RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts of The Main Character in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie Script
By:
SILVIA P. MANTIRI 20 401 003
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ART
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MANADO
2022
Table of Content
Table of Content...2
Chapter 1...3
Introduction...3
1.1 Background of the Study...3
1.2 Statement of Problem...5
1.3 Purpose of the Study...6
1.4 Reason for Choosing the Topic...6
1.5 Research Question...6
1.5 Delimitation of the Study...6
1.6 Implication...6
1.6.1 Implication...6
1.6.2 Application...7
1.7 Definition of the Terms Used...7
Chapter II...8
Review of Literature...8
2.1 Pragmatics...8
2.2 Speech Act...9
2.2.1 The definition of speech act...9
2.2.2 Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Act...10
2.2.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts...11
2.2.4 Direct and Indirect Speech Act...12
2.3 Movie...13
2.3.1 Definition of Movie...13
2.3.2 Elements of movie...14
2.4 The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie...15
2.4.1 Synopsis of this movie...15
2.4.2 Moral Value...16
2.5 Previous Study...19
Chapter III...21
Research Methodology...21
3.1 Research Design...21
3.2 Research Procedure...22
3.3 Data Collection...22
3.5 Data Analysis...23
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
A language is a system of signs used to convey messages (Taylor and Taylor 1990:5). Learning a language is not something new for people who have been interested in it since a long time ago. It is caused by the main function of language that is for communication. In the learning process, one of the important parts in creating and understanding the language is communication. By using language, they reveal their ideas, express their happiness and sadness, make a joke with others, give information, command someone to do something, influence someone and etc.
In delivering their purposes, people use spoken language. By using spoken language, people can communicate efficiently. They can directly deliver their intention to others. Although people use spoken language to communicate efficiently, their utterances usually have a wider range of meaning than its simply a literal meaning. This is mostly influenced by the context when the speech occurred. In some cases, it is very important to understand the relation between the meaning of one sentence and another, since it may cause misunderstanding. Talking about express our feeling by language, there is another way except the way of communication which are mention above.
People use the utterances with implied meaning sometimes in their life communication, to guess that meaning they should know where or when the utterance is stated or base on the context in order to achieve the goal of utterances itself and it called for how the addressee's interpretation of what speaker's really want to the addressees. The context is also important to help the address to interpret the meaning of the utterances because context can stimulate and contribute to hearer in interpreting the meaning.
How people use language to communicate is studied through pragmatics. So that, pragmatics is the study of human communication: the choices speakers make to express their intended meaning and the kinds of inferences that hearers draw from an utterance in the context of its use (Allan, 2012: vii). They are doing things with their utterances when they speak because language is used not only to explain words, but also to perform an action which is intended to have a function and effect on the hearer. Those actions that are performed via utterances are called speech acts (Yule, 1996: 47). A
speaker might say, “It's nice to have those beautiful flowers.” In this sentence, the speaker wants someone to give him the flower or an invitation based on the context. To achieve their goals, people do not only say something but also insert an action embedded in their utterances. For this reason, speech acts cannot be separated from conversation.
As stated by Austin via Cutting (2002:16), speech acts are the actions performed in saying something. According to him, the action performed when an utterance is produced can be analysed on three different levels. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is literal meaning of the utterances, illocutionary act is the action behind the utterances and perlocutionary act is the effect of utterances to hearer Speech acts are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, and request. Searle states that there are five basic types of illocutionary can perform in speaking. They are representatives, directives, commissive, expressive and declarative. Representative focuses to what the speaker believe to be the case or not, directive concerns to the speaker want to hearer or someone else to do something, commissive concerns on speaker commitment to the future action, expressive deals with expression or speaker feels, declaratives is related with act having immediately changes.
Trosborg (1995:187) defines a request as an illocutionary act whereby a speaker (requester) conveys to a hearer (requestee) that he/she wants the requestee to perform an act which is very beneficial for him/her. A request is somehow more polite than an order since a request is believed as asking somebody to do something than telling somebody to do something. In their daily life, people always make request which shows that they need people`s help. People often make request both directly and indirectly to ask something from other people such as asking for help, asking for permission, asking for direction and so forth. In this case, people need to use some strategies in order to make their request successfully delivered to their addressee.
The way of Speaker to communicate is not only in the oral language speech or face to face talking but also in the written language such as in newspaper, magazine, book, novel, movie script, short story and many others (Zamzami Muh Khoirul 2006). The phenomena of speech acts do not only occur in real life situation but also in movies since they are a reflection of human`s real life. Movie also medium of education that
can demonstrate to the human audio visual so people with such a device would be easier to accept education movie is similarly one of the tools used to deliver the events.
It is defined as motion pictures considered esp. as a source of entertainment or as an art.
The characters‟ dialogues reflect human communication which consists of speech act.
They apply speech acts in their utterances to deliver their intended purposes such as when the characters ask someone to do something or when the characters express their feeling.
In conducting the research, the researcher chooses a movie as the source of data rather than conducting a kind of field study. Besides, since movie is the representation of human life, the researcher thinks it is acceptable to use movie as source of data. A movie entitled The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is chosen as the object of the research because it reflects the different state of natural society with the amazing adventures of youth. This research focused to analyse the illocutionary acts by the main character in this story. The author sees that this story not only has an interesting theme or unique symbol, but also has speech acts that the main characters often do unconsciously.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Communication that happens in society mostly uses language as its primary means.
A language consists of grammatical and structural words that can be used to draw meaning of what people utter in communication. The conversation among the characters in the movie usually carry out many aspects of speech acts. In relation to the speech act, the researcher finds some problems which are presented below.
The first problem is the context of the utterances. Context is the physical or social setting of the utterance that becomes the background knowledge to interpret what the speaker means in his or her utterances. To get a clear interpretation of the speaker`s utterances, the hearer must be aware of the context of the dialogues so that it will decrease the possibility of misinterpretation. This context helps the hearer to interpret the implied meaning of the speaker`s utterances.
The second problem is the use of language to perform an action or speech acts. An utterance made by a speaker is used to deliver particular purposes. A speaker usually applies various types of speech acts to deliver particular purposes. When a speaker
produces utterances, he or she also performs an action which consists of three related speech acts. They are locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Moreover, there are five types of general functions performed by speech act which are divided into declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissive.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to analyse the speech acts in this literary work, especially the types of illocutionary act.
1.4 Reason for Choosing the Topic
The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie is one of the popular literary works to study, the fantasy story played by 4 teenagers is very interesting to discuss because there are many amazing aspects in it implicitly or explicitly. So that the author is interested in analyzing the speech act in this film, so that we do not only focus on the interesting storyline but also on language elements such as pragmatics which makes this film not only as entertainment but also as a work for research.
1.5 Research Question
The writer has a question for the study, namely:
1. What types of illocutionary act by the main character in the movie The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?
1.5 Delimitation of the Study
The study is limited to the speech act of the main character, especially about the illocutionary acts.
1.6 Implication 1.6.1 Implication
The author hopes that this research can provide benefits for readers to understand more about speech acts which have various types.
1.6.2 Application
Based on this research, the writer hopes that the readers will know about the various types of speech act. As an English user, this is very important to know because it can be useful for our daily communication.
1.7 Definition of the Terms Used
To clarify about this research the writer provides an explanation of some of the terms used in the study those are:
1) Speech act
According to Marmaridou (2000:167) "Speech acts are a fundamental theoretical construct which seeks to provide an alternative approach to the study of the meaning of sentences." It means, Speech act is the study of the meaning utterance of utterances from the speaker to the hearer the speaker through several approaches.
2) Movie
According to Hornby (2006:950) movie means a series of moving picture recorded with sound that tells a story, shown at cinema/movie.
3) The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 fantasy film co-written and directed by Andrew Adamson, based on the 1950 novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first published and second chronological novel in C. S. Lewis's children's epic fantasy series, The Chronicles of Narnia. It was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures. This story talk about four British children evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside, who find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia, where they ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of Jadis, the White Witch.
Chapter II
Review of Literature
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of the linguistic fields that is very interesting to discuss and as a sub-field of language studies, namely the techniques used by language for communication purposes, studying how language users utilize their knowledge of language which is understood in terms of their understanding of the structure and rules of language. In daily life, language is used to interact with each other. It needs to be understood by people since it can reveal people`s thoughts and ideas. When someone says,” I’m hungry”, his/her words can be interpreted in many ways. The hearer can interpret it as a sign that the speaker is merely hungry. However, it also can be interpreted that the speaker wants someone to get him/her food. Hence, the hearer also needs context or situational background to interpret a speaker`s intention since an utterance can be interpreted in many ways.
Yule (1996:3) writes that pragmatics is a study of contextual meaning which involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. Being more detail, Griffiths (2006:1) states that pragmatics is concerned with the “toolkit” for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and in its patterns for building more elaborate meanings in meaningful communication. In other words, pragmatics is about the interaction of semantic knowledge related to the world, as well as contexts of use. Therefore, the definitions of pragmatics as mentioned above that pragmatics studies the meaning of utterances in relation to the context of language which involves how speakers can produce the best utterance to deliver their intention of the speaker`s utterances.
Pragmatics is not only about language but also learns about the external meaning of the
sentence or utterance. It was involved such an interpretation for what people mean in the right context and how that context impact what is said. In these studies, we also need to explore what listener implication that speaker utterance.
Pragmatics studies the context within which an interaction occurs as well as the intention of the language user. Pragmatics also explores how listener and readers can make inferences about what is said or written in order to arrive at an interpretation of users intended meaning. Leech (1983:76) views that language consist of grammars, vocabulary, and pragmatics. He then defines pragmatics as a set of strategies and principles for achieving success in communication by the case of grammar. So in this case, pragmatics is the process of producing language and in its producers, not just in the end-product language. Whatever the outcomes of our preliminary quest for a definition, the language use seems to be at the center of attention in pragmatics. Thus, we can talk about the user’s point of view as common orienting feature for both linguist and philosopher dealing with pragmatics.
2.2 Speech Act
2.2.1 The definition of speech act
As a human, we always communicate with each other by saying or using an expressing utterance to reveal something. Pragmatically, an action that is done through language can be studied under the labels of speech act. Yule (1996:47) use the term speech act to refer to actions performed through utterances. For example, when a boss says, "You're fired!", his words are an act of firing an employee. In this example, the boss performs an action through speech. That means those words can change one's status (Mey, 1994:112). Beside of the explicit meaning in every language, the author realize that language is also full of implicit meanings. Sometimes when a speaker utters something, he/she does not just utter the utterance, but the speaker means something behind it. One can perform three speech acts simultaneously such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act has to do with the utterance of a sentence which determine sense and reference. Illocutionary act deals with the naming of statement, offers, promises, etc. Then, perlocutionary act deals with the bringing about of effects on the audience by uttering the sentence (Levinson, 1983:236).
We can communicate because we are equipped with speech organs. By referring to Austin (1962: 22), in uttering a sentence, one is not merely saying something but he is also doing something. The nation of speech act is fairly well understood, Searle, Kiefer, and Bierwisch (1980:vii) states that theory of speech act start the assumption that the minimal unit human communication is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of act, such as making statement, asking question, giving order, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. Moreover, to communicate is to express a certain attitude, and act defined as the unit at the lowest rank of discourse (Coulthard 1997:8). As an act of communication a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker’s intention, the attitude being expressed. John Austin (1962) in his book How to Do Things with Words who is first to introduce to the idea of speech act, defines speech act, as the action performed by language to modify the state of the object on which the action is performed. The writer represents an action effectively fulfilled by a sentence. Searle and Austin argue that in the same way we perform physical actions, such as eating or closing the door, we can also perform actions using language. We can use language, for example, to give orders, make requests, give warnings, or give advice. They call it speech act. So, people do things with words the same way they do physical actions.
2.2.2 Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Act
Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request. There are three kinds of act to perform the utterances.
Austin (1962:109) identifies three distinct levels of action beyond the act of utterance.
He classifies the three level of act that begin with the building blocks of words and end words the effects those word have in an audience. They are called locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
The locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression (Yule 1996). So that, the locutionary act is the act of saying something: producing a series of sound which mean something. In other word, locutionary act is the act simply uttering a sentence from a language; it is a description of what the speaker says. It is the act of using a referring expression and a predicating expression. It is the act of saying something in which each word in the sentences is uttered exactly the same as its meaning in the dictionary. Austin states that the content
of a locutionary act (what is said) is not always determined by what is meant by the sentence being uttered.
The illocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind and performed via communicative force of utterance (Yule 1996). Illocutionary act is performed in saying something, and includes acts such as betting, promising, denying, stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, predicting, ordering and requesting, and ordering, some of the verbs to label illocutionary acts can themselves be used per formatively. Moreover, illocutionary act can be defined as what the speaker intends to do by uttering a sentence, Sari (1988:15). In other word it is the out in saying something using a certain intention. Coulthard (1977:18) states that basically an illocutionary act is a linguistics act performed in uttering a certain word in a given context.
Perlocutionary acts produce some effect on the hearer of what the speaker says. So, perlocutionary act is hearer’s behavioural response to the meaning of utterance. It can be physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a mental and emotional response of some kind. As with illocutionary act, the effect associated with a perlocutionary act is sometimes referred to as the perlocutionary force of the utterance. As an example, consider the following utterance: “that it’s cold in here” (such as someone actually close the door), “there is food in the stove” (helping themselves to the food). While its intended perlocutionary effect might be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an interest in a particular type of music.
2.2.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts
Searle via Trosborg (1985:14) divides speech acts into five categories: declaratives, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissive.
a) Declarations
Declarations are kinds of speech acts, which change the world via their utterance. The acts of declaratives are approving, betting, blessing, christening, confirming, cursing, declaring, disapproving, dismissing, naming, resigning, etc, for example, “I quit from this job.” In this example, the speaker tells to the hearer that he/she quits the job.
b) Representatives
Representatives are kinds of speech acts, which state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. The type includes arguing, asserting, boasting, claiming, complaining, criticizing, denying, describing, informing, insisting, reporting, suggesting, swearing, etc, for example, “I met your sister yesterday.” The speaker here does the act of informing by telling the hearer that he/she had met the hearer`s sister yesterday.
c) Expressive
Expressive are kinds of speech acts, which state what the speakers feel. The acts are apologizing, complimenting, condoling, congratulating, deploring, praising, regretting, thanking, etc, for example, “I like your house very much.” By telling so, the speaker shows his/her appreciation to the hearer`s house.
d) Directives
Directives are kinds of speech acts, which the speakers use to get someone else to do something. The acts are ordering, commanding, requesting and suggesting, for example, “Would you like to come to my tea party?” In this sentence, the speaker asks the hearer to come to his/her party.
e) Commissive
Commissive are kinds of speech acts, which the speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. The acts are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing etc, for example, “I will be there at 5 o‟clock.” In doing the act of commisives, the speaker says a promise to the hearer to come at five.
2.2.4 Direct and Indirect Speech Act
In saying something one generally intends more than just to communicate, but getting oneself understands is intended to produce some effect on the listener.
However, our speech act vocabulary can obscure this fact, speech act can be performed directly and indirectly by the speaker. Direct speech act is one in which the speaker performs an utterance directly which contains the truth condition of the utterance.
Grundy (1995:95) classified three basic sentence types of direct speech act, they are:
1. Question (Interrogative)
Direct speech act can be performed by a question. For example : Did you came to the party last night?
2. Order (Imperative) Imperative type of a sentence has a function to affect other’s behaviour. For example: Get the winner for the competition!
3. Assertion (Declarative) The third type is declarative; the function is the convey information from the utterance. For example: John got the second in competition.
In each of these examples, the syntactic form of speech matches the direct illocutionary act. In (1) in the interrogative form it is used to ask questions; in (2) the imperative form is used to give orders or requests and in (3) the directive form is used to make statements. Thus, direct speech acts (or direct illocutionary acts) are speech acts that conform to the syntactic form of speech, in other words, direct speech acts mean that whatever we use language as a means to achieve a goal, it does not imply a goal. action chain.
Indirect speech act, the word indirect means that whenever we use language as a means to achieve a goal, it implies some series of actions. Searle in Leech (1983) defines an indirect act as a case in which an illocutionary act is performed indirectly by means of a direct speech act. Our actions in using speech in everyday communication are known as speech acts. Speech act is the most important pragmatic study of depletion. According to Rustono (1991:31) speech acts are a central point in pragmatics and appear in analysing other pragmatic topics. Other pragmatic topics are presupposition, entailment, conversational implicative, cooperative principles, politeness principles, etc.
2.3 Movie
2.3.1 Definition of Movie
According to Hornby (2006:950) movie means a series of moving picture recorded with sound that tells a story, shown at cinema/movie. Movie is moving pictures. In the movie, we can also see some parts of people’s lives. Although not all parts of movie are the representation of real lives, we can somehow take it as lives that people have.
According to Monahan (2010), analysing movie the first thing is to understand the elements of movie. Movie is the most famous entertainment media around the world.
Movie has many interesting sides we can see. Start from action, audio, visual, location, situation, technology and many more. Motion picture is combination between movement, words, music and colours (Hamid Aodah 2016, 4). They are story,
character, theme, setting, and style. A good story is a basis for most successful film. A good story has a very clear beginning, middle, and end.
The best way to organize the telling of the story is through proper balance of suspense and action. A character is a person that created by movies’ creator or sometimes even an animal who takes part in action of story. Character can be classified into two. They are main character and supporting character. The main character is the character that has many scenes on the story. Whereas, the supporting character is character that supports and helps the main character on the story. Themes are the main concepts and ideas that underlie the story. Themes are revealed through the values of the characters when facing obstacles and resolving conflicts in pursuit of their goals. It can be said as the basis and purpose of the story because without a purpose the story will be trivial.
Setting refers to all information about the place, time, and situation of the movie.
Settings can be classified into two kinds. There are physical settings and social settings.
Physical settings that can be understood using reason, such as time and place. Social setting is a background that describes the situation, lifestyle, culture, language of the community. The last element of the film refers to the genre of the movie. The statement above can be concluded that the movie is a form of entertainment that is composed of several elements. Movies have five elements that students must know and understand when watching films or reading stories, because they are part of the movie. If students do not know it, they will not understand the substance of the movie.
2.3.2 Elements of movie
Movies have some parts that can be broken down to analyse further. Pratista proposes some elements of movie. They are classified into five as follows:
a. Scene
According to Pratista, a section of a movie or film is usually made up of a number of shots which is unified by time, setting, character, etc.
b. Plot
Plot is the unified structure of incidents in a movie or film.
c. Character
In a movie, people can see some people playing different roles as if they are really like what we see in the movie. Those people are called characters. This is in line with Pratista who says that character is an imaginary person in a movie or film.
d. Point of view
The angle of vision from which a story is narrated is called point of view.
e. Conflict Movies usually present some story about many aspects of life with different problem that will be solved by some specific characters, usually the main character at the end. This problem is called conflict. This is in accordance to Pratista who states that conflict is a struggle between opposing force in a movie or film, usually resolved by the end of the story.
2.4 The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie 2.4.1 Synopsis of this movie
In the opening scene of "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe," Mrs Pevensie sends her children, two brothers and two sisters from London to live in a country house with Professor Kirke where they will be safe. from the onslaught of world war 2. One boring rainy day, the children played hide and seek.
Lucy hid in a large cupboard that was kept in an empty room. Through this, he enters another world called Narnia. She meets a faun, Mr. Tumnus, who takes her back to his house for tea. He tells her that Narnia is always winter and never Christmas because of the White Witch. Lucy wakes with a start after falling asleep at his house, and gets back to the real world through the wardrobe. She tells her brothers and sisters what happened, and they don't believe her, especially since she's only been gone a few seconds.
Later one night, Edmund sneaks away to see the wardrobe on his own, and also gets into Narnia. He runs into the White Witch, who, acting sweetly, gives him magical refreshments and ploys him to bring his brothers and sisters back to her castle to meet her. Lucy finds out that Edmund has been to Narina, but he lies and tells Susan and Peter that he's only playing along with Lucy. A few days later, the children are playing outside when they break a window and run inside the house to hide from the professor.
They all go into the wardrobe together to hide, and they are all able to enter Narnia.
They try to go to Mr. Tumnus' house, but he has been arrested by the White Witch, who
is not the real ruler of Narnia. The children meet up with two animals, Mr. and Mrs.
Beaver. They try to help the children, but Edmund sneaks away to the castle of the White Witch to tell her that his brothers and sisters are in Narnia. She finally shows him her cruelty by locking him in her prison. She gets her wolves to track down the children and the Beavers. Meanwhile, the Beavers, who know how awful the White Witch is, run to find a safe place for the remaining three children. On their way, they hear that
"Aslan is on the move." Aslan is a lion who is the true ruler of Narnia. Everyone is happy to hear this, and, as if to confirm their hopes, they run into Father Christmas which means that Christmas is coming and the witch's power is weakening.
The Beavers and children travel on to find Aslan. When they find him, they tell him about Edmund. The White Witch brings Edmund to Aslan, but says that, since he is a traitor to his family, he belongs to her and she has the right to kill him. Aslan offers himself to be killed instead, and Edmund is returned to his brothers and sisters. But Aslan comes back to life. After Aslan is alive again, there is a huge battle between Aslan's side and the witch's side. The witch's side is eventually conquered, and the children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia. Many years later, when the children are grown into adults, they're on a hunt for a white stag. The stag leads them back to the place where they entered Narnia. They go back through the wardrobe, and they're back at Professor Kirke's house. And, as if our time has stood still, they're the same age they were when they entered Narnia at the beginning of the story.
2.4.2 Moral Value 1) Courage
Courage is a good thing because life is full of dangers and without courage human beings would be unable to cope with them. This character is the main character in the story of this novel. In the story, Peter who is narrated from the beginning of the story not brave is told to become more courage and to be less frightened. As the story of The Chronicles of Narnia progresses in the story Peter was to the beginning a forced of meeting his encounter whose name Aslan. His courage is meet Aslan happen when Peter walks up to Aslan. His courage to meet the character Aslan after he had brave to do it. Peter's courage to meet is narrated in the story as in the quotation below.
“Go on,” whispered Mr. Beaver.
“No,” whispered Peter, “you first.”
“No, Sons of Adam before animals,” whispered Mr. Beaver back again.
“Susan,” whispered Peter. “What about you? Ladies first.”
“No, you’re the eldest,” whispered Susan. And of course, the longer they went on doing this the more awkward they felt.
Then at last Peter realized that it was up to him. He drew his sword and raised it to the salute and hastily saying to the others “Come on” (Lewis, 1998: 23).
Based on the quotation above, the repetition of the word “no” and the shortness of the sentences indicate that Peter lacks courage and is timid of going first. When it comes to Susan, Peter tries to act as a gentleman which is seen in the words “Ladies first” but he is turned down by his sister because she is also scared as indicated by the word “whispered”. Since both the beaver and Susan reject him, Peter is forced to “act like men, and be strong”. Peter shows that he is strong and courageous when saying: “Come on. Pull yourself together” and walks up to Aslan.
Peter overcame some of the fear which takes courage to do.
2) Honesty
Honesty is the speaking of the truth. One of the moral values categorized as honesty is shown in the story of the novel through a character called Tumnus. This character is the supporting character in the story of this novel. It shown by Tumnus to Lucy. When Tumnus said that he wants to kidnap Lucy, it was the hard thing because Tumnus have to make a decision to hand over Lucy to white witch or saving her. It shown in the quotation below.
“I’m crying because I’m such a bad Faun.”
“I don’t think you’re a bad Faun at all,” said Lucy.
“I think you are a very good Faun. You are the nicest Faun I’ve ever met.”
“Oh-oh-you wouldn’t say that if you knew,” replied Mr. Tumnus between his sobs.
“No, I’m a bad Faun. I don’t suppose there ever was a worse Faun since the beginning of the world.”
“But what have you done?” asked Lucy.
“My old father, now,” said Mr. Tumnus; “that’s his picture over the mantelpiece. He would never have done a thing like this.” “A thing like what?”
said Lucy.
“Like what I’ve done,” said the Faun.
“Taken service under the White Witch. That’s what I am. I’m in the pay of the White Witch.” (Lewis, 1998 :23).
3) Justice
Justice is the habit of treating all persons with respect and fairness giving people what they are due, not playing favourites. Aslan is told in the story of this novel to be justice. It is shown that Aslan is a justice person to his people, because he’s the King and he’s the Lord of the whole wood. He is also a very noble and brave character, ultimately sacrificing himself for the good of Narnia. It shown in the quotation below.
“Who is Aslan?” asked Susan.
“Aslan?” said Mr. Beaver.
“Why, don’t you know? He’s the King. He’s the Lord of the whole wood, but not often here, you understand. Never in my time or my father’s time. But the word has reached us that he has come back. He is in Narnia at this moment He’ll settle the White Queen all right. It is he, not you that will save Mr. Tumnus.” (Lewis, 1998: 74)
4) Wisdom
Wisdom is ability to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you have. One of the moral values categorized as wisdom is show in the story of the novel through a character called Aslan. This character is the main character of the story in the novel. In the story show the wisdom appears when the Aslan talk to Peter about Narnia, when he said that we will protect his family, ordinary people that could help Narnia. But Aslan give his strength and finally Peter wanted to save his family same as Aslan do. Wisdom just could do from the person that have Narnia. Peter still doubt his prophecy it because he believe that they just big care to other and with wisdom it could save many people. It shown in the quotation below.
“That, O Man,” said Aslan, “is Cair Paravel of the four thrones, in one of which you must sit as King. I show it to you because you are the firstborn and you will be High King over all the rest.” And once more Peter said nothing, for at that moment a strange noise woke the silence suddenly (Lewis, 1998:119).
5) Sacrifice
Sacrifice is valuable thing that you give up for a good purpose. In the novel, there are sacrifice showed by Aslan. Aslan sacrifice his self to White Witch for saving Narnia. That was a big sacrifice, he sacrifices his life and making save the Narnia. This is the deep moral value because not all people could do that. Human have to have this moral value because if somebody would like to save something, they have to willing sacrifice. It can be seen in the quotation below.
At last they heard Aslan’s voice, “You can all come back,” he said.
“I have settled the matter. She has renounced the claim on your brother’s blood.” And all over the hill there was a noise as if everyone had been holding their breath and had now begun breathing again, and then a murmur of talk.
The Witch was just turning away with a look of fierce joy on her face when she stopped and said, “But how do I know this promise will be kept?” “Haa-a- arrh!” roared Aslan (Lewis, 1998:130).
2.5 Previous Study
There are many researchers who work in speech act research, especially in analysing speech acts by examining a film. To avoid corpus and similar explanations, it is necessary to review previous research. The following is another related research:
First, study related to the topic of this research was “A Pragmatic Analysis on the Speech Act on Request Used by the Main Character in The Pursuit of Happiness” by Nina Sulistyowati (2012). She investigated the types of request and strategies of requst based on Trosborg`s theory and respond to request based on Tsui`s theory. The result shows that there are four types of request by the main character in The Pursuit of Happiness. They are unconventionally indirect request, conventionally indirect request (hearer-based), conventionally indirect request (speaker-based) and direct request. In addition, there are seven strategies of request employed by the character in the movie.
They are hints, questioning hearer`s ability or willingness, suggester formulae, statement of speaker`s need and demand, statement of obligation and necestion and the imperative. Besides, there are three kinds of responses to request uttered by the main character in the movie. They are positive responding act to request, negative responding act to request and temporization.
Second, the research which is published by The International Journal of Social Science on January 30, 2014, Vol.19 No.1 in English Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia, was done by Iman Santoso, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna and Sutiono Mahdi. The title of this research is Speech Act on Short Stories; A Pragmatic Study. The study collected the data from a teen magazine Creative and Smart with different volumes. The aim of this research is to find out appropriate classification pragmatic communicative functions which there in the short stories for teens. The method which is used in this research is qualitative method. The result of this research is classification system list five types of speech acts they are declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, commissive. More likely to be used are directive, expressive, commissive when they are making short stories. They were usually being delivered in formal situations with long sentence structures in speech acts
Chapter III
Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
Research methodology is commonly defined as a way or method to thinking and prepared to completed the research and reach the goal of the research. In this study the writer uses descriptive qualitative research to described kind of illocutionary acts in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie script.
Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviours. Research in such a situation is a function of researcher’s insights and impressions. Qualitative research refers to research that produces descriptive data. It deals with the possibility to solve problems by collecting, classifying, analysing and interpreting data. individual understanding and its background completely.
The researcher to described kind of illocutionary act in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie script by using qualitative research. The type of qualitative research has been used in this research was focus on description. As Azwar said, in a descriptive method, the researcher analyzed and presents the fact systematically therefore it can be understood and concluded easily. So that descriptive method is a research method which using the reality or fact as the object or subject of the research with focus on description research, the researcher would sort the data need bases on category.
According to Bodgan and Taylor (1993:4), human written or spoken words and their observable behaviour are examples of descriptive data. This research is also
supported by quantitative analysis in which researchers use numbers and percentages to calculate the emergence of types and strategies of demand. Furthermore, Moleong (2001:163) says that descriptive research is concerned with providing an overview of phenomena that occur naturally with the discovery of an experiment or artificial treatment. It takes as much data as possible to get the pattern. Finally, this study describes the types of Illocutionary in speech acts expressed by the main characters in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe Movie.
3.2 Research Procedure
In every qualitative research, the researcher presence in every research stage helps the writer comprehend all the collected data in the research. Therefore, qualitative research has much time in the research (Donald Ary, 2010: 435)
1) List of Speech acts found in “The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe” movie script.
2) Analysed each utterance based on illocutionary acts.
3) Classify the kinds of utterances of illocutionary acts.
Those steps were the procedures of this research. Firstly, the researcher identifies a research problem. Here, the researcher recognized that the main character in the selected of The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie script are uttering speech acts. Secondly, the researcher reviewed the literature. It means that the researcher has some basic theories that related to her research. The grand theories that the researcher used in her research are the theory speech acts. Analysing and interpreting the data were the third procedure of this research. The researcher classifying the types of speech acts found in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie script.
3.3 Data Collection
In carrying out this research, several sources were collected which are related to the topic of this research. Griffith (1986:130) stated that “Two kinds of evidence are relevant for essay about literature”. To collect the data, the writer divided the source of the data in two categories it is primary sources and secondary sources. The primary
sources are the script in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie, and secondary resources will be taken from the related books, articles and documents in internet.
The process of collecting the data consists of the following steps:
1. The first step was the researcher downloaded the movie script.
2. Second is the researcher watched the movie more than once.
3. Third, the researcher read and observed the dialogue from the script.
4. Fourth, the researcher collected the data by watching the movie and trying to understand it deeply and looking for all of utterances.
5. The last, the researcher collected the data to classify it into categories of illocutionary act based on Searle categories.
3.4 Data Display
Data display is the relevant data that are found this research. The data gotten from the research explained scientifically by the research clearly. In this research, data display was an organized assembly of information that permits drawing and action taking. After analysing whole data founded from the movie, this research displayed the result of the analysis on by making the description of the form speech act and explain the meaning based on the conversation context.
The table data sheet:
Code Utterances Illocutionary Acts Context of
Situation
Rep Dir Com Exp Dec
3.5 Data Analysis
Bodgan and Biklen (1982:157) state that data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging accumulated materials to increase the researcher`s understanding and to enable the researcher to present what has been found to others. In this study, the researcher applied referential analysis technique, in which the data were analysed referring to the employed techniques. The data was taken in the form of text since the data that the researcher needs are form The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie script. These were the steps in order to analyse the data:
1. The researcher has identified conversation in the movie that are considered speech acts.
2. The researcher has tried to explain the types of speech acts in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie script.
3. The researcher classified all of the utterances of speech acts that can be found in The Chronicles of Narnia the Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe movie script.
4. The researcher evaluated all the results of the analysis in order to make sure that the result of analysis is done correctly.
5. Finally, the researcher has drawn conclusion from the analysis in this research.
