convergent languages in discourse are more likely to have their voluntary assistance according to demand (Buller and Aune, 1988). In this way, they can secure access to the information network, which may contain useful information that is outside the immediate network access to speakers of different languages. In this scenario, successful knowledge-sharing interaction is in the best interests of members of lower hierarchical language groups when they engage with members of a high- hierarchical language group, simply because they have more to do and benefit from successful knowledge-sharing interactions. Therefore, they can invest more energy in general in this process, while at the speech level the convergence in the language is likely to be used as a tactic to improve the quality of knowledge-sharing interactions and hence increase the chances of successful knowledge transfer. This will highlight them as professional and competent individuals in the organization, with high characteristics valuable in securing support and approval. In addition to the goal of successful knowledge-sharing interactions, other reasons can lead to high levels of convergence by low hierarchical language groups. Knowledge sharing process, to some extent, manifests the characteristics of the participants. It shows about ability and the potential participants involved in conducting a successful transfer interaction.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, I have introduced and explained the material Diglosia, Codee Switching and code-mixing, interference, divergence, and convergence into a new perspective on changing a language in various fields. the context of sharing knowledge of the surrounding environment in the use of multilingualism and bilingualism. The focus on language use has been It has been suggested to conceptualize the influence of language on knowledge sharing and skills of bilingual communities. Code-switching and convergence are two common important language practices in building social interactions in the community. Building on previous literature on language in sociolinguistics and knowledge sharing in knowledge management, I have explained to show how Code-switching and convergence can affect knowledge sharing in multilingualism in society. In this endeavour, we have
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introduced several propositions that summarize conceptual links and direct our attention to potential areas of inquiry for further research. In addition to offering a solid theoretical basis, code-switching and convergence provide a very useful and objective construct for analysed the relationship of language to Sharing one's knowledge and ability to communicate with others using two languages at once.
The conclusion of this paper is to create a possibility for comparison of the results generated in the knowledge-sharing study that investigates the effects of a multilingual language. Research on language and knowledge sharing in a multilingual context is still in its infancy and therefore very limited. This is evident in a recent review of the knowledge-sharing literature where: only brief references are made to language as an influential factor in daily communication between people (Wang and Noe, 2010). In this case, my current attempt to enrich the concept of language with Sociolinguistic insight may be a useful addition to knowledge for readers and share knowledge in multilingual organizations in society. Understanding the effect of code- switching and convergence on knowledge sharing is one step toward a better understanding Overall knowledge sharing can work well in multilingual organizations in people's daily lives.
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