Fakultas Pertanian dan Bisnis Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Jl. Diponegoro 52-60 SALATIGA 50711 - Telp. 0298-321212 ext 354 email:[email protected], website: ejournal.uksw.edu/agric
Terakreditasi Kementrian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi berdasarkan SK No 200/M/KPT/2020
Received: 14 July 2021 | Accepted: 21 January 2022
PRODUCTIVITY OF FOUR RICE VARIETIES AND PEST DISEASES WITH THE APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE
TECHNOLOGY IN JAKEN, PATI, CENTRAL JAVA
Aprian Aji Santoso, Rina Kartikawati, Dolty Mellyga WP, Edi Supraptomo, Mayang Fikra Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute
Jakenan-Jaken Main Road KM 05 Jaken, Pati, Central Java, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Pest and disease attacks are factors that affect the production and productivity of rice plants.
The approach of environment friendly agriculture technology is expected to be able to overcome the problems of pests and diseases and increase the production and productivity of rice plants.
This study aims to determine the productivity of four rice varieties and the intensity of pest and disease attacks on the application of environment friendly agriculture technology. This research was conducted in Jaken, Pati district, Central Java, from November 2019 – March 2020. This study used a purposive sampling method with a Randomized Group Design (RGD). Rice variety is the single factor in this study. The rice varieties used consisted of Inpari 32, Cigeulis, Inpari 43 and M400. The components of environment friendly agriculture technology used are the use of biochar-compost (biocompost), charcoal-coated urea or biochar, and the use of biopesticides as pest control. Observations were made on growth, productivity and intensity of pest and disease attacks. The results showed that the varieties produced high productivity were Inpari 43 (4.91 t ha-1) and Inpari 32 (5.83 t ha-1). The high pest attack was the yellow rice stem borer (89.47%) on the M400 variety and the brown planthopper (7.69%) on the Cigeulis variety. The intensity of blast disease and bacterial leaf blight were highest at 14.97% and 5.99%, respectively, in the M400 variety.
Keywords: Pests, Rice, Diseases, productivity, Environmental Friendly Agriculture Technology
INTRODUCTION
Climate change as the temperature increase is a very significant impact on rice production.
This is because climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme climate (flood, drought and high winds), reduces farmers’ income and stimulates the growth and development of plant pest organisms (Sumastuti dan Pradono, 2016; Wibowo dan Sutikno, 2016; Nuraisah et al., 2019).
Besides the impact of climate change, the increase in rice production is also faced with attacks by plant pest organisms in the form of pests and diseases. Rice stem borer, brown planthopper, blast disease and bacterial leaf blight are some of the insect pests and diseases that can significantly reduce rice production, even crop failure (Baehaki, 2012; Khaeruni et al., 2014; Ningsih et al., 2016; Direktorat Perlindungan Tanaman Pangan, 2018; Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, 2019).
Efforts or operational steps in carrying out strategies to increase production and productivity in the agricultural sector in a sustainable manner are by increasing the application of cultivation practices and controlling plant pest diseases and adapting to climate change mitigation (Kementerian Pertanian, Agriculture Ministry, 2020).
Sustainable agricultural development is not only determined by production factors but also related to other developments such as economic, social, political, cultural and environmental. Regarding environmental factors, the continuous and inappropriate use of chemicals for agriculture has been known to have many negative impacts such as pollution of rivers, lakes, and seas as well as degraded land and decreased fertility.
Meanwhile, high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from intensive agricultural inputs exacerbate the threat of climate change and contribute to global warming and unstable weather patterns (FAO, 2017).
To reduce these negative impacts, the application of environment friendly rice cultivation technology is one of the important things that must be continuously disseminated.
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan (2017) informs that the productivity growth of food crops (including rice) is still running slowly. However, the availability of technological innovations in the form of superior varieties with high yield potential, resistant/tolerant to biotic/abiotic stresses, as well as specific adaptive agroecosystems, which are accompanied by supporting cultivation technology and harvest loss technology, has great potential to increase national food production by making greater use of rainfed and lowland rice fields suboptimal/marginal land. In order to support the achievement of increasing rice production in a sustainable, the use of location-specific technological innovations is one of the efforts that can be done. The application of integrated crop management on rice gave the highest yield (5.22 t ha-1) and increased yield by 30%
over control (3.62 t ha-1) (Supriyo et al., 2020).
The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity and intensity of pest and disease attacks on several superior rice varieties through the application of environmentally friendly agricultural technologyin rainfed rice fields.
METHODS
The research was carried out on the Experimental Garden of the Indonesian Agricultural
Environment Research Institute (IAERI) located in Sidomukti village, Jaken, Pati district, Central Java from November 2019-March 2020. This study used a purposive sampling method with a randomized block design and varieties were the single factor. The rice varieties used in this study consisted of four varieties, namely V1 = Inpari 32, V2 = Cigeulis, V3 = Inpari 43 and V4 = M400. The Inpari 32 variety was used as a comparison because it was the most widely grown variety by farmers. The Cigeulis, Inpari 43 and M400 varieties were selected based on interviews conducted with farmers in the Jaken sub- district (data not shown). Each variety was planted in an area of 0.4 ha and repeated 4 (four) times with a total area of ± 1.6 ha.
Rice cultivation activities are carried out using an environment friendly agriculture technology approach from IAERI. The components of environment friendly technology used are biochar-compost (bio compost), charcoal-coated urea or biochar, and the use of biopesticides as pest control.
IAERI biopesticide formulations used were neem leaf extract (1), mahogany leaf extract (1), turmeric rhizome extract (0.2), cow urine (1), liquid smoke (0.1), water (1) and Bacillus aryabathaii (10ml). The planting system was carried out using the direct seed planting method in 2:1 row legowo with a spacing of 20 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm. The doses of N, P, K and organic fertilizers were 150, 50, 50 and 3,000 kg ha-1 respectively. Pest and disease control was carried out using biopesticides every 2 weeks and starting 14 days after planting. If the intensity of the pest and disease attack is high and exceeds the limit, it is controlled with chemical pesticides.
Observations were made on the agronomic characteristics of rice plants, namely plant height, number of tillers, number of panicles, and production in the form of milled dry grain. Observations on the level of pest attack included yellow rice stem borer, brown stem leafhopper, bacterial leaf blight and blast.
Observations of pests and diseases were carried out at the age of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP) and based on Direktorat Perlindungan Tanaman Pangan, (2018) and is done as follows:
Absolute attack intensity calculation formula:
Deskprisption:
I = Attack intensity (%)
N=The number of examples observed (shoots, panicles, grain, panicle neck, stems, cobs, pods, clumps/plant parts) absolutely damaged
N=The number of examples observed The formula for calculating attack intensity is not absolute:
Deskriptions:
I = Attack intensity (%)
ni = Number of plants or plant parts sample with damage scale v-i
vi = Damage scaling value sample -i N = Number of plants or plant parts of the
sample observed
Z = Highest damage scaling value I = n
N x100%
I = zi=0 (ni x vi)
Z x N x 100%
Scale Symptom
Yellow Stem Borer Brown planthopper
0 0 (no symptom) No symptom
1 1-10% Some of the first leaves turn yellow
3 11-20% Some of the first and second leaves turn yellow, slightly wilted 5 21-30% Most of the leaves turn yellow, lower wilt, stunted plant (10-25%) 7 31-60% More than half of the plant wilted, burned and very stuned
9 >61% All plant die
Source: IRRI, 2013
Scale Symptom
Bacterial Leaf Blight Blast Disease
0 No symptom No symptom
1 Area symptom on leaf surface
> 1 -- < 5%
Spots in the form of needle of several mm but not yet elliptical
3 Area symptom on leaf surface
> 5 -- < 25%
Elliptical shaped spots, infected leaf surface area reaches 2%
5 Area symptom on leaf surface
> 25 -- < 50%
Infected leaf surface area reaches
> 2 -- < 10%
7 Area symptom on leaf surface
> 50 -- < 75%
Infected leaf surface area reaches
> 10 -- < 50%
9 Area symptom on leaf surface
> 75 -- 100%
Infected leaf surface area reaches
> 50–100%
Table 2 Damage Scale of Bacterial Leaf blight and Blast diseases
Source: IRRI, 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Conditions of Research
Climatic conditions during the study are presented in Table 3. In general, climatic conditions are indicated by air temperature, humidity and rainfall. The air temperature during the study was between 21.5 – 42.2
0C, humidity was between 84.9 – 93.6% and rainfall were between 96.1 – 204.6 mm month-1.
Months Years Tempareture (oC) Humidity
(%)
Rainfall (mm month-1)
Max Min
November 2019 42.2 23.1 84.9 117.1
December 2019 40.9 23.5 91.8 136.4
January 2020 40.3 22.5 93.5 204.6
February 2020 40.3 21.5 93.6 186.2
March 2020 38.5 22.5 91.7 96.1
Note: Data processed from automatic weather station (AWS) in Experimental Garden of the Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute (IAERI)
Table 3 Average of temperature, humidity dan rainfall during the research in 2020
The above conditions indicate that during the study it was included in the class quite suitable (S2) for the growth and development of rice plants in rainfed lowland land. According to Wahyunto et al.
(2016), land suitability class S2 is land has a limiting factor that affects productivity, so it requires additional input. However, these barriers can generally be overcome by the farmers themselves.
The intensity of Plant Pest and Diseases Based on observations, it is known that the dominant pest and disease that attack rice plants are yellow rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.), blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) and bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)).
The intensity of attacks of plant pest and desease are presented in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Yellow Rice Stem Borer (YSB)
The attack intensity of the yellow stem borer (YSB) on four rice varieties is presented in Figure 1. The results of observations on the attack intensity showed that the intensity of the attack was low on the Inpari 32 and Inpari 43 varieties. The M 400 variety experienced the highest attack with an attacking intensity reaching 89,47%. This shows that Inpari 32 and Inpari 43 have better resistance to than Cigeulis and M 400 varieties.
The above conditions indicate that the Inpari 43 variety is compatible with the application of environmentally friendly agriculture because it has low resistance such as the Inpari 32 variety. On the other hand, the M 400 variety has the lowest resistance to YSB pests compared to other varieties. Uguy et al. (2021) stated that the factors that caused the shortage of yields caused by the attack of the rice stem borer in both the vegetative and generative stages were influenced by the variety of the plant or climatic factors.
Climatic factors that affect the population of pests and natural enemies in field observations are temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind. The relationship between the percentage of attacks and the climate in
Figure 1 Attack intensity of yellow stem borrer on four rice varieties
Direktorat Perlindungan Tanaman Pangan (2018) informs that the intensity of pest attack is categorized as “puso” if the attack rate is more than 85%. The potential for appropriate rice stem borer management to increase yields has not been fully realized due to limited information available for each stem borer species. Therefore, proper management of rice stem borer is a prerequisite for sustainable rice improvement and production (January et al., 2020).
Brown Stem Planthopper (BPH)
The intensity of the attack of the brown planthopper (BPH) on the four rice varieties is presented in Figure 2. The intensity of the attack was between 2.42-7.69%. The lowest attack intensity was found in the M 400 variety and the highest in the Inpari 43 variety. Several factors that influence the development of brown planthopper pests are temperature, humidity, spacing, variety, fertilization and cropping patterns. The variety contributes 25% to the development of the brown planthopper (Mahfud, 2011).
The M 400 variety had the highest resistance to brown planthopper attack compared to Sukamandi shows that the rain factor has a positive effect on the level of attacks in the field (Trisnaningsih dan Kurniawati, 2015).
other varieties. On the other hand, Inpari 43 variety has the lowest resistance compared to other varieties. However, based on IRRI (2013) the resistance of the four varieties to pests is included in the resistant category with an attack percentage of less than 20%.
Blast Disease
The intensity of blast damage in four rice varieties can be seen in Figure 3. The low intensity of blast disease was shown in the Inpari 32, Inpari 43 and Cigeulis varieties.
The M 400 variety showed the highest blast disease intensity. The average intensity of blast disease from the lowest to the highest during the study on four varieties in a row, namely Inpari 32 (5.76%), Inpari 43 (6.01%), Cigeulis (6.46%) and M 400 (14.97%). This condition indicates that the
Figure 3 Damage intensity of blas disease on four rice varieties
IRRI (2013) stated that rice with a disease intensity of 3-7% was resistant and 13-50%
was moderately susceptible. According Sudir et al. (2015), macro and microclimate (season, temperature and humidity), cultivation method, location, planting time and rice variety are some of the factors that influence the develop- ment of blast disease. The main component and is the most effective, economical, and easy way to do is by planting resistant varieties.
However, blast disease has a high genetic diversity and adaptability, so the planting of resistant varieties must be supported by other components of control techniques.
Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB)
The intensity of damage to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in 4 rice varieties can be seen in Figure 4. The lowest BLB disease intensity was found in the Inpari 32 variety with an intensity of 3.56%. Meanwhile, the highest BLB disease intensity (5.99%) was found in the M400 variety. The average BLB disease intensity from the lowest to the highest during the study on 4 varieties in a row, namely Inpari 32 (3.56%), Cigeulis (4.45%), Inpari 43 (5.45%) and M 400 (5.99 %). This condition
Figure 2 Attack intensity of brown lanthopper on four rice varieties
M 400 variety is somewhat susceptible to blast disease. Meanwhile, other varieties are resistant to blast disease because the intensity of the disease is low.
Figure 4 Attack intensity of bacterial leaf blight disease on four rice varieties
indicated that the four varieties tested were resistant to BLB disease. IRRI, (2013) stated that rice with a disease intensity of 3-7% is resistant and 13-50% is somewhat susceptible.
Khaeruni et al. (2014) stated that the growth phase and rice varieties affect the development of BLB disease. The percentage of the severity of BLB disease between 13-16% indicates a moderate level of resistance to BLB disease.
The pattern of plants cultivated in certain locations affects the incidence of disease and the epidemiology of plant diseases (Islam, 2018). Temperature and rainfall play an important role in the development of BLB (Sopialena and Palupi, 2017).
Agronomic Character of Rice
The results of the analysis of rice varieties had a significant effect on plant height, total tiller number, panicle number and dry milled grain yield (Table 4). Statistically, the Cigeulis variety had the same plant height as the comparison variety (Inpari 32) and was higher than the Inpari 43 and M 400 varieties. The highest number of tillers and panicles was produced by the M 400 variety compared to the Inpari 32, Cigeulis and Inpari 43 varieties. Grain yield Inpari 43 was the same as Inpari 32 for comparison and higher than Cigeulis and M 400 varieties. The M 400 variety produced the
In general, the Inpari 43 variety has the potential to be developed through the application of environmentally friendly agricultural technology because it has a high grain weight like the Inpari 32 variety. The M 400 variety gave the best growth response compared to other varieties because it had the highest number of tillers and panicles, but the plant height and the weight of the grain produced are the lowest.
These conditions indicate that the rice variety that produces the highest number of tillers and panicles will not necessarily have a high weight. On the other hand, rice varieties that have lower growth will not necessarily have low grain weights.
Rohaeni and Ishaq, (2015) stated that the variety with the highest plant height, but in terms of the number of productive tillers, indicated that high plant performance did not guarantee a large number of tillers. According to Maghfiroh et al. (2017), plant height is influenced by the genetic characteristics of plants, growing environmental conditions and their interactions in the environment where they grow. Each variety has different genetics from each other, so the growth response and yield is given are different. The description
Varieties
Agronomic Parameters Plant Height
(cm)
Number of Tillers
Number of Panicles
Yield (t ha-1)
Inpari 32 101.22b 16.24a 14.13a 5.83c
Cigeulis 102.19b 15.81a 13.14a 2.12b
Inpari 43 94.72a 17.69a 13.23a 4.91c
M 400 92.31a 21.11b 17.83b 1.08a
Table 4 Agronomic Character of Four Rice Varieties on Application Environmental Friendly Agriculture Technology in Jaken 2020
Notes: Numbers followed by unequal letters on the same line indicate that they are significantly different based on the Least Significant Difference test (p=0.05).
lowest grain weight (1.08 t ha-1) compared to other varieties.
of the rice varieties grown also shows that each variety has different growth and yield characteristics (Sasmita et al., 2019).
Correlation Between Observations The correlation between agronomic characters and pest and disease attacks with rice yields in the application of environmental friendly agriculture cultivation technology is presented in Table 5. The results show that there is a significant relationship between agronomic characters and pest and disease attacks on rice yields. The number of tillers and the number of panicles showed a positive relationship with rice yields. This indicates that the higher the number of tillers and the number of panicles formed, the higher the yield of rice.
Yellow rice stem borer attack showed a negative relationship with rice yield. High levels of yellow rice stem borer attack will reduce rice yields. These conditions indicate that the application of environmentally friendly agricultural technology in cultivation in rain-fed land has not been able to control the yellow rice stem borer. This is a contributing factor to the low yield of rice, especially the M 400 variety (Table 4).
Agronomic Character Pest Disease Production
PH NT NP YSB BPH Blast BLB Yield
PH 1.00 0.35 0.36 0.92* 0.23 -0.27 -0.20 0.47
NT 1.00 0.78* 0.81* 0.71 0.35 0.06 0.62*
NP 1.00 0.61* 0.41 0.17 0.13 0.54*
YSB 1.00 0.18 0.11 0.17 -0.84*
BPH 1.00 0.18 0.24 -0.36
Blast 1.00 0.33 -0.21
BLB 1.00 -0.22
Yield 1.00
Table 5 The Correlation Between Agronomic Characters and Pest and Disease attacks with rice yields on the application of environmental friendly agriculture technology in Jaken
Notes: PH = plant height, NT = number of tillers, NP = number of panicles, YSB = yellow rice stem borer, BPH = brown plant hopper, Blast = neck blast disease, BLB = bacterial leaf blight (crackle)
COCLUSIONS
Based on the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the Inpari 43 rice plant has high productivity like the Inpari 32 variety and is superior to the Cigeulis and M 400 varieties, in addition to lower pest and disease attacks. Pests that attack and cause rice productivity to decrease are yellow rice stem borer with the highest attack intensity of more than 80%, while the dominant diseases are a blast and bacterial leaf blight.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Head of the Agricultural Environmental Research Institute, the Head of the Technical Services and Research Services Section, and the Head of the Experimental Garden of the Indonesian Agricultural Environmental Research Institute who have provided support and opportunities for the author to work. Thanks are also conveyed to members of the Experimental Gardens of the Indonesian Agricultural Environmental Research Institute (Wasidin and Kundono) who have assisted in this research activity as well as to
the editors and reviewers who have provided input so that this paper becomes better.
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