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”‹—–”‹•ƒ‰—•–‹ƒȏͳȐǡ—–—Š”‹•ƒ‡™‹ȏʹȐǡ†ƒƒ‰—•—”‹ƒ™ƒȏ͵Ȑ

‹”‡‰ƒ”ǡǤȋʹͲʹʹƒȌǤ‡‹‘–‹…•ƒŽ›•‹•‹Š‡‡–ƒ™‹”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡††‹‰̶ƒŽƒ‰‹–—̶ǣŠ‡–—†›‘ˆ

‡‹‘–‹…• ‘Žƒ† ƒ”–Š‡•Ǥ International Journal of Linguistics Studies, 2ȋͳȌǡ ͳǦ͹Ǥ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤ͵ʹͻͻ͸Ȁ‹ŒŽ•

‹”‡‰ƒ”ǡǤȋʹͲʹʹ„ȌǤ‡‹‘–‹…‘—…Š‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰‘‡–”›ǤBritain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journalǡ4ȋͳȌǡͳͻ–ʹ͹ǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤ͵͵ʹͷͺȀ„‹‘Žƒ‡Ǥ˜Ͷ‹ͳǤ͸ͳͺ

‹–—‡ƒ‰ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ–”ƒ–‡‰‹‘—‹ƒ•‹ƒ”‹™‹•ƒ–ƒǣ‡…‹’–ƒƒ‡‹›ƒ‡Œƒ†‹‘’‘ˆ‹†

—Œ—ƒ‹•ƒ–ƒ†‹ƒŽ‹ǤScripturaǡ10ȋͳȌǡͶ͵–ͷʹǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͻ͹ͶͶȀ•…”‹’–—”ƒǤͳͲǤͳǤͶ͵Ǧͷʹ

‹”ƒƒ†Š‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ƒŠ›ƒ˜ƒ•‘ˆ‹ƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ ‹›ƒ–‹ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ƒ•‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ ‡”„ƒŽ ƒ† ‘Ǧ‡”„ƒŽ

Ž‡‡–• ‘—† ‹ Šƒ–‹‡ †˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ƒ† Š‡‹” ‡ƒ‹‰ǤKnE Social Sciences, ͶͳʹǦͶʹ͹Ǥ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͳͺͷͲʹȀ••Ǥ˜͹‹ͳͲǤͳͳ͵ͳͲ

‡‹–ƒ”˜‹ƒ–‹ȏͳȐǡ‰—•–‹—•ƒ”›‡–›ƒ™ƒȏʹȐ

AN ANALYSIS OF SWEARING WORDS USED IN 9Gag.com Meita Ervi Santi[1], Agustinus Hary Setyawan[2]

ȏʹȐƒ‰—•–‹—•̷‡”…—„—ƒƒǦ›‘‰›ƒǤƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐǡ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•‡”…——ƒƒ‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǤ

‘‰›ƒƒ”–ƒǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

Abstractǣ™‡ƒ”‹‰’Žƒ›•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹†ƒ‹Ž›…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‘‰Š—ƒ•ǡ„‘–Š‹

‘”ƒŽƒ†–‡š–—ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‘……—”•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‘–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†

„›‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•™”‹–‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘†‹•…‘˜‡”–Š‡

–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡ–Š‡

™‡„•‹–‡–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•‡‡•‘”Š—‘”–‘‡–‡”–ƒ‹—•‡”•ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—•‡†ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡

“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• –Š‡ —•‡”•̵

…‘‡–•‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Ǧͳͻ‘˜‡”–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ†‡”•‘

ƒ†”—†‰‹ŽŽȋͳͻͻͲȌˆ‘”–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ƒ†–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆŒ—‰ȋʹͲͳͳȌƒ„‘—––Š‡

ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•™‡”‡—•‡†–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘—†ƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ

•™‡ƒ” ™‘”†•ǣ ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ„—•‹˜‡ǡ Š—‘”‘—•ǡ ƒ† ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘Ž› ͺ ‘—– ‘ˆ ͳͶ

ˆ—…–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ—•‹‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•„›–Š‡—•‡”•‘ˆ

ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘‹•–‘‡š’”‡•••‘‡‘‡̵•‡‘–‹‘‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘›ǡ

ƒ†•—”’”‹•‡Ǥ

Keywordsǣ‘…‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…•ǡ›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡ —…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ

INTRODUCTION

‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‹‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•„‡…ƒ—•‡ǡ™‹–Š‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†

Ž‹•–‡‹‰‹‰Š–Š‘Ž††‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰˜‹‡™’‘‹–•‘’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ƒ––‡”•Ǥ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‡š‹•–•–‘‡š’”‡••

ƒ† –”ƒ•‹– ‡••ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡• …”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ „ƒ””‹‡” „‡–™‡‡ –Š‘•‡

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ȋ‡–›ƒ™ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǢǤǡʹͲʹʹȌǤ—…Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•

Ž‹‡ †‹•Ž‹‡ǡ †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ƒ‰‡”Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ–‡ —•‡•™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• –‘

‹–‡•‹ˆ› –Š‡•‡ ‡‘–‹‘•Ǥ ™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• …‘‘Ž› ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ‹–‡•‡ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ – ‹•

–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›‡–™‹–Š‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Œ—†‰‡–ƒ•‹–…ƒ„‡‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ƒ†•Š‘…‹‰–‘‘–Š‡”•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡…‘–‡š–

…ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‘”…—”•‹‰ǡ‹•ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…’Š‡‘‡‘‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•

ȋ–ƒ’Ž‡–‘ǡʹͲͳͲȌǡȋ ƒŒ”‹ǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ•Ž‘‰

ƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–•‡ŽˆŠƒ•‡š‹•–‡†ǤŠ‡•‡™‘”†•–‡ŽŽ™Š‘–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›ˆ‹–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡›

ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘Šƒ˜‡•‘—†•–Šƒ–”‡†‡”–Š‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹–ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡ǡˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘

‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡ȋ‡˜Ǧ”‹ǡʹͲʹʹȌǤ

˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š—•‹‰ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‘”†•‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡƒ›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹‡•–‡”

•‘…‹‡–‹‡• ƒ†‹– –‘ ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› —•‹‰ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ȋƒ••‹ Ƭ ƒ †‡” ‡‹Œ†‡ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ

’‘’—Žƒ”•Š‘™•Ž‹‡̶ƒ–‡‹‰Š–™‹–Š‹›‹‡Ž̶ƒ†—‡”‘—•‡•–‡”‘˜‹‡•…‘–‹—‡–‘

‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ‘‹›‹‡Ž̵••Š‘™ǡ…‡Ž‡„”‹–‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•

Ž‹‡ ƒ”ƒ… „ƒƒǡ ”‡ƒ† –™‡‡–• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ™‹––‡” —•‡”•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‘ˆ–‡ …‘–ƒ‹ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†•Ǥ

–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‡‡–•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›†‘̵–ˆƒ…‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ

•‘–‡†„›ƒ”—…Šƒ†‡‹•ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•‹…‡–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ǡ„‡…‘‹‰

ƒ‘”‡…‘‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•

Ž‡••‡‡††—‡–‘‹–•ˆ”‡“—‡–—•ƒ‰‡ȋƒˆ”‡‹‡”‡ǡʹͲʹʹȌǤ

–Š‡’”‡•‡–†ƒ›ǡ‹–‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ

™‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘Ž†••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ǡ›‹‡Ž†‹‰’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ†

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†‹•–‹…– •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘—–…‘‡• ȋ–ƒ’Ž‡–‘ǡ ʹͲʹʹȌǤ Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹•

ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‹…Ž—•‹‘‹†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡†‹ƒǡ•—…Šƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ”ƒ†‹‘ǡ

ˆ‹Ž•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”‡–Ǥ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡‡š‹•–•ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡ™Š‡”‡—•‡”•‡’Ž‘›

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘––‘Š—”–‘–Š‡”•„—––‘…”‡ƒ–‡Š—‘”ǤŠ‹•™‡„•‹–‡̵•—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•”‡ˆŽ‡…–•”‡ƒŽǦ

™‘”Ž†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡…—””‡–…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…Ǥ

ͻ‹•ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Š‘—•‹‰Š—‘”‘—•…‘–‡–•’ƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ•’‘”–•ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡ

—•‹…ǡƒ†‘”‡ȋ”ƒ‘–‘ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ”‘—†—•‡”Ǧ—’Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Œ‘‡• ’‘•–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ †‹˜‡”•‡ •‘—”…‡•ǡ —•‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ƒ …‘‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡”‡–‡‡•—ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ˜‹•—ƒŽŠ—‘”’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤʹͲͳ͹ǡŠ‡‹„”ƒ”›

‘ˆ—‘”–—†›‹ƒƒ”–ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†’‘’—Žƒ”Š—‘”‘—•…‘–‡–‘•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†™‡„•‹–‡•ǤŠ‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–›‘—‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒŽ‹ǡƒƒ”–ƒǡ‘”‘–ƒŽ‘ǡƒ†

ƒ†ƒ‰ǡ…‘•‹†‡”ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘–Š‡‘•–’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ†‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰Š—‘”™‡„•‹–‡ǤŠ‡…‘–‡–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ…‘‹…ƒŽ•–‘”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ—•‹‰‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›‡‡•—ƒ”‘—†͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡

…‘–‡– ‘ –Š‡ •‹–‡Ǥ ‡‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡“—‹”‡ •Šƒ”‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ …”‡ƒ–‘”• ƒ† ƒ—†‹‡…‡•ǡ ƒ”‡

‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠƒǡ–Š‡‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Šƒ–†‘‡•‹ƒ‡–‹œ‡•”ƒƒ•–Š‡ͳͲ–Š

Žƒ”‰‡•–‰”‘—’‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘–Š‡•‹–‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡ͷ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–‹•‹ƒǤ

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘–Š‹•™‡„•‹–‡‘Ž›•Š‘™•–Š‡—•‡”•̵ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ„‘—–…—””‡–…‘†‹–‹‘•

™Š‡”‡–Š‡›…ƒ‘–‰‘ƒ›™Š‡”‡ǡƒ†ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧ ͳͻǤ–…ƒ„‡•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡›–›’‡™‘”†•–Šƒ–‡š’”‡••ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—”’”‹•‡ǡ•Š‘…ǡ‹•—Ž–ǡƒ†

ƒ—•‡‡–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡Ž› ‡‘–‹˜‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –ƒ„‘‘ ™‘”†• ‘” ’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ

‘—–„—”•–ǡƒ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š„”‹‰•”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•—”‰‡•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ™‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•

„ƒ•‡†‘‹–•ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Šƒ›ƒ†ƒ•…Š‡™‹–œȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ™Š‘•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹••Šƒ’‡†„›

…‘–‡š–—ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•‘™ƒ•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‡…‘’ƒ••‡Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–

‘ˆ…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†›ƒ‹…„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†Ž‹•–‡‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡…‘’ƒ••‡•ƒ•’‡…–•Ž‹‡‰‡†‡”ǡ

’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘̵• ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–Ǥ – ‹…Ž—†‡•

™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰—ˆ‘Ž†•‹ƒ’—„Ž‹…‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡•’ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘‡Š‘Ž†•‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†

–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‘•–™‡„•‹–‡—•‡”•—•‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹

ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘‹ƒ›‡‡•Ǥ‘™‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

is interesting.

‘‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•„‡‡…‘†—…–‡††‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ””ƒȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ

—•‡–›ƒ‹‰‹•‹Š ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ —‰ƒ‘Ǧ‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ —ƒ•–‹‹ǡ ƒ† ‡†”ƒ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ””ƒ

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹…‘ˆ‡””‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘”…‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‡”‡–Š‡

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†• ƒ”‡ —––‡”‡†Ǥ •‹†‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š̵• ƒ‹ –‘’‹…ǡ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹• ‘ˆ

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘……—”• ‹ •‘‡‘‡̵• „”ƒ‹Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ

—•‡–›ƒ‹‰•‹ŠȋʹͲͳͶȌˆ‘…—•‡†‘–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†™Š›–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”—•‡•‹–ǡƒ†•Š‡

ƒŽ•‘ ‡šƒ‹‡† ™Š› –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ Š‡ ‘Žˆ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –”‡‡– —•‡• •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‰ƒ‘„Ǧ‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ †‹•…—••‡† –Š‡ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ƒ‘‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‡

‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†ǡ–Š‡‘–‹˜‡•–Šƒ––”‹‰‰‡”›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•–‘—•‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•̵ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•™Š‡—•‹‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”–‘•™‡ƒ”Ǥˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ—ƒ•–‹‹ǡƒ†

‡†”ƒȋʹͲʹͳȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ…—”•‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–‡”•̶‡š…”‡–‹‘ǡ̶

̶‰‡†‡”ǡ̶̶„‘†›ˆ—…–‹‘ǡ̶ƒ†̶†‡ƒ–ŠǤ̶††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡™‹‡‹‡˜‹†‡‘•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›–Š‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡–‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‡”‡•‡–‡–ǡ”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ††‹•†ƒ‹–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‘”•—„Œ‡…–™Š‹Ž‡‰ƒ‹‰Ǥ

‘–‹—‹‰™Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡†‘‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›–”‹‡•–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‰ƒ’‹–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‡’”‡…‡†‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•ǡ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›ƒ””ƒȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ—•‡–›ƒ‹‰‹•‹ŠȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ—‰ƒ‘Ǧ

‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ƒ† ˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ —ƒ•–‹‹ǡ ƒ† ‡†”ƒ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǡ Šƒ˜‡ —“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ‡”‹…Š‡† ‘—”

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‹–•—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹†‹˜‡”•‡…‘–‡š–•Ǥ˜‡

™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ ‡˜‹†‡– ˜‘‹† ‡š‹•–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡

…‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ

‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† „› ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”• –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‹• ‰ƒ’ „› …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰

•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‘”†•—•‡†‘ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆƒ…‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ’”‹‘””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•‡šƒ‹‡†

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ…”‘••…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘˜‹‡•ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”…‘–‡š–•ǤŠ‡‹–”‹…ƒ–‡†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‹

‘Ž‹‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ”‡ƒ‹ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› —‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ Š‡ †‹•–‹…– ‡…‘•›•–‡ ‘ˆ ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „›

Š—‘”ǡ‡‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‡‹Ž‘ˆ‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’”‡•‡–•ƒ—‹“—‡Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ˆ‘”—”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–Š‡—ƒ…‡•‘ˆ

•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ”‡ƒŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†

“

‡‹–ƒ”˜‹ƒ–‹ȏͳȐǡ‰—•–‹—•ƒ”›‡–›ƒ™ƒȏʹȐ

†‹•–‹…– •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘—–…‘‡• ȋ–ƒ’Ž‡–‘ǡ ʹͲʹʹȌǤ Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹•

ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‹…Ž—•‹‘‹†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡†‹ƒǡ•—…Šƒ•–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ”ƒ†‹‘ǡ

ˆ‹Ž•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”‡–Ǥ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡‡š‹•–•ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡ™Š‡”‡—•‡”•‡’Ž‘›

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘––‘Š—”–‘–Š‡”•„—––‘…”‡ƒ–‡Š—‘”ǤŠ‹•™‡„•‹–‡̵•—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•”‡ˆŽ‡…–•”‡ƒŽǦ

™‘”Ž†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡…—””‡–…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…Ǥ

ͻ‹•ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Š‘—•‹‰Š—‘”‘—•…‘–‡–•’ƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ•’‘”–•ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡ

—•‹…ǡƒ†‘”‡ȋ”ƒ‘–‘ǡʹͲʹͲȌǤͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ”‘—†—•‡”Ǧ—’Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Œ‘‡• ’‘•–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ †‹˜‡”•‡ •‘—”…‡•ǡ —•‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ƒ …‘‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡”‡–‡‡•—ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ˜‹•—ƒŽŠ—‘”’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤʹͲͳ͹ǡŠ‡‹„”ƒ”›

‘ˆ—‘”–—†›‹ƒƒ”–ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†’‘’—Žƒ”Š—‘”‘—•…‘–‡–‘•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†™‡„•‹–‡•ǤŠ‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–›‘—‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒŽ‹ǡƒƒ”–ƒǡ‘”‘–ƒŽ‘ǡƒ†

ƒ†ƒ‰ǡ…‘•‹†‡”ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘–Š‡‘•–’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ†‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰Š—‘”™‡„•‹–‡ǤŠ‡…‘–‡–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ…‘‹…ƒŽ•–‘”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ—•‹‰‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›‡‡•—ƒ”‘—†͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡

…‘–‡– ‘ –Š‡ •‹–‡Ǥ ‡‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡“—‹”‡ •Šƒ”‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ …”‡ƒ–‘”• ƒ† ƒ—†‹‡…‡•ǡ ƒ”‡

‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠƒǡ–Š‡‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Šƒ–†‘‡•‹ƒ‡–‹œ‡•”ƒƒ•–Š‡ͳͲ–Š

Žƒ”‰‡•–‰”‘—’‘ˆ˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘–Š‡•‹–‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡ͷ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–‹•‹ƒǤ

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘–Š‹•™‡„•‹–‡‘Ž›•Š‘™•–Š‡—•‡”•̵ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ„‘—–…—””‡–…‘†‹–‹‘•

™Š‡”‡–Š‡›…ƒ‘–‰‘ƒ›™Š‡”‡ǡƒ†ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡•–‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧ ͳͻǤ–…ƒ„‡•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡›–›’‡™‘”†•–Šƒ–‡š’”‡••ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—”’”‹•‡ǡ•Š‘…ǡ‹•—Ž–ǡƒ†

ƒ—•‡‡–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• –Š‡ ‹–‡•‡Ž› ‡‘–‹˜‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –ƒ„‘‘ ™‘”†• ‘” ’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ

‘—–„—”•–ǡƒ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š„”‹‰•”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•—”‰‡•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ™‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•

„ƒ•‡†‘‹–•ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Šƒ›ƒ†ƒ•…Š‡™‹–œȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ™Š‘•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹••Šƒ’‡†„›

…‘–‡š–—ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•‘™ƒ•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‡…‘’ƒ••‡Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–

‘ˆ…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†›ƒ‹…„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†Ž‹•–‡‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡…‘’ƒ••‡•ƒ•’‡…–•Ž‹‡‰‡†‡”ǡ

’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘̵• ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–Ǥ – ‹…Ž—†‡•

™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰—ˆ‘Ž†•‹ƒ’—„Ž‹…‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡•’ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘‡Š‘Ž†•‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†

–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‘•–™‡„•‹–‡—•‡”•—•‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹

ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘‹ƒ›‡‡•Ǥ‘™‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

is interesting.

‘‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•„‡‡…‘†—…–‡††‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹•‘…‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ””ƒȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ

—•‡–›ƒ‹‰‹•‹Š ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ —‰ƒ‘Ǧ‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ —ƒ•–‹‹ǡ ƒ† ‡†”ƒ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ƒ””ƒ

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹…‘ˆ‡””‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘”…‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ–—•‹–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‡”‡–Š‡

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†• ƒ”‡ —––‡”‡†Ǥ •‹†‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š̵• ƒ‹ –‘’‹…ǡ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹• ‘ˆ

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘……—”• ‹ •‘‡‘‡̵• „”ƒ‹Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ

—•‡–›ƒ‹‰•‹ŠȋʹͲͳͶȌˆ‘…—•‡†‘–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†™Š›–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”—•‡•‹–ǡƒ†•Š‡

ƒŽ•‘ ‡šƒ‹‡† ™Š› –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ Š‡ ‘Žˆ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –”‡‡– —•‡• •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‰ƒ‘„Ǧ‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ †‹•…—••‡† –Š‡ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ƒ‘‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‡

‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†ǡ–Š‡‘–‹˜‡•–Šƒ––”‹‰‰‡”›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•–‘—•‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•̵ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•™Š‡—•‹‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡƒ†Š‘™–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”–‘•™‡ƒ”Ǥˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ—ƒ•–‹‹ǡƒ†

‡†”ƒȋʹͲʹͳȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ…—”•‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–‡”•̶‡š…”‡–‹‘ǡ̶

̶‰‡†‡”ǡ̶̶„‘†›ˆ—…–‹‘ǡ̶ƒ†̶†‡ƒ–ŠǤ̶††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡™‹‡‹‡˜‹†‡‘•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›–Š‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡–‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‡”‡•‡–‡–ǡ”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ††‹•†ƒ‹–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‘”•—„Œ‡…–™Š‹Ž‡‰ƒ‹‰Ǥ

‘–‹—‹‰™Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡†‘‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›–”‹‡•–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‰ƒ’‹–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

Š‡’”‡…‡†‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•ǡ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›ƒ””ƒȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ—•‡–›ƒ‹‰‹•‹ŠȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ—‰ƒ‘Ǧ

‹…‘Žƒ— ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ƒ† ˆ”‹Ž›ƒǡ —ƒ•–‹‹ǡ ƒ† ‡†”ƒ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǡ Šƒ˜‡ —“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ‡”‹…Š‡† ‘—”

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‹–•—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹†‹˜‡”•‡…‘–‡š–•Ǥ˜‡

™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ ‡˜‹†‡– ˜‘‹† ‡š‹•–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡

…‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ

‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† „› ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”• –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‹• ‰ƒ’ „› …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰

•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‘”†•—•‡†‘ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆƒ…‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ’”‹‘””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•‡šƒ‹‡†

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ…”‘••…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘˜‹‡•ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”…‘–‡š–•ǤŠ‡‹–”‹…ƒ–‡†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‹

‘Ž‹‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ”‡ƒ‹ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› —‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ Š‡ †‹•–‹…– ‡…‘•›•–‡ ‘ˆ ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „›

Š—‘”ǡ‡‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‡‹Ž‘ˆ‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’”‡•‡–•ƒ—‹“—‡Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ˆ‘”—”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–Š‡—ƒ…‡•‘ˆ

•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ”‡ƒŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†

‡‹–ƒ”˜‹ƒ–‹ȏͳȐǡ‰—•–‹—•ƒ”›‡–›ƒ™ƒȏʹȐ

‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•–‹‡†–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǤŠ‹•

•–—†›ƒ•’‹”‡•–‘—”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š‡‹–”‹…ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ƒ•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡

†‹•–‹…– ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ ƒ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ‰ƒ’ ‹ ‘—”

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› ‡šƒ‹‹‰ Š‘™ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• —•‡† –‘ ‡š’”‡•• ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ…”‘••

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ…‘–‡–‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ž‹‡ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ•’‡…–Šƒ•›‡––‘„‡–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›†‹•…—••‡†‹

–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

‘–Š‡”‡••‡–‹ƒŽ’‘‹––‘…‘•‹†‡”‹•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Š‘™„‡‹‰ƒ‘›‘—•ƒ†

–Š‡—™”‹––‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒˆˆ‡…–Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ž‹‡ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•‡š’Ž‘”‡†™Š›’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›‡‡†–‘…‘•‹†‡”Š‘™

ƒ‘›‹–›ƒ†–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…—™”‹––‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‘•‡‘ͻƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǡƒˆˆ‡…––Š‹•Ǥ

Š‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘—…‘˜‡”Š‘™‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•̵’”‘–‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘›‹–›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡

•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘Š‘™•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•†‘‡‘ˆˆŽ‹‡Ǥ

–ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒŽŽ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡ‘–‘Ž›–Š‡–›’‡•„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‡–‹‘‡†

„›–Š‡—•‡”•‹–Š‡…‘‡–•‡…–‹‘‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›–”‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†

ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘•–Ž›ˆ‘—†‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡•…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†

•–—†‡–••’‡ƒƒ†–ƒŽ…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‹•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‹••–—†›‹–‡†•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹

ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡•‘–Š‡›…ƒ…‘—‹…ƒ–‡™‡ŽŽƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡›

’”‘†—…‡ǤŽ•‘ǡ–‘…‘˜‡›–Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–˜‹‘Ž‡–‘”Šƒ”ˆ—ŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„—–ƒŽ•‘Œ‘‡•Ǥ

Š‡ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ƒ”‡ ‘Ž› ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‘ ˆ—› –Š‹‰•ǡ ‘– –‘ Š—”– ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ‰‘‘†

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–‘‡‡’‰‘‘†Šƒ”‘›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•Ǥ METHOD

Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—•‡†ƒ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†Ǥ–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘•–—†›‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡̵•Ž‹˜‡•ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡ

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡƒ†’Š‡‘‡ƒ‘…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡–‹–‹‡•ȋ‘ŠƒŒƒǡʹͲͳͺȌǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ

–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

‡–Š‘†”‡ˆ‡”•–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–Šƒ–†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ȋ—’ƒ”ƒŒǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•‡‡•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡ƒ’Š‡‘‡‘ƒ†‹–•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥȋƒ••ƒŒ‹ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ–‹•

‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡–™‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†

ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•—•‡†‹ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‘—”Ž‡––‡”•ǣ™‘”†ǡ…—”•‡™‘”†ǡ–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†ǡƒ†’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ

Š‡›…‘–ƒ‹•™‡ƒ”‹‰™‘”†•Ǥ‘„‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘ˆ‹†ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•‹ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ƒ†–‘‘™–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•—•‡†‹ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…––Š‡

†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‘‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡŽ‘‘ˆ‘”•‘‡…‘–‡–‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹••™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‘—”Ž‡––‡”•™‘”†•ǡ…—”•‡™‘”†•ǡƒ†–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•ǤŠ‡ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–ƒ„‘—–ͷͲ•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•ˆ”‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡ͷͲ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•™‹ŽŽ„‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡’Ž‘›• –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‡…Š‹“—‡ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ •–—†‹‡†

…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•–‡…Š‹“—‡•‹…Ž—†‡…‘†‹‰ǡƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ǡ†‹•…—••‹‰ǡƒ†

”‡’‘”–‹‰Ǥ  “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ƒ† †ƒ–ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‡…Š‹“—‡ ƒ”‡

‹‡š–”‹…ƒ„Ž›Ž‹‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‡–Š‘†ƒ†–‡…Š‹“—‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—•‹…‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘

Šƒ•„‡‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǥȋ—––‘ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ…Š‡…Ž‹•–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”

‘ˆƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–›’‡•ǡƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǤŠ‡ǡ•‘‡…‘†‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ǡƒ†

–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›—•‡†ǤŠ‡…‘–‡š–•Š‘™‹–Š‡

ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Šƒ–ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ†

‡š’‘—†‡†‘‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–•–‡’‹••—ƒ”‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS

Š‹••‡…–‹‘‡š’Žƒ‹•ƒ††‹•…—••‡•–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒǡͷͲ

–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•ǡ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‹•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡ƒ†

ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•‹ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘†—”‹‰ǦͳͻǤ Findings

Types of Swear Words in 9gag.com

ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ ›’‡‘ˆ™‡ƒ”‘”†•

“

Types Frequency Percentage

Expletive 25 50%

Abusive 19 38%

Humorous 2 4%

Auxiliary 4 8%

Total 50 100%

••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡ‹–…ƒ„‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–†‘‹ƒ––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•

‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥš’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†–Šƒ–‹•‘–‘”‹‡–‡†–‘’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘Ž›–‘•Š‘™™Šƒ–

–Š‡—•‡”•ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—–ƒ‡š…‹–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

‡”‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•ˆ‡‡Ž„ƒ†ƒ„‘—–ǦͳͻǤŠ‡›‡š’”‡••ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ††‘‘–‹•—Ž–

‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ —•‡”• ‘ˆ ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ ™”‹–‡ –Š‘•‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ …‘‡–

•‡…–‹‘•„‡…ƒ—•‡ǦͳͻŽ‹‹–•–Š‡‹”ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ–‡””‹„Ž‡‹’ƒ…–‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒŽ•‘†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ•—”’”‹•‡ǡ‘”ƒ‰‡”ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›—––‡”‡†

„›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡™‘”†‘”•Š‘”–’Š”ƒ•‡ȋŒ—‰ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†‹•‹’—Ž•‹˜‡Ǥ‡…‡ǡ‹–‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›

—––‡”‡†™Š‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ‰”›ǡ•—”’”‹•‡†ǡ‘”†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ǤŽ‹‡™‹–Šƒ›ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰…ƒ•Š‘™•‘‡‘‡̵•‡‘–‹‘•‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘›ǡƒ†•—”’”‹•‡Ǥ

Š‡•‡…‘††‘‹ƒ––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ–‡’Ž‘›•ͳͻ†ƒ–ƒǡ

‘”͵ͺΨ—ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹•—Ž–‹‰•‘‡‘‡‘”‘–Š‡”•ȋŒ—‰ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŽ‹‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––›’‡

‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•†‹”‡…–‡†ƒ–‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ–‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••‡‘–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•…‘•‹†‡”‡†”—†‡™Š‡—•‡†–‘‹–‹‹†ƒ–‡‘”Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•‘‡‘‡Ǥ„—•‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹•–”‘‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†••‹…‡‹–™‹ŽŽ‹•—Ž–‘–Š‡”•™Š‡•‘‡‘‡—––‡”•‹–Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–ƒ„‘‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹†ƒ‹Ž›…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ȋƒ’‘‘”ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡™‘”†•ƒ”‡†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ•ˆ—…‹‰‹†‹‘–ǡ„‹–…Šǡˆ—…‹‰•–—’‹†ǡ†—„ǡˆ—…‹‰†—„ǡ„—ŽŽ•Š‹–ǡ

ƒ†•–—’‹†ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•™‡ƒ”™‘”†••Š‘™•’‡ƒ‡”•̵‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘’‹‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•‘‡–Š‹‰‘”‘‡™Š‘‹•

„‡‹‰‹•—Ž–‡†Ǥ–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘™–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ƒ†™Š‡…ƒŽŽ‡†•–—’‹†ǡ†—„ǡ

„‹–…Šǡ‘”‡˜‡‹†‹‘–Ǥ–™‹ŽŽŠ—”–‘”‹•—Ž––Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘™”‹–‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡†‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡Žƒ–‡†

–‘ǦͳͻǤƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡„”‡ƒ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘’”‡˜‡–‘”ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧͳͻ‹–Š‡‹”‘™…‘—–”›Ǥ–

…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†••–—’‹†ǡ‹†‹‘–ǡƒ††—„ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›™”‹–‡‹•—Ž–‹‰…‘‡–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡

’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘†‘‘–‘„‡›–Š‡”—Ž‡•Ǥ

‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•Š—‘”‘—••™‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘Ž›‡’Ž‘›•ʹ

†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͶΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰‹†‹‘–ƒ†ˆ—…‹‰‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‘•‡’Š”ƒ•‡••‡‡Ž‹‡ƒ„—•‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘„‡’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡…‘–‡š–Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•ǡ̶–ƒŽŽ

•–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• ˆ—…‹‰ ‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǤ̶ – ‹• ‘– —––‡”‡† –‘ ‹•—Ž– ‘–Š‡”• „—– ‘Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ—Ǥ —‘”‘—•

•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–‹•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•„—–‹•‘–ƒ…—”•‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘–Šƒ–

…ƒ—•‡•‹•—Ž–Ǥ––‡†•–‘„‡ˆ—ǡ‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…ǡˆ—›ǡƒ†‘–•‡”‹‘—•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡Žƒ•––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š‡’Ž‘›•Ͷ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͺΨǤ

–‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰†ƒ”‡›‘—ǡˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡˆ—…‹‰‘”‘ǡƒ†ˆ—…‹‰†‘‹–Ǥ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰

…ƒ„‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•̶Žƒœ›•’‡‡…Š̶‘”•’‡‡…Š–Šƒ–Žƒ…•

‡’Šƒ•‹•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡̶ˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡ̶‹•‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•

‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ‹–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒƒ‡”‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•’‡‡…ŠǤ The function of Swear Words in 9gag.com

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ —…–‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒ”‘”†•

Function Example Frequency Percentage

Exclamation Shit! Fuck! 22 44%

Oaths By God! -

Affirming Damn right, you are! -

Denial The hell I won´t! -

Curses Damn you! 1 2%

Unfriendly urging Go to hell! 1 2%

Standing insult Your mama! -

Abuse You piece of shit! 1 2%

Abusive keyword He´s a funny bugger. 17 34%

Disapprobatory term It´s a hell of a storm. -

“

‡‹–ƒ”˜‹ƒ–‹ȏͳȐǡ‰—•–‹—•ƒ”›‡–›ƒ™ƒȏʹȐ

Types Frequency Percentage

Expletive 25 50%

Abusive 19 38%

Humorous 2 4%

Auxiliary 4 8%

Total 50 100%

••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡ‹–…ƒ„‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–†‘‹ƒ––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•

‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥš’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†–Šƒ–‹•‘–‘”‹‡–‡†–‘’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘Ž›–‘•Š‘™™Šƒ–

–Š‡—•‡”•ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—–ƒ‡š…‹–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

‡”‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•ˆ‡‡Ž„ƒ†ƒ„‘—–ǦͳͻǤŠ‡›‡š’”‡••ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ††‘‘–‹•—Ž–

‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ —•‡”• ‘ˆ ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ ™”‹–‡ –Š‘•‡ ‹†• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ …‘‡–

•‡…–‹‘•„‡…ƒ—•‡ǦͳͻŽ‹‹–•–Š‡‹”ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ–‡””‹„Ž‡‹’ƒ…–‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒŽ•‘†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ•—”’”‹•‡ǡ‘”ƒ‰‡”ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›—––‡”‡†

„›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡™‘”†‘”•Š‘”–’Š”ƒ•‡ȋŒ—‰ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†‹•‹’—Ž•‹˜‡Ǥ‡…‡ǡ‹–‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›

—––‡”‡†™Š‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ‰”›ǡ•—”’”‹•‡†ǡ‘”†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ǤŽ‹‡™‹–Šƒ›ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰…ƒ•Š‘™•‘‡‘‡̵•‡‘–‹‘•‘”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘›ǡƒ†•—”’”‹•‡Ǥ

Š‡•‡…‘††‘‹ƒ––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ–‡’Ž‘›•ͳͻ†ƒ–ƒǡ

‘”͵ͺΨ—ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹•—Ž–‹‰•‘‡‘‡‘”‘–Š‡”•ȋŒ—‰ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŽ‹‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––›’‡

‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•†‹”‡…–‡†ƒ–‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ–‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••‡‘–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•…‘•‹†‡”‡†”—†‡™Š‡—•‡†–‘‹–‹‹†ƒ–‡‘”Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‡•‘‡‘‡Ǥ„—•‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹•–”‘‰•™‡ƒ”™‘”†••‹…‡‹–™‹ŽŽ‹•—Ž–‘–Š‡”•™Š‡•‘‡‘‡—––‡”•‹–Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–ƒ„‘‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹†ƒ‹Ž›…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ȋƒ’‘‘”ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡™‘”†•ƒ”‡†‡’‹…–‡†ƒ•ˆ—…‹‰‹†‹‘–ǡ„‹–…Šǡˆ—…‹‰•–—’‹†ǡ†—„ǡˆ—…‹‰†—„ǡ„—ŽŽ•Š‹–ǡ

ƒ†•–—’‹†ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•™‡ƒ”™‘”†••Š‘™•’‡ƒ‡”•̵‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘’‹‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•‘‡–Š‹‰‘”‘‡™Š‘‹•

„‡‹‰‹•—Ž–‡†Ǥ–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘™–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ƒ†™Š‡…ƒŽŽ‡†•–—’‹†ǡ†—„ǡ

„‹–…Šǡ‘”‡˜‡‹†‹‘–Ǥ–™‹ŽŽŠ—”–‘”‹•—Ž––Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘™”‹–‡•™‡ƒ”

™‘”†•–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡†‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡Žƒ–‡†

–‘ǦͳͻǤƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡„”‡ƒ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘’”‡˜‡–‘”ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧͳͻ‹–Š‡‹”‘™…‘—–”›Ǥ–

…ƒ„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”†••–—’‹†ǡ‹†‹‘–ǡƒ††—„ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›™”‹–‡‹•—Ž–‹‰…‘‡–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡

’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘†‘‘–‘„‡›–Š‡”—Ž‡•Ǥ

‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•Š—‘”‘—••™‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘Ž›‡’Ž‘›•ʹ

†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͶΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰‹†‹‘–ƒ†ˆ—…‹‰‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‘•‡’Š”ƒ•‡••‡‡Ž‹‡ƒ„—•‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘„‡’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡…‘–‡š–Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•ǡ̶–ƒŽŽ

•–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• ˆ—…‹‰ ‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǤ̶ – ‹• ‘– —––‡”‡† –‘ ‹•—Ž– ‘–Š‡”• „—– ‘Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ—Ǥ —‘”‘—•

•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–‹•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•„—–‹•‘–ƒ…—”•‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘–Šƒ–

…ƒ—•‡•‹•—Ž–Ǥ––‡†•–‘„‡ˆ—ǡ‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…ǡˆ—›ǡƒ†‘–•‡”‹‘—•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡Ǥ

Š‡Žƒ•––›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š‡’Ž‘›•Ͷ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͺΨǤ

–‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰†ƒ”‡›‘—ǡˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡˆ—…‹‰‘”‘ǡƒ†ˆ—…‹‰†‘‹–Ǥ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰

…ƒ„‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•̶Žƒœ›•’‡‡…Š̶‘”•’‡‡…Š–Šƒ–Žƒ…•

‡’Šƒ•‹•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡̶ˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡ̶‹•‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•

‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ‹–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒƒ‡”‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘‹•’‡‡…ŠǤ The function of Swear Words in 9gag.com

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ —…–‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒ”‘”†•

Function Example Frequency Percentage

Exclamation Shit! Fuck! 22 44%

Oaths By God! -

Affirming Damn right, you are! -

Denial The hell I won´t! -

Curses Damn you! 1 2%

Unfriendly urging Go to hell! 1 2%

Standing insult Your mama! -

Abuse You piece of shit! 1 2%

Abusive keyword He´s a funny bugger. 17 34%

Disapprobatory term It´s a hell of a storm. -

‡‹–ƒ”˜‹ƒ–‹ȏͳȐǡ‰—•–‹—•ƒ”›‡–›ƒ™ƒȏʹȐ

Emphasis Every bloody time -

Strengthening Fucking stupid 3 6%

Enhancement of wh-words Who the hell is it?

What the fuck do you want? 1 2%

New words/meanings He is fucking with me.

Don´t give me any crap! 4 8%

ƒ„Ž‡ʹ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ˆ”‘ͳͶˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡ‘Ž›ͺˆ—…–‹‘•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ

Š‡›ƒ”‡‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ…—”•‡•ǡ—ˆ”‹‡†Ž›—”‰‹‰ǡƒ„—•‡ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡‡›™‘”†•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ǡ‡Šƒ…‡‡–

‘ˆ™ŠǦ™‘”†•ǡƒ†‡™™‘”†•Ȁ‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ—…–‹‘‡’Ž‘›•ʹʹ†ƒ–ƒǡ‘”ͶͶΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†

„›•Š‹–ƒ†ˆ—…ǤŠ‡…—”•‡ˆ—…–‹‘‡’Ž‘›•ͳ†ƒ–—‘”ʹΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›†ƒǤŠ‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ

—ˆ”‹‡†Ž›—”‰‹‰‡’Ž‘›•ͳ†ƒ–—‘”ʹΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‰‘–‘Š‡ŽŽǤŠ‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ„—•‡‡’Ž‘›•ͳ

†ƒ–—‘”ʹΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„››‘—’‹‡…‡‘ˆ•Š‹–ǤŠ‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ„—•‹˜‡‡›™‘”†‡’Ž‘›•ͳ͹†ƒ–ƒ‘”

͵ͶΨ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› Š‡̵• ƒ ˆ—› „—‰‰‡”Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ‡’Ž‘›• ͵ †ƒ–ƒ ‘” ͸Ψ

”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰•–—’‹†ǤŠ‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡Šƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ™ŠǦ™‘”†•ͳ†ƒ–—‘”ʹΨ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†

„›™Š‘–Š‡Š‡ŽŽ‹•‹–ǤŠ‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡™™‘”†•Ȁ‡ƒ‹‰•‡’Ž‘›•Ͷ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͺΨ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›Š‡‹•

ˆ—…‹‰™‹–Š‡Ǥ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•–Šƒ–†‘‹ƒ–‡†–Š‹••–—†›‹•‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•

’”‘˜‡ „› ʹʹ –ƒ„‘‘ ™‘”†• ‘” ͶͶΨ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Šƒ– ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• ƒ

‡š’”‡••‹‘–Šƒ–•Š‘™•ƒ‰‡”ǡƒ‘›ƒ…‡ǡƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ‹ǡƒ†•–”‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–™Š‡–Š‡

—•‡”•‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘™”‘–‡–Š‘•‡‹†•‘ˆ…‘‡–•‘–Š‡™‡„•‹–‡ǡ–Š‡›‘Ž›™ƒ–‡†–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”

ƒ‰‡””‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Ǧͳͻƒ†–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘†‹†‘–‘„‡›–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–

‹ ‡˜‡”› …‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”† –Šƒ– †‘‹ƒ–‡† –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• –Š‡ ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

ƒ‘›ƒ…‡Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡—•‡”•‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ˆ‡‡Ž„ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡…—””‡–…‘†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

–Š‡‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰„‡…‘‡•–Š‡‘•–†‘‹ƒ–ˆ—…–‹‘‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ Discussion

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ǡƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ”‘ͳͶ

ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‹–‹•‘Ž›ˆ‘—†ͺˆ—…–‹‘•‹–Š‹••–—†›ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‘–Š‡ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

™‡„•‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‹•ͷͲ™‘”†•Ǥƒ•‡†‘†‡”•‘ƒ†”—†‰‹ŽŽȋͳͻͻͲȌǡ

–›’‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡ǡŠ—‘”‘—•ǡƒ†ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠƒŽŽ

–›’‡• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—†ǡ –Š‹• •–—†›̵• ‘•– ƒ’’ƒ”‡– –›’‡ ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ” ™‘”†• ‹• ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡

‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡–›’‡‡’Ž‘›•ʹͷ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͷͲΨ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›•Š‹–ǡˆ—…ǡ†ƒǡƒ†ˆ—…‹̵”‡ƒŽǤŠ‡ƒ„—•‹˜‡

–›’‡‡’Ž‘›•ͳͻ†ƒ–ƒǡ‘”͵ͺΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰‹†‹‘–ǡ„‹–…Šǡˆ—…‹‰•–—’‹†ǡ†—„ǡˆ—…‹‰†—„ǡ

„—ŽŽ•Š‹–ǡƒ†•–—’‹†ǤŠ‡Š—‘”‘—•–›’‡‡’Ž‘›•ʹ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͶΨǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰

‹†‹‘–•ƒ†ˆ—…‹‰‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǤŠ‡Žƒ•–‹•–Š‡ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›–›’‡–Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›•Ͷ†ƒ–ƒ‘”ͺΨǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ˆ—…‹‰

†ƒ”‡›‘—ǡˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡˆ—…‹‰‘”‘ǡƒ†ˆ—…‹‰†‘‹–ǤˆͳͶˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǡ‘Ž›ͺƒ”‡

ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ …—”•‡•ǡ —ˆ”‹‡†Ž› —”‰‹‰ǡ ƒ„—•‡ǡ ƒ„—•‹˜‡ ‡›™‘”†•ǡ

•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ǡ‡Šƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ™ŠǦ™‘”†•ǡƒ†‡™™‘”†•Ȁ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ

Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ˆ‘—” ’”‡†‘‹ƒ– –›’‡• ‘ˆ •™‡ƒ”™‘”†• —•‡† ‘ ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǣ ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡŠ—‘”‘—••™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥš’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‡‡”‰‡†

ƒ•–Š‡‘•–†‘‹ƒ–ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡–›’‡•ǡƒ……‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”ͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹••–—†›̵•‘•–

†‘‹ƒ––›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ƒ†‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ǡ–Š‡—•‡”•‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”

ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ …‘‡– •‡…–‹‘• „› ™”‹–‹‰ ™‘”†•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡• –Šƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ‰‡”ǡ

ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ „ƒ†ǡ ƒ‘›ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ† †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡

‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ•—…Šƒ••Š‹–ƒ†ˆ—…ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘•–…‘‘‡š’”‡••‹‘

ȋ—ƒ–‘ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǤ ‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Šƒ– ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• •™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š”ƒ‹•‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‘—•ƒŽǤ‡•‹†‡•ǡ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ

ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ȋ–‡’Š‡• Ƭ ‹Ž‡ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ†

‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘†‘‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ

š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”—•‡”•–‘‡š’”‡••‡š…‹–‡‡–‘””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡’”‡••—”‡™‹–Š‘—–

–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ–™ƒ•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–—•‡”•‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡‹”ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡

Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡™‘”†•Ǥ—…Š‡š’”‡••‹‘•ƒ”‡‹’—Ž•‹˜‡ƒ†‘ˆ–‡—•‡†‹”‡•’‘•‡

“

–‘Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒŽ‹‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ–‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘•–‘…‘˜‡›‡‘–‹‘•ǡ

‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘›ǡƒ†•—”’”‹•‡ȋŒ—‰ǡʹͲͳͳǢƒ›ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰…‘•–‹–—–‡†–Š‡•‡…‘†‘•–’”‡˜ƒŽ‡––›’‡ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰͵ͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†

†ƒ–ƒǤŽ‹‡‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•ƒ†‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••

‡‘–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›…‘•‹†‡”‡†”—†‡ƒ†”‘„—•–ǡ‘ˆ–‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

‹•—Ž–•ƒ†…ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‡‘”‹–‹‹†ƒ–‡‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡•–—†›ˆ‘—†‡šƒ’Ž‡••—…Šƒ•̶ˆ—…‹‰

‹†‹‘–ǡ̶̶„‹–…Šǡ̶ƒ†̶•–—’‹†ǡ̶™Š‹…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†‹•—Ž–•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•Ǥ–

ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Šƒ’‘‘”̵•ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•…‘‘‹†ƒ‹Ž›…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—‘”‘—•

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‡••…‘‘ǡ…‘’”‹•‡†ͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡’Š”ƒ•‡•‹‰Š–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹‹Žƒ”–‘

ƒ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘„‡’Žƒ›ˆ—ŽǤ‡šƒ’Ž‡’”‘˜‹†‡†™ƒ•̶–ƒŽŽ•–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•ˆ—…‹‰

‰‘”‹ŽŽƒǡ̶™Š‹…Š”‡ˆŽ‡…–•ƒ…‘–‡š–‘ˆŠ—‘””ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹•—Ž–ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‡š’”‡••‹‘•

†‹”‡…–‡†ƒ–‘–Š‡”•„—–™‹–Š‘—–‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰Ǥ–ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ†‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ—‘”‘—•

•™‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ–ƒ’Ž‡–‘ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ

ƒ•–Ž›ǡƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ‹‰—’ͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’Š”ƒ•‡•Ž‹‡̶ˆ—…‹‰†ƒ”‡›‘—ǡ̶

̶ˆ—…‹‰Š‘‡ǡ̶̶ˆ—…‹‰‘”‘ǡ̶ƒ†̶ˆ—…‹‰†‘‹–Ǥ̶Š‹•–›’‡‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•̶Žƒœ›•’‡ƒ‹‰̶ƒ†

‹•‘ˆ–‡‘Ǧ‡’Šƒ–‹…Ǥ–†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹••‘‡–‹‡•—•‡†–‘•’‡ƒ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†

–‘™ƒ”†••’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–

‡‹‰Š– ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–‡‡ ˆ—…–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ’”‡•‡– ‘ ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ˆ—…–‹‘ ™ƒ•

‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡƒ……‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”ͶͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡††ƒ–ƒǤš…Žƒƒ–‹‘•™‡ƒ”™‘”†••—…Šƒ•̶•Š‹–̶ƒ†

̶ˆ—…̶™‡”‡…‘‘Ž›—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••ƒ‰‡”ǡƒ‘›ƒ…‡ǡƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ‹ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•–”‘‰‡‘–‹‘•ǡ

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ Ǧͳͻ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ‡š…Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ

‡š’”‡••‹˜‡–‘‘Ž–‘…‘˜‡›•–”‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ

‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž‹‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘†—”‹‰

–Š‡Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…Šƒ•…‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘ƒ—‹“—‡—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ǤŠ‹Ž‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•

‡š’Ž‘”‡†•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡––‹‰•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘ˆˆŽ‹‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ†‡†‹ƒǡ–Š‹••–—†›•Š‘™…ƒ•‡•

Š‘™•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ƒ”‡Šƒ”‡••‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”†—”‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…”‹•‹•ǤŠ‡†‘‹ƒ…‡

‘ˆ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‹–•…‘‡…–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘•–‹‡†–‘Ǧͳͻ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡

†›ƒ‹…ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž†‡˜‡–•Ǥ

™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡˆ‹‰Š–†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ

™‡ƒ”™‘”†•ƒ›„‡—•‡†‹ƒ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‘—–„—”•–„›ƒ—’•‡–ǡ‡”ƒ‰‡†ǡ‘”ƒ•–‘‹•Š‡†’‡”•‘Ǥ‘•–

†ƒ–ƒ‘•™‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ„‘—––™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ‹–ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡–‹‡†–‘‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•

‘ˆ™”ƒ–Šƒ†—Šƒ’’‹‡••ȋ‘–ƒ‰—ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤŽ‹‡™‹–Š‘–ƒ‰—̵•‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ›•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘

‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆƒŠ‘”‹•‘‡‘‡̵•…ƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••

•‘‡‘‡̵• ‡‘–‹‘• ‘” ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ƒ‰‡”ǡ ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Œ‘›ǡ ƒ† •—”’”‹•‡ ȋƒ›ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡

‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹…Ž—†‡‘Ǧ‡’Šƒ–‹…ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ

ƒ‰‡”ǡˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—”’”‹•‡ǡ•‘””‘™ǡƒ†Œ‘›ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ•–—•‡†•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•…‘–”ƒ•–‡†

ˆ‹†‹‰•‹‘–Š‡”…‘–‡š–•ǡŽ‹‡‹ƒ‘˜‹‡Ǥ’Šƒ–‹…•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–Š‡‘•–—•‡†•™‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†

’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‘–‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– †‘‹ƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘• ‹ ‡ƒ†’‘‘Ž ‘˜‹‡• ȋ—Žƒ†ƒ”‹ǡ ʹͲʹͲȌǤ  …‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘†—”‹‰–Š‡Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡

—ƒ…‡†™ƒ›•‹™Š‹…Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‡š’”‡••‡‘–‹‘•ǡ‘’‹‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡ƒ…–‹‘•™‹–Š‹

–Š‡…‘ˆ‹‡•‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰••Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ

‡”ƒƒ†‹–•‹–‡”’Žƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡—‹“—‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǡ‘Ž‹‡…—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†Š—‘”Ǥ CONCLUSION

…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•†‡Ž˜‡†‹–‘–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘ˆͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘

†—”‹‰–Š‡Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹…Ǥ›…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ͷͲ‹•–ƒ…‡•‘ˆ–ƒ„‘‘™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡•–—†›

ƒ‹‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡™‘”†•™‹–Š‹–Š‹••’‡…‹ˆ‹……‘–‡š–ǤŠ‡

ˆ‹†‹‰• —˜‡‹Ž‡† –Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’Ž‡–‹˜‡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• ‡‘–‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Ǧͳͻǡ

’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ„—•‹˜‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’”‘‹‡–ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡

‘’‹‹‘• ƒ† ‹•—Ž–• –‘™ƒ”† ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ —‘”‘—• ƒ† ƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”› •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‡”‡ Ž‡•• …‘‘ „—–

•Š‘™…ƒ•‡† ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž ƒ† …ƒ•—ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š …‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ Š‘™ –ƒ„‘‘

™‘”†•ƒ”‡‡’Ž‘›‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›†—”‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

‡˜‡–•Ǥ–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡†‹•–‹…–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•™‡ƒ”™‘”†•‹…‘˜‡›‹‰‡‘–‹‘•ǡ‘’‹‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡ƒ…–‹‘•

‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆŠ—‘”ƒ†…‘—‹–›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ͻ‰ƒ‰Ǥ…‘ǤŠ‹••–—†›‡š–‡†•–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ