Volume 9, Number 4 (July 2022):3653-3662, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2022.094.3653 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 3653 Research Article
Land management on small islands based on settlement distribution patterns: studies on Sulabesi Island, Indonesia
Lisa Meidiyanti Lautetu*, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, Rudy P. Tambunan
School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 21 March 2022 Accepted 10 May 2022 Published 1 July 2022
With limited land availability, the land use and management on the small island must be sustainable. Sulabesi Island, with an area of <2000 km2, makes it one of the small islands in North Maluku and a remote island. This condition makes Sulabesi vulnerable to land loss and faced with adverse threats both environmentally and socio-economically if the allocation of residential places does not manage appropriately. The study aimed to identify the distribution of coastal settlement land with the characteristics of the island landscape, including analyzing its suitability to coastal boundaries and recommending directions for the development of coastal settlements on Sulabesi island. The method of this study used the geographic information system (GIS) to provide a spatial picture with overlaying and buffering techniques. The data analysis used topography, slope, distribution of settlements, and coastlines with collected data sources from government agencies and remote sensing, including field observations. The analysis results showed that the settlements scattered Sulabesi island randomly and separately with linear patterns, clustering, and combinations. The distribution in the island landscape was with a dominant height at 0-200 m and a slope of 0-30% or is a flat-steep plain. Besides that also shows a mismatch of utilization between the residence and the coastal border area, so land use for future settlements can do on the more proportional ground, especially outside the coastal buffer area. The results of this study's analysis can be used for further direction in regional planning and land management on small islands.
Keywords:
coastal border GIS
land management settlement patterns small islands
To cite this article: Lautetu, L.M., Hasibuan, H.S. and Tambunan, R.P. 2022. Land management on small islands based on settlement distribution patterns: studies on Sulabesi Island, Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9(4):3653-3662, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2022.094.3653.
Introduction
A small island is an area with limited terrestrial space, especially in the availability of land. This condition makes small islands vulnerable to land degradation if there is a massive increase inland. Coluzzi et al. (2022) explain that the high level of unsustainable human activities can impact land quality decline. In line with this, Kaleel (2016), in his research in Ampara, Sri Lanka, mentioned that human interference is one of the aspects that play the most role in putting pressure on coastal land. Such interventions will continue to occur
given the high ecosystem services offered by the coast, especially on small islands (Hori et al., 2018; Hoque et al., 2022). Therefore, in general, land use on the coast includes industrial activities, recreation, infrastructure, nature conservation, and places to live (Kay and Alder, 2002; Dahuri et al., 2013).
Residential land is one of the most widely used types on small islands; according to Basel et al. (2020), this is due to the significant dependence of the community on coastal resources. Nunn and Kumar (2018) explained that the island nation of small islands
Open Access 3654 generally occupied along the coast because of the
condition of its territory, so its management tends to be more centralized. It leads to a decrease in environmental quality, especially in the land aspect, due to the high land conversion activity. Even previous studies, explained that a reduction in the area of agricultural land affected local food (Conrad et al., 2015), and land conversion caused changes in the community profession, affecting social and economic (Faruque et al., 2022). From these impacts, it is crucial to carry out land management on small islands given the limited land area but must be able to keep up with land demand with geographical conditions.
Land management on small islands must be sustainable, especially residential land management, because it is part of the most effective land use. This effort can finish by looking at the pattern of settlement distribution. Rodrigues (2015) explained that the pattern of settlements on small islands has a non- uniform type, and this has a reciprocal relationship in providing threats to the coast (Nunn and Kumar, 2018;
Basel et al., 2020). Therefore, it is essential to conduct research that looks at the pattern of settlement distribution as an illustration for coastal land management. However, previous studies have generally focused on changes in land use and human interference with the coast (Kaleel, 2016; Ahmad and Pandey, 2018; Hoque et al., 2022). However, Sevenant and Antrop (2007) explained that knowing the settlement model can contribute to understanding the landscape's ecological function, including the land within it.
Understanding the pattern of settlement distribution for sustainable land use planning on small islands can be done using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Afshari and Mafi (2014) explained that GIS could provide a good understanding of handling spatial land conformity evaluations. This technique has been widely used in the process of assessing, changing, and managing land use on the coast (Conrad et al., 2015; Gargiulo et al., 2020; Islam et al., 2021; Faruque et al., 2022). Even Mandowen and Mambrasar (2021) explained that GIS could map the potential of coastal land resources.
Therefore, GIS is used in this research to see the distribution pattern of settlements to do coastal land management on small islands. In line with this, Löbmann et al. (2022) affirm that land management should not be considered a different aspect of physical, economic, social, and political conditions.
This research seeks to be able to contribute to supporting spatial planning on small islands. Sulabesi Island is one of the small islands in the Sula Islands Regency in eastern Indonesia with 532.42 km2. With a small area, Sulabesi island land capability is only 46%
for high development (Duwila et al., 2019). It shows that there is minimal land that can finish development.
Nevertheless, Pulau Sulabesi continues to experience population and economic growth. Based on BPS
(2020), the population growth rate in Sula Islands Regency was 1.19% in 2019, and Sulabesi island became the region with the highest growth center. On the coast of Sulabesi has been carried out beach reclamation. It is vital to carry out land management with these conditions, especially in settlement land development. As explained by Kaleel (2016), poorly planned settlements can impact land degradation and even cause geological disasters. In addition, Mani and Reddy (2012) also mentioned that in realizing sustainable settlements, the fundamental challenge is how to improve environmental health from waste generated by settlers. Therefore, the growing population growth will impact land interest to settle by coastal communities, so it is crucial to plan settlements spatially to support sustainable management on Sulabesi island.
This study aims to look at the distribution of residential land in the coastal areas of Sulabesi island with the condition of the island landscape and the suitability of settlement to provide sustainable land management direction to support spatial planning.
Thiessentialh is important because, in the future, the demand for land will continue to increase, especially for land built, but in terms of land conditions is limited to small islands. By looking at settlement patterns as the basis for land sustainability on Sulabesi island, the study result is expected to help provide an overview of the character and future of small islands, especially in terms of sustainable land use.
Materials and Methods Study area
The research location is south of North Maluku Province, precisely on Sulabesi Island, Sula Islands Regency. Administratively Sulabesi island has six sub- districts and is directly adjacent to Mangoli island in the north. At the same time, in the eastern part, it borders Halmahera Regency, the southern region with the Banda Sea, and on the west borders Banggai Islands Regency (Figure 1). The area of this island is 532.42 km2 and is a small island because based on the policy of the Indonesian government in Law No.
27/2007 on the management of coastal areas and small islands explains that the extent of small islands is 2,000 km2. The same is also explained by Pamungkas (2014) regarding related characteristics of small islands, while Rodrigues (2015) mentioned that the island’s area is 3,000 km2.
Currently, population growth on the island of Sulabesi continues to increase; recorded in 2017, the population of Sulabesi was as many as 56,757 people and continues to grow to 65,421 people in 2022 (BPS, 2022). With these conditions, it is essential to carry out sustainable land management in Sulabesi island by looking at the type of utilization and its growth, especially in utilization as land is built.
Open Access 3655 Figure 1. Map of location research.
Data collections
To answer the purpose of the research, the data used was secondary data. Secondary data in the form of vector and raster data were obtained from government agencies and remote rendering using satellite imagery.
Vector-shaped data were converted into raster data to facilitate the analysis process (Mandowen and Mambrasar, 2021). Overall spatial data used in this study were topography, slope, land use, buildings, and roads. For land use and geomorphology data sourced from the Sula Islands Regional Planning and Development Agency (Bappeda Sula), topographic data in contours was sourced from the digital elevation model (DEM). Finally, building and road data to see the distribution of settlements were taken from satellite imagery using Google Earth. Field observation was also carried out by direct data collection techniques at the research site. The data collected was in coastal land use conditions, settlement conditions, and patterns. It aimed to support secondary data and strengthen the results of the analysis.
Data analysis
In sustainable land management, the analysis used is spatial analysis. This analysis is a set of techniques used in geographic information systems (GIS) data processing. The software used is ArcGIS 10.5 with
overlaying and buffering techniques. This analysis looked at the suitability of settlement land and settlement arrangement directives and the process and results of each purpose presented on a map. The analysis process was carried out based on the research objectives, and the first was mapping in the form of types of coastal land use, island landscapes, and growth on coastal land. The island landscape is the topography and geomorphology of the island, which then overlaps with residential land. The analysis aimed to look at the distribution of settlements on the shape of the island landscape, especially the height and slope of the island slopes. Furthermore, the analysis of settlement growth is part of looking at the conformity of the distribution of buildings with coastal border areas followed by buffering. The analysis flow is presented in Figure 2.
The buffering distance carried out is 100m from the highest tide point following Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia No. 21/PERMEN-KP/2018 concerning procedures for calculation of coastal boundaries). It aims to evaluate the suitability of the distribution of buildings along the Sulabesi coastline to manage coastal land properly. Buffering results are then adjusted to the boundaries of mangrove vegetation to maintain coastal ecosystems in the use of coastal land on small islands.
Open Access 3656 Figure 2. Analysis flow.
Results and Discussion
Distribution of residential land with Sulabesi island landscape
In looking at the suitability of settlement land, identification of land use is carried out in advance to be known the distribution of settlements on the island of Sulabesi. The identification results showed that the type of land use on this island was still dominated by non-built land in the form of forest areas and plantations. The land built in the form of offices, ports, places of activity, and settlements was still very minimal. Significantly, the settlements only had an area of 1138.93 ha or 2% of the total area of land use on the island of Sulabesi. In Figure 3, there were several types of land use such as estuary, mangroves, mixed plantations, shrubs, mixed plantations, ports, settlements, and places of activity. For settlements themselves were spread sporadically and directly adjacent to the sea. Therefore, this type of land use needed to be identified further to allocate land management directives on Sulabesi island, especially by looking at topographical conditions and slopes.
Based on the mapping results obtained, the characteristics of topographical condition in Sulabesi island had a height of between 0-1500 m which was dominated by a height of 0-200 m with a percentage of 52% and was in the coastal area, while the highest area on the island of Sulabesi was 500-1500 m or only 2%
of its area (Figure 4a). As for the slope conditions, the slope had levels ranging from 0-3% to >45%. Overall,
the slope of the slope that most dominates was 3-8%, with an area of 1964.61 ha.
Figure 3. Land use type in Sulabesi island
Open Access 3657 In coastal areas, the slope's average slope was
generally a slope of 0-3% or a sloping plain geomorphologically (Figure 4b). Furthermore, based on the results of overlays between topography, slopes, and settlements showed that overall Sulabesi island settlements were spread at an altitude of 0-200 m with different slopes, ranging from 0-3% with the slope type flat, and to a slope of 15-30% or was a steep area (Figure 5).
The results of the analysis of settlement distribution on the Sulabesi island landscape are presented in Table 1. The pattern of scattering settlements on the island of Sulabesi is generally linear or elongated, following the path with a low-density level. As a small island with a remote character, the development on the island of Sulabesi is also not too
massive. The analysis results showed that the Sanana subdistrict is an area with a reasonably complex distribution of settlements. It was because the area is the center of activities on the island of Sulabesi. Then, the distribution of settlements on the island of Sulabesi was known to follow the landscape conditions, where flat plains and ramps were founded to be the most chosen a place to settle. This choice is because it can facilitate the construction of infrastructure to meet the needs of settlements (Rakhmawati et al., 2015). In addition, Zhang et al. (2014) explain that the topography and slope are not too significant in coastal areas because they generally have low elevations and sloping slopes, so the settlement patterns are more spread sporadically and dominated by linear or follow the road.
Table 1. Distribution of settlements on the landscape conditions of Sulabesi island.
No Slope (%) Slope type Elevation (m) Settlement Area Settlement Hectares (ha) Percentage (%) Patterns
1. 0-3 Flat 0-200 850.37 75 Linear
2. 3-8 Ramps 0-200 281.32 24 Clustred
3. 8-15 Steep 0-200 7.16 1 Clustred
4. 15-30 Steep 0-200 0.08 0 Isolated
Total 1138.93 100
Figure 4. Map (a) of topography and (b) slope; on the island of Sulabesi.
Open Access 3658 In general, the analysis results showed that Sulabesi
island settlements were primarily in coastal areas and directly adjacent to the sea. This condition will undoubtedly increase the vulnerability of settlements, especially in the face of coastal disasters, especially on the island of Sulabesi, a small island. Lin et al. (2020) explain that coastal settlements are particularly vulnerable to land loss caused by erosion. In addition, various disasters occur on the coast due to climate change, one of which is sea level rise which causes the land area to decrease and the coastline to regress (Wacano et al., 2013; Isdianto and Luthfi, 2019). In addition, communities living on small island coasts generally consume groundwater, with the distribution
of settlements directly adjacent to the coast will cause multiple losses due to lack of groundwater and high risk of water entry in soil equators supported by increased climate change (Drakel, 2004; Miladan, 2009; Hernández-Delgado, 2015; Connell, 2018;
Zulriskan et al., 2018). Thus, residential land on flat plains and ramps, especially directly adjacent to the sea, can cause adverse impacts on the communities in it, including water crises and land loss due to the high threat of abrasion and coastal erosion. The impacts will occur faster on the island of Sulabesi because it is a small island. So, it is crucial to do land management, especially in the direction for land allocation to be built, especially where people live.
Figure 5. Map of settlement distribution in (a) flat areas; (b) sloping territory;
(c) sloping area-steep.
Suitability of residential land in coastal areas In determining the suitability of residential land in coastal areas, buffering coastal border areas is carried out. As a small island, this analysis needs to be done to maintain community resettlement places and protect coastal ecosystems. First, to see the suitability of the coastal border with settlements using buffering techniques with a distance of 100 m. The results showed that coastal settlements on the island of Sulabesi were on the coastal border area. There was even one of the settlements in the East Sulabesi section whose overall settlement distribution includes the
coastal border area (Figure 6). There are several types of coastal distribution on the island of Sulabesi; there is a vegetate between settlements and the sea, then settlements that directly border the sea, and settlements in the condition of the bearing beach. Generally, the most dominating type of settlement is the buildings that border directly with the sea. However, based on the buffering results, all types of settlements identified as being within the coastal border area should be a land-free area built. In line with this, Sunarti and Apriliasari (2015) also explain that the coastal border is a protected area free from settlements, especially on low-altitude beaches.
Open Access 3659 Figure 6. Map of the results of buffering the coastal border at the distribution of settlements (a) linear;
(b) cluster; and (c) combinations.
As a small island with conditions in remote areas, the distribution of settlements on the island of Sulabesi is indeed found in coastal areas because of people's dependence on the sea. However, if not given space between the sea and the place of residence will undoubtedly increase the vulnerability of community settlements, especially in the face of coastal disasters.
In regulations related to the management of small islands (Act No. 1/2014) and coastal boundaries (Regulation of The President of The Republic of Indonesia No. 51/2016), the coastal border area is intended to protect the physical environment of coastal areas and increase community resilience in the future.
It is in line with regulations related to coastal boundaries on the island of Sulabesi, according to Regulation of The Sula Islands Regency Regional No.
03. 2011 concerning spatial planning of the Sula islands regency of 2011-2031, which regulates the coastal border as an area included in the local protection area with a propositional distance of 100 m.
However, based on the analysis results, it is known that the residential area on the island of Sulabesi as a whole is still within the radius of the coastal border, so there is a discrepancy between regulations and existing conditions. Figure 7 shows the distribution of coastal settlements in the coastal border area.
Figure 7. Conditions of settlements located on the coastal border.
Open Access 3660 The distribution of settlements located on the coastal
border can cause harm to the community. High vulnerability to climate change, especially sea-level rise, can threaten the region's sustainability and socio- economic communities on small islands (Hernández- Delgado, 2015; Connell, 2018; Qazlbash et al., 2021).
Mills et al. (2021) mention that the protection of small islands from climate change, primarily related to sea- level rise, can be done by understanding land-use types on the coast. The coastal border can protect people who live in coastal areas because it provides distance between the place of settlement of the community with the threat of disaster faced.
Land management directives on small islands Land management on the island of Sulabesi is not a simple thing because it is a small island with very minimal land availability. Löbmann et al. (2022) explain that the high demand for land is in line with the needs for mitigation and adaptation to climate change, so it is crucial to immediately carry out a rapid transition in the direction of sustainable land management. In line with this, the condition of small islands that continue to face loss of land area due to the impacts of climate change (Connell, 2018; Qazlbash et al., 2021). With the demands of need and the high vulnerability to environmental change, it is necessary to find the optimum balance between coastal land management and preservation (Hamuna et al., 2018).
Based on the analysis results, it is known that Sulabesi island is an island with welding conditions that can be done development if appropriately utilized.
Referring to topographical conditions, slopes, and morphology, land on this island can generally be used as a place to live. It is supported by the distribution of settlements that are still sporadic. Rodrigues (2015) explains that coastal settlements on the small island do form a pattern that is not uniform. Therefore, it is imperative to do appropriate land use planning because unplanned settlements can have implications for reducing land productivity and posing threats such as floods and landslides (Kaleel, 2016).
Regarding the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 22/PRT/M/20077 concerning Guidelines for Spatial Planning for Landslide Disaster- Prone Areas, the threat to the land movement in coastal settlements on the island of Sulabesi is included in the Type C zone because it is located in lowland with an altitude of 0-500 m and slope 0-30. In addition, it is also essential to see the distribution of settlements based on coastal buffer areas such as coastal borders.
To direct the sustainable use of built land as a place to settle on small islands, it is also necessary to pay attention to the ecological aspects of the coast. It avoids changes in land cover with vital functions such as coastal boundaries into settlements because it will affect the quality (Hoque et al., 2022) and the quantity of land. Hasibuan et al. (2020) explain that the coastal border has a critical function converted and will cause
abrasion and damage to the coastal environment.
Therefore, with the analysis results, the condition of settlements that are almost as a whole included in the coastal border should be a serious concern by the local government. In line with this, Forbes et al. (2013) explain that understanding the coastline condition can maintain long-term land availability.
Thus, the management of coastal land on the island of Sulabesi for settlement areas must pay attention to the topography and slope. The slope conditions that must be <40%, especially on land with a slope of 16-30%, can be done conditionally by emphasizing other aspects such as soil conditions and rainfall. Then, for settlements spread at an altitude of 0-200m with a slope of 0-15% slope must prioritize the ecological aspect of the coast, namely the coastal border as a buffer area. The distribution of settlements located in coastal border areas must be taken seriously, especially in minimizing coastal disasters in abrasion, sea-level rise, and seawater intrusion.
Conclusion
Managing the distribution of coastal settlements can support realizing the management of coastal island land. Most coastal settlements are spread separately and directly adjacent to the sea as a source of livelihood. Settlements on the island of Sulabesi spread along the coast sporadically. The patterns formed are mostly elongated following the road or linear, in some settlements only in the form of groups and combinations, especially at the center of Sulabesi island community activities.
Landscape conditions can be used to illustrate the sustainability of small island settlements. Sulabesi Island has landscape characteristics with the lowest elevation being 0-200 m, and the highest is 500-1500 m with a slope of 0-3% for flat plains and >45 for steep conditions. From the overlay results, the dominant coastal settlements are spread at an altitude of 0-200 m with a slope of 0-8%, namely areas with flat and sloping conditions. This condition then causes most of the coastal settlements on the island of Sulabesi to be included in the coastal border area. It impacts that mismatch in the distribution of settlements on the coast of the island of Sulabesi. This area should be free from built-up land, including residential. Due to the high vulnerability to coastal disasters, the island of Sulabesi faces a threat of reducing the quantity of land due to the lack of land availability so that the coastal border is not a built area.
With proper settlement planning, it can support sustainable land. The allocation of coastal settlements on the island of Sulabesi can be done on flat plains and ramps with a slope of <45%, of course, by paying attention to the coastal border area. In settlements that have entered the coastal buffer area, it is necessary to do mitigation and adaptation to reduce the losses of people who live physically and socio-economically.
Open Access 3661 Finally, this research focuses on topography, slope,
and coastal boundaries. In the future hope that research related to sustainable land management on small islands can be developed further, both in coastal ecosystems and socially and economically communities and in terms of disasters, given the high pressure faced by small islands to the phenomenon of climate change.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the School of Environmental Science for funding this research with Grant number: PKS- 0083/UN2.F13.D1/PPM.00.00/2021. The authors are also grateful to the Regional Development Planning Agency of Sula Island Regency (Bappeda Sula) for assisting in providing spatial data
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