Family planning is well established as a social norm for the majority of the population in Indonesia. LONG-TERM POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING POLICIES National government-sponsored FP programs have a limited lifespan.
MOBILITAS PENDUDUK ANTARDAERAH
DALAM RANGKA TERTIB PENGENDALIAN MIGRASI MASUK KE DKI JAKARTA*
Populasi DKI Jakarta berdasarkan status migrasi seumur hidup dan migrasi terkini, 2000. Migrasi masuk ke DKI Jakarta kemungkinan besar akan tetap tinggi, namun terdiri dari mereka yang berstatus migran tidak tetap.
Fenomena Mobilitas Nonpermanen
Seperti halnya kota-kota lain di Indonesia, Pemerintah Kota DKI Jakarta telah melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan terkait pengendalian migrasi masuk. Oleh karena itu, upaya pengendalian migrasi masuk ke DKI Jakarta harus dilakukan bersama-sama dengan pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah asal migran, dan pemerintah kota di sekitar wilayah DKI Jakarta.
LATAR BELAKANG SOSIAL BUDAYA
DAN PENCAPAIAN PEKERJAAN - PENDAPATAN
Namun dari penelitian-penelitian tersebut belum jelas apakah faktor-faktor yang “diwariskan” (attributed) seperti status sosial, etnis, dan agama orang tua mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perbedaan tersebut. Penelitian lain seperti yang dilakukan oleh Chemikowsky dan Meesok (1981) menyatakan bahwa pencapaian pendidikan terutama ditentukan oleh pendidikan orang tua dan pekerjaan. Namun penelitian ini belum mengungkap pengaruh latar belakang masyarakat adat (seperti etnis dan agama) dan karakteristik orang tua terhadap pencapaian pekerjaan.
Hal ini terjadi karena data pendidikan orang tua (nominal lama pendidikan, tahun sekolah) dan pekerjaan ayah (dengan pengodean ulang kategoris) yang terdapat dalam penelitian tidak dapat dibandingkan. Akibatnya, hasil analisis tersebut tidak dapat memberikan jawaban yang jelas apakah pendidikan orang tua atau pekerjaan orang tua menentukan pekerjaan dan pendapatan anak di masa depan. Tren peningkatan peluang mobilitas dan persaingan masyarakat antara lain terlihat dari menurunnya pengaruh orang tua dan faktor primordial yang menyertai peningkatan pengaruh pendidikan terhadap pencapaian pekerjaan dan pendapatan.
Status sosial ekonomi orang tua diturunkan (dikaitkan) baik dengan pekerjaan maupun status sosial ekonomi anak. Semakin modern suatu wilayah (terbuka, demokratis, dan kompetitif), semakin lemah pengaruh lingkungan orang tua dan lingkungan lainnya terhadap ketiga wilayah tersebut. Misalnya saja, untuk total 2.136 kasus, data kategorikal mengenai pekerjaan orang tua tidak lagi digunakan dan penulis kembali ke data asli yang diperoleh dari kuesioner.
Metodologi
Dengan demikian dapat dibuktikan bahwa pengaruh tingkat pendidikan lebih kuat, disusul pengaruh pendidikan orang tua dan profesi ayah. Belum lagi tidak memperhitungkan masukan pendidikan orang tua dan faktor primordial lainnya yang juga terkesan penting dalam mempengaruhi prestasi profesional anak, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, misalnya variabel agama. Semakin tinggi pendidikan dan profesi orang tua maka semakin besar pula dampak positifnya terhadap pendapatan anak.
Dapat dimengerti sepenuhnya bahwa orang tua mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap pendapatan anak-anaknya (Tabel 4, kolom terakhir). Artinya perbandingan dilakukan dengan faktor bawaan seperti kedudukan sosial ekonomi orang tua dan lingkungan sosial (terutama agama dan suku). Tingkat pendidikan anak merupakan faktor yang paling kuat pengaruhnya dibandingkan latar belakang sosial ekonomi orang tua terhadap tingkat pekerjaan dan pendapatan seseorang.
Dari kumpulan data yang sama, diketahui bahwa tingkat pendidikan seorang anak terutama ditentukan oleh latar belakang sosial ekonomi orang tuanya (Sukamo, 2002:8). Dengan demikian, secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa pengaruh sosial ekonomi orang tua (keturunan) merupakan penentu utama proses stratifikasi sosial pada masyarakat yang diteliti. Kesimpulan lainnya adalah faktor orang tua dan faktor lingkungan sosial (agama, suku dan daerah) – selain mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap faktor individu (pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan, lama bekerja) – juga mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan faktor yang tidak terduga (perkawinan). status, migrasi, sumber informasi dan jenis bantuan yang diterima untuk mencari pekerjaan terakhir) dalam menentukan tingkat pendapatan.
ETHNIC GROUPS, DEVELOPMENT AND
CURRENT SITUATION IN NUNUKAN*
Moreover, we should be careful about focusing too much on the Dayaks' experiences regarding their land rights in the current social unrest. This section discusses the 'predicted' outcome in the case of Nunukan, based on existing social and economic conditions. If the local government does not plan to create new jobs and space for the Tidungs, social conflict may break out in the long run.
The basic requirements (if it were possible) that position should be in the hands of Tidungs or Dayak people. This political bargain underlines that Tidungs and Dayaks are fully aware that key political positions are supposed to be under their control, especially in the era of regional autonomy. The arguments of changing the use of the environment and its abuse are identical to the politics of marginalization of local residents.
Knowing themselves as “original inhabitants” in the areas with a long history of self-sufficiency and sovereignty, the arrival of “the others” is truly a major threat to the rights, existence, identity and entity of the Tidungs. It is clear that a process of marginalization has taken place over the past five years (as some informants have noted). This policy allowed the New Order to take over forests, land and other resources in the land occupied by the indigenous people or the adat law community.
SEX AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
EXPERIENCES OF MALE STREET YOUTH IN MEDAN, INDONESIA
Young people who spend a lot of time on the streets, often referred to as "street youth", are increasingly present in many cities, especially in developing countries. It is estimated that there are approximately 100 million street youth (aged 24 years or less) worldwide (WHO, 2000a). In Indonesia, the prevalence of STis and HIV I AIDS infection among street youth is unknown.
The Indonesian government and NGOs are increasingly concerned about the risks of STIs and HIV I AIDS among street children/youth in Indonesia (Black and Farrington, 1997; ADB, 2000; Ministry of Health, 2003). Considering these facts, studies on issues related to the risky sexual behavior of street youth in Indonesia are very important. The problem of street children first appeared in Indonesia in the early 1980s, when there were less than ten non-governmental organizations working in this area.
Nevertheless, most of these programs are considered ineffective because street children/youth are seen as objects rather than subjects. In this study, street youth are defined as single young people aged 15 to 24 who work and/or live on the street most of their time. A volunteer at a shelter (rumah singgah) said that some of the street children/youth who visit the shelter come from relatively well-off families.
Sexual Lives of Street Youth
I regularly go to Bandar Baru [a tourist area on the outskirts of Medan], because it is cold there and I can also choose the prostitutes I like (Oman, 23-year-old university student, Preman). Curiosity and stimulation by pornographic material were cited by many street youth as the reasons for premarital sex. A quarter of respondents said they had sex solely out of curiosity and 15 percent said it was because of the stimulation of pornography.
However, half of the sexually active respondents said they had more than one reason for engaging in premarital sex. Mutual attraction (suka sama suka) Curiosity (i11gi11 coba-coba) Stimulation from pornography More than one reason Exposure to pornographic material. Some religious leaders oppose the idea; they believe that promoting condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases will encourage people to visit brothels.
Fearing negative reactions from the community, many volunteers working with street youth hesitated to promote condoms, even though they were aware that many street youth engaged in risky sexual behavior. In a personal interview, an NGO volunteer said that she was once asked to distribute condoms to street children she was working with, but she refused to do so. She was afraid that some people would accuse her of encouraging street children to have sex, although she knew that many of them frequented prostitutes.
Exposure to pornographic materials
Open-ended interviews and FGD also revealed that alcohol and drug use is common among street youth. In the discussion, most participants said that street youth were often offered the drug for free by 'drug dealers', but when they became addicted, the free supply stopped and they have to buy it. Nevertheless, although most young people on the street have heard of STIs, there are many misunderstandings, especially regarding the mechanism of infection and prevention of infections.
Open-ended interviews show that many street youth believe that STDs and AIDS can be prevented by maintaining physical stamina, only having sex with a "clean and healthy" person, and taking certain "medicines" before sex. Lack of knowledge about the nature of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS resulted in many of the street youth in this study being unaware that they were engaging in risky sexual activities. This study confirmed the findings of previous studies in other cities in Indonesia and elsewhere that street youth are a vulnerable group who, due to their lifestyle, are at high risk of infection and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
Almost all street youth were exposed to these X-rated materials, which then make them more curious to experiment with the activities in the materials. This study shows that street youth need access and service programs specific to their needs. 34; Association between drug use patterns and HIV risks among homeless, runaway, and street youth in Northern California''.
KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM ADAT INTI JAGAT BADUI
Seperti halnya masyarakat “sederhana” di belahan dunia lain, hubungan antara laki-laki dan perempuan cenderung lebih egaliter, dengan sedikit atau tanpa perbedaan antara ruang publik dan privat. Dibandingkan dengan masyarakat modern lainnya, tidak banyak kesenjangan antara laki-laki dan perempuan, tidak ada aktivitas yang tidak dapat dilakukan karena jenis kelamin seseorang, baik perempuan maupun laki-laki.
Pertanyaannya apakah kegiatan ini mencerminkan kesetaraan gender mengingat kegiatan ini hanya boleh dilakukan oleh laki-laki dewasa. Hal terpenting yang luput dari perhatian penulis adalah alasan atau latar belakang perbedaan aktivitas antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Apakah karena kegiatan ini bukan bersifat domestik sehingga hanya laki-laki saja yang mempunyai akses dan boleh berpartisipasi?
Padahal, urusan masyarakat (pemerintah) merupakan kewenangan laki-laki (hal. 73 dan hal. 79), masih belum jelas apakah perempuan mempunyai akses yang sama terhadap posisi kepemimpinan seperti laki-laki. Secara umum dapat dikatakan terdapat pembagian peran antara laki-laki dan perempuan, yaitu kegiatan sosial berada di bawah kendali laki-laki, sedangkan perempuan berpartisipasi aktif dalam kegiatan rumah tangga.
JURNAL KEPENDUDUKAN INDONESIA
