phenomenon, while micro-level research provides answer to different questions that are equally important (Short Jr, 1998, p. 28).
Gazzaniga provides an interesting account of the question of emergence, levels of analysis, and the growth of the neurosciences in his paper Neuroscience and the correct level of explanation for understanding mind: An extraterrestrial roams through some neuroscience laboratories and concludes earthlings are not grasping how best to understand the mind–brain interface (2010). Emergence has been known since John Stuart Mill, he states, but some modern scientists refuse to acknowledge the concept. He names neuroscientists as particularly resistant, as they
“cling to the idea that an understanding of the elementary parts of the nervous sys- tem will explain how the brain does its magic to produce the psychological states we all enjoy” (Gazzaniga, 2010, p. 291). We may get some interesting insight from the micro-level, he states, but in order to understand human beings and the social world, we have to acknowledge that we often only have access to emergent phenomenon that must be examined at the macro-level (Gazzaniga, 2010, p. 292). (See also Smith and Franks (1999) for more on the topic of emergence, reduction, and levels of explanation.)
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