DIGESTIBILITY VALUES OF FEED AVAILABLE IN BANGKALAN REGENCY FOR BEEF CATTLE
Kusmartono1), Mashudi1), Poespitasari Hazanah Ndaru1), Aprilia Dwi Kartika1) and Trio Angger Saputro1)
1) Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected] Diterima Pasca Revisi: 30 Agustus 2023
Layak Diterbitkan: 1 September 2023
ABSTRACT
A great attention to improve Madura cattle has been given by government of East Java, especially the one related to nutrition, reproduction and health. This study only focussed on evaluating digestibility values of feeds currently available in Bangkalan regency using an in vitro approach. A purposive sampling involving 40 farmers was done for two weeks to obtain information of feeds offered, and samples of the feed were taken to the laboratory for nutrients content and digestibility evaluation. Six feed treatments were applied, included A1-A3 rations practised by farmers for cows (A1), bulls (A2) and crossbred Limousin (A3), and B1-B3 formulated rations using local materials taken from the Bangkalan farmers for cows (B1), bulls (B2) and crossbred Limousin (B3). Rumen fluid samples were collected from abattoir at three different collection times for in vitro evaluation. Parameters measured were digestibility values (dry matter and organic matter), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and metabolisable energy (ME). The results showed that ttreatments significantly affected digestibility values (dry matter, organic matter and TDN) and ME values. Treatments B1-B3 had significantly higher digestibility values and ME (P<0.05) than the rations commonly practised by local beef cattle farmers (A1, A2, and A3). Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the rations formulated for crossbred Limousin (A3 and B3) had the highest values for dry matter, organic matter digestibility, TDN, and ME. While the lowest values were associated with the feed used by farmers in Bangkalan Regency for Madura cows (A1 and B1). The metabolisable energy (ME) value predicted from the TDN value was highest for ration formukated for the crossbred Limousin.
Keywords: Beef cattle; digestibility; energy; local feed
How to Cite:
Kusmartono., Mashudi., Ndaru, P. H., Kartika, A. D., &
Saputro, T. A. (2023). Digestibility Values of Feed Available in Bangkalan Regency For Beef Cattle. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis 6 (2) 140-149
*Corresponding author:
Kusmartono
Email: [email protected]
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Madura cattle is one of native cattle in Indonesia raised mostly by farmers for producing meat. The preference of consuming Madura beef is not doubtful due to its quality in comparison with other types of beef available in wet market. This has been one of the reasons for improving productivity of Madura beef cattle in Bangkalan regency. Genetically, Madura cattle have lower growth rates and crossbreeding with Limousin done for almost 25 years was amied to improve their production. This execution has led to the increase of farmers ambition to raise the crossbred Madura cattle due to their higher growth rates. However, nutrients supply under farmers condition using local feeeds does not match the cattle requirements due to inadequate knowledge of farmers to formulate ration. It is commonly known that the success of beef cattle farming is largely determined by the feeding and nearly 70%
of the cattle production and profit is dependent upon feeding (Bamualim, 2010;
Haloho, 2020). Sustainable feeding system in Bangkalan regency is a prerequisite to obtain high beef production response of the feeds given (Retnani et al., 2010; Tiro et al., 2020; Kusmartono et al., 2023).
Bangkalan Regency is located in the western part of Madura Island, East Java Province, which is in the lowlands with an altitude of 2-100 meters above sea level. The recorded population of beef cattle in 2021 reached 276,476 heads, higher than the previous year, which was 245,897 heads (BPS, 2022). This condition is possible since local feed resources (agricultural byproducts, grass, tree and shrub legumes, and concentrates) in Bangkalan are able to support nutrients required (see Kusmartono et al., 2023). Feed scarcity, however, has to be anticipated and in this situation, applying
simple feed technology (silage and complete feed) becomes an important and suitable step to be taken.
This experiment amied at measuring nutrient content, digestibility of feed (dry matter and organic matter), carried out using in vitro method. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) values, and metabolisable energy (ME) value of the feeds taken from Bangkalan Regency were also determined in this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Location and Time
The research was conducted at the Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University. The local feeds were taken from farmers in Bangkalan Regency who raise Madura cattle and crossbred Madura x Limousin cattle. Rumen fluid was collected from abattoir in Malang City. This research was conducted from 7 September - 7 December 2022.
Research Materials
The research materials were local feeds usually fed for beef cattle in Bangkalan Regency. The feed tested consisted of those used by farmers to feed Madura bulls, female Madura cattle and crossbbred Limousin.. The composition and proportion of feed ingredients under farmers condition are presented in Table 1. and the feed formulated using local feed resources as comparisons are presented in Table 2.
Research methods
The research method is a laboratory experiment in vitro with the method of Tilley and Terry (1963). The experiment was carried out using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with treatment of 6 types of feed for beef cattle and 3 groups of rumen liquis taken from abattoir with different collection times.
Table 1. Composition and proportion of feed ingredients under farmer condition
Feed Ingredients
Proportion (in % DM)
Female Madura Cattle Male Madura Cattle Madrassin cow
A1 A2 A3
Field Grass 59 58 43
Rice Straw 41 14 0
Rice Bran 0 29 17
Tofu Dregs 0 0 7
Commercial
concentrate 0 0 33
Table 2. Composition and proportion of feeds formulated using local feed resources
Feed Ingredients
Proportion (in % DM)
Female Madura Cattle Male Madura Cattle Madrassin cow
B1 B2 B3
Field Grass 20 15 10
Odot Grass 25 30 35
Rice Straw 15 10 5
Rice Bran 10 15 20
Tofu Dregs 20 15 10
Lamtoro 5 7,5 10
Indigofera leaves 5 7,5 10
Feed samples are coded as follows:
A1 = Feed for female Madura cattle A2 = Feed Madura bulls
A3 = Feed for crossbred Limousin
B1 = Feed formulated for female Madura cattle B2 = Feed formulated for Madura bulls
B3 = Scenario of feed formulation for Limousin cross-breed cattle (Madrasin) Parematers measured
1. Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) and Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD)
Feed digestibility was calculated based on the results of in vitro digestibility tests using the Tilley and Terry method (1963). The calculation procedure was carried out based on Suharti et al. (2018) with the formula:
DMD (%) =DM sample − (DM residual − DM blank)
DM sample x 100%
OMD (%) =OM sample − (OM residual − OM blank)
OM sample x 100%
Descriptions:
DM sample = Sample weight x %DM (g)
DM residual = Weight of cup, paper and residue (g) – weight of cup and filter paper (g)
DM blank = Weight of cup, paper and residue (g) – weight of cup and filter paper (g)
OM sample = Sample DM x %OM (g)
OM residual = Residue DM (g) – weight of crucible and ash (g) OM blank = Residue DM (g) – weight of crucible and ash (g)
2. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
The TDN value is calculated based on (Kearl, 1982) with the formula:
TDN = 1.05 x OMD 3. Metabolic Energy (ME)
The EM value is calculated based on the National Research Council (2007) with the following equation:
1 kg TDN = 3.62 Mcal ME Data analysis
Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) model. If any significant differences in treatments, then continued with Duncan's multiple range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data of nutritional content of ration is presented in Table 3. The results of in vitro research obtained DMD, OMD, TDN and ME values as presented in Table 4.
Nutrient Content of Feed
As shown in Table 3, CP content in A1 is low (5.65%); A2 (6.47%); and A3 (8.97%), while the CF content of the survey results is high, ie treatment A1 (34.43%); A2 (29.80%); and A3 (27.70%). Van Soest (1994) suggested that in order to support rumen microbial frowth, cattle need feed containing a minimum of 1.28% nitrogen (N) or a minimum CP of 8%. This is in line
with research conducted by the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (2012), that the recommended feed standards for fattening beef cattle are CP
>8%, TDN >58%, EE <6%, EF <17% and ash <10%. SNI for Quality Beef Cattle Feed (Permentan No. 46 of 2015) has a higher standard, namely a minimum CP of 12%, a maximum CF of 30%, a maximum of 7%
EE, a minimum TDN of 65% and a maximum of 12% ash.
Based on good nutritional standards for cattle feed, scenarios for formulating feed with better CP content and lower CF content are created. The CP content of the feed formulation scenario is quite high with a lower crude fiber content compared to the feed results from the survey. Results of nutritional analysis the overall feed formulation scenario is that the CP content of the B1 treatment is 11.77%; B2 12.47%, and the highest is B3 13.16%, while the CF content of the treatment B1 27.70%; B2 26.39%; and the lowest is B3 25.07%.
Table 3. Nutrient content of treated feed
Treatments
Nutritional Content
DM (%) OM CP EE CF NFE
% DM
A1 41.29 86.05 5.65 2.00 34.43 44.11
A2 41.96 87.49 6.47 3.59 29.80 47.60
A3 39.11 86.57 8.97 3.51 27.70 46.97
B1 21.69 88.52 11.77 5.14 27.70 46.06
B2 22.50 88.27 12.47 4.94 26.39 46.92
B3 23.38 88.01 13.16 4.75 25.07 47.79
Note: Proximate analysis was done in the Animal Feed and Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University
Research conducted by Fuah et al.
(2016) showed that the use of agro-industrial waste for Madura cattle feed with a CP
content of up to 14% could increase ADG by up to 0.69 ± 0.17 kg/day with a feed efficiency level of 11.03 ± 2.68%. A high CP
and low CF content in feed is synonymous with good feed quality and a higher price. It is hoped that the use of local feed ingredients in preparing feed formulations can meet the
nutritional needs of cattle by utilizing the abundant availability of local feed resources so that they can be applied by beef cattle breeders in Bangkalan Regency.
Table 4. DMD, DMO, TDN, and EM test results
Treatment Parameter
DMD (%) DMO (%) TDN (%) EM (Mcal/kg)
A1 57.42 ± 2.618a 59.74 ± 2.025a 62.73 ± 2.126a 1.08 ± 0.034a A2 61.66 ± 2.327b 63.99 ± 3.059ab 67.19 ± 3.212ab 1.16 ± 0.057ab A3 63.60 ± 1.722bc 65.48 ± 2.335bc 68.75 ± 2.452bc 1.17 ± 0.043ab B1 62.33 ± 0.599bc 64.03 ± 0.531abc 67.23 ± 0.558abc 1.17 ± 0.015ab B2 66.52 ± 3.116c 68.57 ± 3.338c 72.00 ± 3.505cd 1.24 ± 0.062b B3 71.04 ± 0.674d 73.17 ± 0.437d 76.83 ± 0.458d 1.33 ± 0.011b Note: Different superscripts in the same column show very significant differences (P<0.01)
Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD)
The results of the dry matter digestibility test of the six feed sample treatments obtained the highest to lowest results respectively for samples B3 (71.04%); B2 (66.52%); A3 (63.60%); B1 ( 62.33%); A2 (61.66%); and A1 (57.42%).
Further tests using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed that treatment A1 had the lowest DMD value (57.42%) and was highly significant (P<0.01) with the other treatments.
The B3 treatment had the highest DMD value (71.04%) and was very significantly different (P<0.01) from the other treatments. High dry matter digestibility in ruminants indicates that rumen microbes have good rumen conditions for growth and digestive processes, such as ammonia (NH3) concentrations. This was reported by Maulidah (2023) that the experimental ration had the lowest NH3 concentration of 3.27 Mm (A1) and the highest in the B3 ration theatment namely 17.95 mM.
The result of the dry matter digestibility test that differed from the treatment could be due to differences in feed quality, which affected the nutritional content of the treatment feed. Feed quality can be influenced by the composition and proportion of feed ingredients used for feed formulation. Rahmawati et al. (2021) reported that different DMD values in forage can be influenced by the type of forage and
different nutrient content. Nutrients that can influence digestibility values are complex carbohydrate content, especially crude fiber, which differs between one treatment and another (Suningsih and Sadjadi, 2020).
Harton et al. (2015) that digestibility is closely related to the chemical composition of feed, especially the crude fiber content.
Anggorodi (1994) in Wijayanti et al. (2012) reported that the more crude fiber contained in the feed ingredients, the thicker and stronger the cell walls and the lower the digestibility of the feed.
On the other hand, low fiber feed tend to be easier to digest because their cell walls are thin so that microbes can easily penetrate them. Cell walls are a crude fiber fraction consisting of hemicellulose and lignocellulose (lignin and cellulose). Tilman et al. (1989) in Nuraeni et al. (2019) reported that cellulose and hemicellulose are materials that when ingested produce VFA by ruminants, where VFA is used as an energy source, while lignin is a component that does not have the end result of the digestive process and its presence can interfere with the digestive process in humans, cattle (Nuraeni et al., 2019).
The lowest crude fiber (CF) content of feed samples was sample B3 (25.07%) and the highest is sample A1 (34.43%), This is comparable to the DMD value which shows the highest result is sample B3 and the lowest is sample A1. The higher the crude fiber contained in the feed, the lower the
digestibility of the dry matter. This result does not apply to sample A3 with the same CF content as sample B1 (27.70%) but the digestibility was better although the results did not show a significant difference. One suspicion that causes this could be because sample B1 contains rice straw, while sample A3 does not contain rice straw. Rice straw is an agricultural waste which includes low quality feed. The digestibility of rice straw for ruminants is only 45-50%. The low digestibility of rice straw is due to the fact that it has undergone lignification and silicification processes and is low in nitrogen (N) (Van Soest, 2006; Suryani et al., 2015).
Carbohydrates are divided into two fractions, namely Crude Fiber (CF) and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) (Tillman et al., 1998; Wijayanti et al., 2012). According to Aling et al. (2020) NFE is a soluble carbohydrate that contains monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides so it is easy to digest. Based on the research results, the NFE content of the feed tested was relatively the same, around 44.11 – 47.79%.
A high NFE content in feed can increase DMD to a higher level. This is in accordance with the results of this study, where the feed sample with the lowest digestibility (A1) had a lower NFE content (44.11%) than other samples, while the sample with the highest dry matter digestibility (B3) contained higher NFE (47.79%). This is in accordance with the opinion of Tuturoong et al. (2014) that the rate of microbial synthesis in the rumen is positively correlated with the availibility of easily digistible carbohydrates. The more easily digestible carbohydrates contained in the feed eaten, the higher the synthesis rate in the rumen.
Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) The results of the statistical analysis showed that the treatment ration had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the OMD value. Organic materials are nutrients consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins, in addition to water and ash or
minerals. Thus the higher the OMD value, the higher the energy value of the ration (Suningsih and Sadjadi, 2020).
The results of the organic matter digestibility test from six feed sample treatments obtained the highest to lowest results respectively for samples B3 (73.17%); B2 (68.57); A3 (65.48%); B1 (64 .03%); A2 (63.99%); and A1 (59.74%).
Further test results using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed that treatment A1 had the lowest OMD value (59.74%) but was not significantly different from treatments A2 and B1, but was significantly different from treatments A3, B2 and B3.
Treatment B3 had the highest OMD value (73.17%) and was very significantly different (P<0.01) compared to other treatments.
The high digestibility of organic matter is in line with the high digestibility of dry matter. Based on research Khairizaet et al. (2022), 59% of the OMD value is influenced by the dry matter content and 67% of the OMD value is affected by the crude protein content, the rest by several other factors. The results showed that treatment B3 had the highest DMD and OMD values, while treatment A1 had the lowest DMD and OMD values. This is in accordance with the opinion of Mizan et al.
(2015) that organic matter is part of the dry matter, therefore factors that affect the digestibility of dry matter will also affect the digestibility of organic matter. One of the organic materials that affect OMD is the crude protein content.
The CP of sample B3 was the highest (13.16%) compared to other samples. The OMD values of samples A1 and A2 were the lowest compared to other samples because the CP content of samples A1 and A2 was the lowest, namely 5.65% and 6.47%.
Jayanegara et al, (2009) in Rahmawati et al.
(2021) reported that CP concentration has a positive effect on OMD values because protein is a compound that is easily degraded by rumen microbes, except for proteins that are protected by certain compounds.
Total Digestible Nutrients(TDN)
The TDN value calculated using the formula 1 kg digestible dry organic mater (DOM) = 1.05 kg TDN (Kearl, 1982) shows that consistently B3 rations have the highest TDN value (76.83%), while the lowest TDN value occurs in rations A1 (62.73%). The results of the statistical analysis showed that the ration treatment had a very significant effect on the TDN value (P<0.01). The TDN value is an illustration of the available energy for the livestock production process where the value comes from the sum of the digestibility values of feed nutrients (CP + CF + NFE + (EE x 2,25); Van Soest (1994).
Thiasari and Setiyawan (2016), the balance of CP and energy in the ration will increase digestibility which will affect the high TDN value.
TDN calculation results based on in vitro digestibility test of six feed sample treatments showed that the highest to lowest results were sample B3 (76.83%); B2 (72.00%); A3 (68.75%); B1 (67.23%); A2 (67.19%) and A1 (62.73%). Further tests using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed that treatment A1 had the lowest TDN value (62.73%), not significantly different from treatment A2 (67.19%) and B1 (67.23%) but significantly different (P<0.01) with treatments A3, B2, and B3. Treatment B3 has the highest TDN value (76.83%) was very significantly different (P<0.01) from other treatments.
The high TDN content of feed is in line with the high DMD and OMD of feed.
According to Hambakodu and Ina (2019), good DMD and OMD will cause high TDN values. Syafrudin et al. (2020) stated that the digestibility of organic materials has a significant effect on the TDN value, because feed nutrients are mostly contained in organic materials. The nutrients found in organic materials are crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrates. Organic matter produces energy that can be used for rumen microbial growth. The better digestibility of organic material, the better the nutritional content of feed that can be digested. The combination of lamtoro leaves and
indigofera as a protein source in feed formulation scenarios can increase feed digestibility so that the TDN value also increases, The use of lamtoro and indigofera leaves of 10% each in the B3 sample had a OMD value of 73.17% and the highest TDN 76.83%.
This result is higher than research by Rimbawanto and Hartoyo (2018) that using a ration with a combination of 50% natural grass, 12.5% lamtoro and 37.5% indigofera produces a OMD of 62.95%. Based on Suryapratama and Suhartati (2021), the use of lamtoro leaves at a level of 10.62%
increases the weight of cows by up to 67%
compared to cows without lamtoro leaf feed.
The use of indigofera at a level of 15-45%
can increase the efficiency of ration use with optimal results ranging between 30-45%
(Tarigan and Ginting, 2011). Increasing the efficiency of ration use is a response to increased feed consumption and feed digestibility resulting in a increase in the availibility of nutrients, especially protein and energy.
Metabolic Energy (ME)
The test results for the ME content of the six feed treatments showed that the highest to lowest results were sample B3 (1.33 Mcal/kg); B2 (1.24 Mcal/kg); A3 (1.17 Mcal/kg); A2 (1.17 Mcal/kg); B1 (1.16 Mcal/kg) and A1 (1.08 Mcal/kg). Further tests using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed that treatments B3 and B2 had the highest ME values, very significantly different (P<0.01) from treatment A1, but not significantly different from treatments B1, A2 and A3.
The high and low levels of ME content are consistently in line with the level of feed digestibility and the TDN value contained.
Cruz et al. (2017), high and low levels of metabolic energy are caused by biochemical changes in feed components, including the value of soluble carbohydrates, digested protein values, and digested dry matter. In addition, the energy content of forages is also highly dependent on the digestibility of organic matter which is closely related to plant structure (Balseca et al., 2015).
The A1 treatment consistently had lower DMD, OMD, TDN, and ME values than the other treatments. The composition of the feed which only comes from forage without a balance of feed ingredients as a source of protein and the use of high rice straw (41.37%) is the main cause. Even though rice straw has low levels of nitrogen and essential minerals, high levels of crude fiber, and its digestibility only reaches 37%
(Setiarto, 2013). The low digestibility of nutritional components indicates that a lot of energy is lost in the form of feces, as a result the energy value of metabolism decreases (Mc Donald et al., 1995; Tahuk et al., 2020).
However, different results were shown by Suryani et al. (2015) that the use of rations with a composition of 30% rice straw was offset by the use of protein source feed ingredients, namely 30% gamal, 10%
kaliandra, and 30% concentrate is able to increase DMD, OMD dan CPD and can even reduce the CFD of the ration.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that:
1. The highest values of DMD, OMD, Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN), and metabolic energy (ME) are the rations prepared for Limousin crossbreed cattle and the lowest are the feeds used by breeders in Bangkalan Regency for female Madura cattle.
2. The highest metabolic energy (EM) value predicted from the TDN value also occurred in the ration prepared for Limousin crossbreed cattle and the lowest was the feed used by breeders in Bangkalan Regency for female Madura cattle.
There is a need for further research using in vivo methods to evaluate the response of rations to beef cattle production in Bangkalan Regency based on local feed ingredients.
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