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:28:.

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Sk kttu u` ` n nc crrc ck kd dj jk kj j` `j jk k j jffj jtt--j jffj jtt p pc ck ku u` `j jrr p pj jk kj js s ((hcjt hcjt

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4.. _ _j jg gbbj js sbb ((s sbbk kj jrrj jk k))

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gj jr rb b t tc cn np pj jt t y yj jk ka a s su uh hu uk ky yj j t tb bk ka aa ab b ` `c c t tc cn np pj jt t y yj jk ka a s

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tctjp.

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susuhuhu ococrorocgcgj,j, n

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R

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ocru rupj pj lf lfu ubg bgj j (d (djb jbrj rjk k/a /aj js) s) Gjsjr

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q      jtju jtju

D

Di ikt ktih ih p pcr crbbs stb tbw wj j pc pcrp rpbk bkgj gjhj hjk k sc scd djr jrj j ` `i ikv kvc c`s `sbb

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suunnooccrr ppjjkkjjss ppjjggjj ssjjffjjhh ssjjttuu ssuugguuttkkyyjj

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Nj jd dj jn n--n nj jd dj jn n @ @i ik kv vc c` `s sbb 55

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:. @ @i ik kv vc c` `s sbb o oc co oj js s/ /` `i ik kv vc c` `s sbb j jffj jn nbbj jh h (( lrcc lrcc

dikvcdtbik/kjturjf dikvcdtbik dikvcdtbik/kjturjf dikvcdtbik ))

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 pcrpbkgjhjk pjkjs pjkjs yjka gbscojo`jk yjka gbscojo`jk ifch ifch ocgj ocgj suhu suhu gjk  gjk  o

oc cg gj j r rj jp pj jt t s sj je ej j g gj jk k t tb bg gj j` ` j jg gj j t tc ck kj ja aj j g gj jr rb b f fu uj jr r y yj jk ka a nckgirikakyj.

nckgirikakyj.

Dikti

Diktih h 5 pfjt pjkj 5 pfjt pjkjs gbobjr s gbobjr`jk ocrj `jk ocrjgj gb ugjrj sc gj gb ugjrj sc`btjr `btjr tjkpj jgj sunocr acrj`jk gjrb fujr

tjkpj jgj sunocr acrj`jk gjrb fujr

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?. @ @i ik kv vc c` `s sbb p pj j` `s sj jj jk k (( lirdcg dikvcdtbik lirdcg dikvcdtbik ))  pcrpbkgjhjk

 pcrpbkgjhjk pjkjs pjkjs jfbrjk jfbrjk ajs jtju ajs jtju djbrjk djbrjk yjka yjka g

gb bs sc co oj jo o` `j jk k j jg gj jk ky yj j t tc ck kj ja aj j g gj jr rb b f fu uj jr  r 

Dikti

Diktih h 5 pfjt pjkjs gb 5 pfjt pjkjs gbhcnou hcnous ugjrj gck s ugjrj gckajk `bpjs ajk `bpjs/ofiw /ofiwcr cr

4. _JGBJTB 4. _JGBJTB

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 Jgjfjh pcrpbkgjhjk pcrpbkgjhjk pjkjs pjkjs yjka yjka tcrejgb tcrejgb `jrckj `jrckj  pjkdjrjk/sbkjrjk/rjgbjsb

 pjkdjrjk/sbkjrjk/rjgbjsb acfinojka acfinojka cfc`tri-  cfc`tri-  njakctb`, tjkpj ncncrfu`jk ncgbj pcrjktjrj 

njakctb`, tjkpj ncncrfu`jk ncgbj pcrjktjrj  G

Gj js sj jrr 55 Hu Hu`u `un n Tt Ttcl cljk jk-O -Oif iftz tznj njk k 7

JW 7

JW q 

q  r  r  >>    γτ γτ

]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB, @IK\C@TB, _JGBJTB ]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB, @IK\C@TB, _JGBJTB

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pj`sjjk pj`sjjk ]j

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gbpjktuf`jk

]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB ]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB

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-- o oi iffj j ((rr,, θθ ,, όό ))

Hu

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>>

θθ

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@ikgu`tbvbtjs Whcrnjf

@ikgu`tbvbtjs Whcrnjf (Gjyj Hjktjr ]jkjs) (Gjyj Hjktjr ]jkjs)

 Jgjfjh sbljt ojhjk yjka nckukeu``jk scocrjpj dcpjt  Jgjfjh sbljt ojhjk yjka nckukeu``jk scocrjpj dcpjt

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]jgj ununkyj kbfjb ` gbjkaajp tctjp,

]jgj ununkyj kbfjb ` gbjkaajp tctjp, kjnuk kjnuk scockjrkyj kbfjb ` gbpckajruhb ifch suhu (W).

scockjrkyj kbfjb ` gbpckajruhb ifch suhu (W).

@ikgu`tir

@ikgu`tir

↟

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 ojhjk yjka ncnpukyjb `ikgu`tbvbtjs ojb` ojb` ncnpukyjb `ikgu`tbvbtjs yjka yjka Diktih 5 fiajn

Diktih 5 fiajn Bsifjtir

Bsifjtir    ↟ ↟ ojhjk yjka ncnpukyjb `ikgu`tbvbtjs ojhjk yjka ncnpukyjb `ikgu`tbvbtjs yjka ecfc`

yjka ecfc`  

Diktih 5 jsocs Diktih 5 jsocs

@ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf djbrjk ocrvjrbjsb tcrajktuka suhu,

@ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf djbrjk ocrvjrbjsb tcrajktuka suhu, scrbka gbkyjtj`jk gjfjn pcrsjnjjk fbkbcr5 ` > j

scrbka gbkyjtj`jk gjfjn pcrsjnjjk fbkbcr5 ` > j + oW + oW  

@ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf ococrjpj sifbg gjk lfubgj

@ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf ococrjpj sifbg gjk lfubgj

]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB ]JGJ ]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB ]JGJ ]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB ]JGJ ]C_]BKGJHJK ]JKJT @IKGS@TB ]JGJ

OBGJKA GJWJ_

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OBGJKA GJWJ_

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(Tfjo) (Tfjo) (Tfjo)

q q

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q  >> ∟∟ >> ∟∟ ∌ ∌ ∌ ∌

H`. Liurbcr 5 H`. Liurbcr 5

Fjeu pcrpbkgjhjk pjkjs, q

Fjeu pcrpbkgjhjk pjkjs, q

↟ ↟

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Wcnpcrjtur

↟ ↟

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`ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf, `

`ikgu`tbvbtjs thcrnjf, ` tcojf ojhjk,

tcojf ojhjk,

∌ ∌

xx fujs pcrnu`jjk, J  fujs pcrnu`jjk, J 

tjhjkjk tjhjkjk

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>>

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   ↟ ↟

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`J x `J x

W W q 

q  >> ∟∟ ∌ ∌∌ ∌

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Diktih Diktih

   

Tijf Tijf

 :  :

5 5

Tjfjh sjtu pcrnu`jjk scoujh pfjt tcnojaj Tjfjh sjtu pcrnu`jjk scoujh pfjt tcnojaj yjka tcojfkyj 4 dn ncnpukyjb suhu tctjp yjka tcojfkyj 4 dn ncnpukyjb suhu tctjp 7==

7==

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D, scgjka`jk suhu pcrnu`jjk yjka D, scgjka`jk suhu pcrnu`jjk yjka scocfjh fjab gbejaj tctjp :==

scocfjh fjab gbejaj tctjp :==

i i

D. Ocrjpj D. Ocrjpj pjkjs yjka ocrpbkgjh ncfbktjs fcnpcka pjkjs yjka ocrpbkgjh ncfbktjs fcnpcka btu9

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  Jfbrjk  Jfbrjk pjkjs yjka gbsusuk ocrfjpbs-fjpbs gckajk ojhjk yjka gbsusuk ocrfjpbs-fjpbs gckajk ojhjk pjkjs gbfcwjt`jk gbfcwjt`jk pjgj pjgj obgjka obgjka gjtjr gjtjr yjka ocrocgj-ocgj.

yjka ocrocgj-ocgj.

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Diktih Tijf 4.

Diktih Tijf 4.

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pbkus gckajk `ctcojfjk ?,1 nn, fjpbsjk tckajh dir` oijrg :=:,< nn gjk oijrg :=:,< nn gjk fjpbsjk fujr dikdrctc (ojtu ojtj)

fjpbsjk fujr dikdrctc (ojtu ojtj) 1<,? nn. Tuhu pcrnu`jjk gbkgbka gjfjn 1<,? nn. Tuhu pcrnu`jjk gbkgbka gjfjn rujkajk pckgbkabk jgjfjh ?33,7 @ gjk pcrnu`jjk ojtu o

rujkajk pckgbkabk jgjfjh ?33,7 @ gjk pcrnu`jjk ojtu ojtj fujr ?21,: @. jtj fujr ?21,: @.

@ikgu`tblbtjs uktu` `jyu pbkus 5 =,:3:, dir` oijrg5 =,=744 gjk ojtu ojtj5

@ikgu`tblbtjs uktu` `jyu pbkus 5 =,:3:, dir` oijrg5 =,=744 gjk ojtu ojtj5

=,1<? Q/n.@. Hbtuka pjkjs yjka hbfjka gjfjn Q/n? gjk suhu gb

=,1<? Q/n.@. Hbtuka pjkjs yjka hbfjka gjfjn Q/n? gjk suhu gb pcrnu`jjk jktjrj `jyu pbkus gjk dir` oijrg.

pcrnu`jjk jktjrj `jyu pbkus gjk dir` oijrg.

4.

4. 4.

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`ikgu`sb gbjkaajp ocrfjkasuka hjkyj sjtu jrjh (jrjh x).

`ikgu`sb gbjkaajp ocrfjkasuka hjkyj sjtu jrjh (jrjh x).

 

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(bb) r > r_ii W > WW > W_ii

Gckajk `ikgbsb ojtjs gb jtjs, pcrsjnjjk jfbrjk pjkjs

Gckajk `ikgbsb ojtjs gb jtjs, pcrsjnjjk jfbrjk pjkjs uktu`uktu`

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