Phonetics and Phonology Suprasegmental Features
Ika Nurhayani, Ph.D
Prosody/ Suprasegmental Features
• Intonation
• Pitch
• Tone
• Stress
Definition
• Prosody: The study of phonological features that includes more than one sound, such as the study of phonological features in syllables and words.
• Its features are referred to as suprasegmental features (more than one segment, more than one sound).
Intonation
• Intonation is the difference in pitch in speech.
• Intonation is often known as a melody.
• Intonation can mark types of sentences:
declarative, exclamative, imperative, or interrogative.
Intonation in Praat
Intonation in English
Declarative Intonation
Declarative sentences have a falling intonation.
Exclamatory Sentence Intonation
Interrogative Intonation
• Yes / No question is indicated by a sharp increase at the end of the syllable.
Tu aimes la Provence? Vous faites de la voile?
Est-ce que vous partez en vacances?
Interrogative Sentence Intonation
Types of Sentences
Intonation and Pitch
Pitch and Intonation
Pitch
The pitch is measured on the hertz scale.
The pitch tends to be higher in women than in men.
The older the man, the higher the pitch.
The older the woman, the lower the pitch.
Animals and pitch
• Monkeys express feelings with different kinds of pitch: angry and hungry with high notes.
Tone
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical and grammatical meanings.
Tone in Mandarin
• mā (媽/妈) "mum/mom"
• má (麻/麻) "hemp"
• mǎ (馬/马) "horse"
• mà (罵/骂) "scold"
• ma (嗎/吗) (an interrogative particle)
Intensity/Stress
• The intensity or stress given to a syllable or words.
• The result of the stress is a louder sound
Tekanan/ Stress
Stress can serve to differentiate meaning in English
• conflict.
as a verb, "I hope that won't conflíct in any way."
as a noun, "There will be no cónflict."
• record.
as a verb, "Remember to record' the show!".
as a noun, "I'll keep a récord of that request."
• permit.
as a verb, "I won't permít that." as a noun, "We already got a pérmit."
Intensity / Stress
• French English
• NormanDIE NORmandy
• MéditerranEE MediteRRAnean AtlanTIQUE AtlANtic
• CanaDA, canadiEN CAnada, caNAdian PaRIS, parisiEN PAris, paRIsian
Length
Secondary Articulation
Speech Organs
Labialization
• Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.
• Labialized sounds involve the lips while the
remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to
consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.
Labialization
Palatalization
Palatalization refers to a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. A consonant pronounced this way is called a palatalized consonant.
