Wind Energy and its Application in using Electromechanica

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International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278

using Electromechanical Generation Drive

Sandeep Singh, Jaspreet Singh Ghuman Electrical Engineering ,

Abstract - Electrical energy generation is very important due to the increasing energy need. To satisfy the need wind power plants are being constructed in addition to large scale hydro power plants. Wind power plants have a significant role in the generation electrical energy. Wind power is a kind of clean and renewable energy sources. Small wind power has a big potential in most areas the world. This article proposed a novel application of wind in the generation of the electric power using electromechanical drive commonly known as wind power plant (WPP) or wind mill.

This work describes the principle of energy generation from wind along with the procedures to calculate the energy available the wind. It also explains the performance of the wind power plant along with the type and characteristics of the various rotor being used in the generation drive. It also include the comparison between the various types of wind mill system and explains vario related to the power generation from wind.

Keywords-- Distributed Generation, Micro-hydro power plant, Permanent magnet synchronous generator, Battery energy

I. INTRODUCTION

Windmills have been used for many centuries for pumping water and milling grain. Thediscovery of the internal combustion engine and the development of electrical grids caused many windmills to

the early part of this century. However, in recent years there has been a revival of interest in wind energy and attempts are underway all over the world to introduce cost-effective wind energy conversion systems for this renewable and environmentally benign energy source. In developing countries, wind power can play a useful role for water supply and irrigation (windpumps) and electrical generation (wind generators). These two variants of windmill technology are discussed in separate technical briefs. This brief gives a general overview of the resource and of the technology of extracting energy from the wind.

Fig.1 block diagram of wind mill system

International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278-8948, Volume-1, Issue

65

using Electromechanical Generation Drive

Sandeep Singh, Jaspreet Singh Ghuman & Alok Mishra Electrical Engineering , Bhsbiet Lehragaga, Sangrur

[email protected], [email protected] , [email protected]

Electrical energy generation is very important due to the increasing energy need. To satisfy the need wind power plants are being constructed in addition to large scale hydro power plants. Wind power plants have a significant role in the generation

trical energy. Wind power is a kind of clean and renewable energy sources. Small wind power has a big potential in most areas the world. This article proposed a novel application of wind in the generation of the electric power using electromechanical drive commonly known as wind power plant (WPP) or wind mill.

This work describes the principle of energy generation from wind along with the procedures to calculate the energy available the wind power plant along with the type and characteristics of the various rotor being used in the generation drive. It also include the comparison between the various types of wind mill system and explains vario

hydro power plant, Permanent magnet synchronous generator, Battery energy

Windmills have been used for many centuries for pumping water and milling grain. Thediscovery of the internal combustion engine and the development of many windmills to disappear in the early part of this century. However, in recent years there has been a revival of interest in wind energy and attempts are underway all over the world to introduce effective wind energy conversion systems for this mentally benign energy source. In developing countries, wind power can play a useful role for water supply and irrigation (windpumps) and electrical generation (wind generators). These two variants of windmill technology are discussed in briefs. This brief gives a general overview of the resource and of the technology of

Fig.1 block diagram of wind mill system

THE WIND RESOURCE

Unfortunately, the general availability and reliability of wind speed data is extremely poor in many regions of the world. Large areas of the world appear to have mean annual wind speeds below 3m/s, and are unsuitable for wind power systems, and almost equally large areas have wind speeds in the intermediate range (3-4.5m/s) where wind power may or may not be an attractive option. In addition, significant land areas have mean annual windspeeds exceeding 4.5m/s where wind power would most certainly be economically competitive.

II. ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN THE WIND The power in the wind is proportional to the cube of wind velocity. The general formula for wind power is:

If the velocity (v) is in m/s, then at sea level (where the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3) thepower in the wind is:

Power = (density of air x swept area x velocity cubed)/2

Power = 0.6 x v³ Watts per m² of rotor swept area

1, Issue-1, 2012 [email protected]

Electrical energy generation is very important due to the increasing energy need. To satisfy the need wind power plants are being constructed in addition to large scale hydro power plants. Wind power plants have a significant role in the generation of trical energy. Wind power is a kind of clean and renewable energy sources. Small wind power has a big potential in most areas of the world. This article proposed a novel application of wind in the generation of the electric power using electromechanical generation

This work describes the principle of energy generation from wind along with the procedures to calculate the energy available in the wind power plant along with the type and characteristics of the various rotor being used in the generation drive. It also include the comparison between the various types of wind mill system and explains various terms

hydro power plant, Permanent magnet synchronous generator, Battery energy.

Unfortunately, the general availability and is extremely poor in many regions of the world. Large areas of the world appear to have mean annual wind speeds below 3m/s, and are unsuitable for wind power systems, and almost equally large areas have wind speeds in the intermediate range e wind power may or may not be an attractive option. In addition, significant land areas have mean annual windspeeds exceeding 4.5m/s where wind power would most certainly be economically

ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN THE WIND wind is proportional to the cube of wind velocity. The general formula for wind power is:

If the velocity (v) is in m/s, then at sea level (where thepower in the wind is:

Power = (density of air x swept area x velocity

Power = 0.6 x v³ Watts per m² of rotor swept area

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International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278-8948, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2012

66 This means that the power density in the wind will range from 10W/m² at 2.5m/s (a light breeze) to 41,000W/m² at 40m/s (a hurricane). This variability of the wind power resource strongly influences virtually all aspects of wind energy conversion systems design, construction, siting, use and economy.

III. PRINCIPLES OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION

There are two primary physical principles by which energy can be extracted from the wind; these are through the creation of either drag or lift force (or through a combination of the two). The difference between drag and lift is illustrated (see Figure1) by the difference between using a spinaker sail, which fills like a parachute and pulls a sailing boat with the wind, and a bermuda rig, the familiar triangular sail which deflects with wind and allows a sailing boat to travel across the wind or slightly into the wind. Drag forces provide the most obvious means of propulsion, these being the forces felt by a person (or object) exposed to the wind.

Lift forces are the most efficient means of propulsion but being more subtle than drag forces are not so well understood. The basic features that characterise lift and drag are:

• drag is in the direction of airflow

• lift is perpendicular to the direction of airflow

• generation of lift always causes a certain amount of drag to be developed with a good aerofoil,

• the lift produced can be more than thirty times greater than the drag

• lift devices are generally more efficient than drag devices

Fig.2 showing drag lift forces

Fig.3 showing airofoil

Fig4. Block diagram showing generation process

IV. ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATION SYSTEM

In general an electromechanical generation system is a device known as wind mill formed by combination of various physical components in order to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. Figure 3 shows a systematic diagram of wind energy converter or a wind mill system. It consists of:

• blade

• crank shaft

• puss rod

• gear box and gear drive

• electric generator

• cables and supporting structure etc.

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International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278 The wind is received at the blade pitch and then

kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical energy by the blade of the wind machine.

mechanical energy is converted to rotational energy by the shaft of the electromechanical drive. This motion is then received at the generator shaft and act as the prime mover. The generator then convert this energy to electrical energy same as an ordinary alternator. The gear dives are used to maintain the constant speed at the generator shaft to protect it from the problems arising due to the wind speed variation. This electrical energy is mainly in the D.C. form which is then converted into A.C. as per requirement using various converters etc.

The other devices like transformers, switch gears, transmission line, circuit breakers, isolator switches etc are used to transfer this energy to the consumers end.

Fig.5 showing line diagram of the genera system

Fig.6 showing internal view of gear drive system

67 The wind is received at the blade pitch and then kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical energy by the blade of the wind machine. This mechanical energy is converted to rotational energy by the shaft of the electromechanical drive. This motion is then received at the generator shaft and act as the prime mover. The generator then convert this energy to inary alternator. The gear dives are used to maintain the constant speed at the generator shaft to protect it from the problems arising due to the wind speed variation. This electrical energy is mainly in the D.C. form which is then converted into

s per requirement using various converters etc.

The other devices like transformers, switch gears, transmission line, circuit breakers, isolator switches etc are used to transfer this energy to the consumers end.

Fig.5 showing line diagram of the generation drive

Fig.6 showing internal view of gear drive system

Fig.7 showing internal view of gear drive system V. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

WINDMILL ROTORS

There are two main families of windmills: vertical axis machines and horizontal axis machines. These can in turn use either lift or drag forces to harness the wind.

Of these types the horizontal axis lift device represents the vast majority of successful wind machines, either ancient or modern. In fact other than a few experimental machines virtually all windmills come under this category. There are several technical parameters that are used to characterise windmill rotors. The

is defined as the ratio of the speed of the extremities of a windmill rotor to the speed of the free wind. It is a measure of the 'gearing ratio' of the rotor. Drag devices always have tip-speed ratios less than one and hence turn slowly, whereas lift devices can have h

ratios and hence turn quickly relative to the wind.

The proportion of the power in the wind that the rotor can extract is termed the

performance (or power coefficient or

symbol Cp) and its variation as a function of tip speed ratio is commonly used to characterise different types of rotor. It is physically impossible to extract all the energy from the wind, without bringing the air behind the rotor to a standstill. Consequently there is a maximum value of Cp of 59.3% (known as the Betz limit), although in practice real wind rotors have maximum Cp values in the range of 25%-45%. Solidity is usually defined as the percentage of the circumference of the rotor which contains material rather than air. High

carry a lot of material and have coarse blade angles.

Tip speed ratio = Bade tip speed/Wind speed

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Fig.7 showing internal view of gear drive system TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

There are two main families of windmills: vertical axis machines and horizontal axis machines. These can in turn use either lift or drag forces to harness the wind.

Of these types the horizontal axis lift device represents ind machines, either ancient or modern. In fact other than a few experimental machines virtually all windmills come under this category. There are several technical parameters that are used to characterise windmill rotors. The tipspeed ratio the ratio of the speed of the extremities of a windmill rotor to the speed of the free wind. It is a measure of the 'gearing ratio' of the rotor. Drag devices speed ratios less than one and hence turn slowly, whereas lift devices can have high tip-speed ratios and hence turn quickly relative to the wind.

The proportion of the power in the wind that the rotor can extract is termed the coefficient of (or power coefficient or efficiency;

symbol Cp) and its variation as a function of tip speed ratio is commonly used to characterise different types of to extract all the energy from the wind, without bringing the air behind the rotor Consequently there is a maximum value of Cp of 59.3% (known as the Betz limit), although in practice real wind rotors have maximum Cp values in is usually defined as the percentage of the circumference of the rotor which contains material rather than air. High-solidity machines carry a lot of material and have coarse blade angles.

Tip speed ratio = Bade tip speed/Wind speed

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International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278-8948, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2012

68 They generate much higher starting torque than low- solidity machines but are inherently less efficient than low-solidity machines as shown in Figure 4. The extra materials also cost more money. However, low-solidity machines need to be made with more precision which leads to little difference in costs. The choice of rotor is dictated largely by the characteristic of the load and hence of the end use. These aspects are discussed separately in the technical briefs on wind pumps and wind generators.

Fig.8 showing plot between turbine output power and speed

Fig.9 showing plot between power and steady wind speed

Table 1 compares different rotor types

Table1 showing comparison between horizontal axis and vertical axis type wind mill

VI. WINDMILL PERFORMANCE

Although the power available is proportional to the cube of wind speed, the power output has a lower order dependence on wind speed. This is because the overall efficiency of the windmill (the product of rotor Cp, transmission efficiency and pump or generator efficiency) changes with wind speed. There are four important characteristic wind speeds:

• The cut-in wind speed: when the machine begins to produce power

• The design wind speed: when the windmill reaches its maximum efficiency

• The rated wind speed: when the machine reaches its maximum output power

• The furling wind speed: when the machine furls to prevent damage at high wind speeds.

Performance data for windmills can be misleading because they may refer to the peak efficiency (at design wind speed) or the peak power output (at the rated wind speed). The data could also refer to the average output over a time period (e.g. a day or a month). Because the power output varies with wind speed, the average output over a time period is dependent in the local variation in wind speed from hour to hour. Hence to predict the output for a given windmill one needs to have output characteristics of the windmill and the wind speed distribution curve of the site (duration at various wind speeds). Multiplying the values of both graphs for each wind speed interval and adding all the products gives the total energy output of that windmill at that site.

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International Journal on Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, (IJAEEE), ISSN (Print): 2278 Fig.10 showing rotor dimension for particular amount of

power VII. CONCLUSION

The utilisation of wind energy in the electricity generation system has been explained. Section I gives an idea about the wind mill system and the various wind energy sources. The formula for calculating the energy available in a particular amount of wind has been explained in section II. Later the conversion principle has been explained in section III. Section IV and V explains the electromechanical generation system and various characteristics of the rotors being used . and finally section VI explain the performance of the electromechanical generation drive along with the description of the required diameter of a rotor type for particular amount of power generation.

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69 Fig.10 showing rotor dimension for particular amount of

The utilisation of wind energy in the electricity generation system has been explained. Section I gives an idea about the wind mill system and the various wind The formula for calculating the energy available in a particular amount of wind has been explained in section II. Later the conversion principle has been explained in section III. Section IV and V explains the electromechanical generation system and s characteristics of the rotors being used . and finally section VI explain the performance of the electromechanical generation drive along with the description of the required diameter of a rotor type for

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