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: 09197042941 E-mail: fnaserinasab63@gmail.com
) Meloidogyne
javanica
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( Trichoderma harzianum BI# $
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Z TB 2M J > 9 B
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.
"#&' ( !)
!&A *9 : *A TA Z TB : a b+ ` ` + G H
.`
+",+
&
4 56 7. 8 ", 9 ! :
Meloidogyne
!. . /: 55+, ;5< ! 55:", += 7. ! 5>6. ?5 7. 2 / <6 8@ .
@ : . A+9 = 8 ", 9 & "@ B
A5C 5+9 & /, 5 7 D"E & B / =1+ F+G H . AI . 7
= / . 3J 3 = /%D.
(Trudgill and
Blok, 2001; Manzanilla-Lopez et al. 2004)
7 "5 ..
K5%@L MN08 M."OD P = 1: % 6 7. /% P 7. $@G. /O+Q ? 7
&
-B . / + +5 ! 5:
?5G. @D G R Q
Whitehead, 1997) .(
G S "+D. ! : ! :
!. . . 7. /TU= # .
?5 V W 5V9. X Y 9 += "@ B % 6 7. "@8+= / . B # . "@ B !."=
&
?G. Z"O .
#+9 . [ 5\
[ * .
"@ B X Y 9 +=
] L@ . . 6 / :
?5G.
5B
^ ."
/U+>
# "&P = !. . 3.1+
/ . 5B
. 5 =
F\.
? + , @ J 5 =
5=
."5
^ /50 1+
/ + +5
! ,7 G $@G. HVO /0 Y 9 +=
@ .
=
=
! B 5 . @=
5* J
?5+>C&
5
"5+C0&
5=
#+ _ : M \ !. .
?= \ P =
=
% "0+
5VO 5=
` aD
= A . b .1 5 +=
5 = ) 3 5:J - 5 1379 .(
4 56 ! : , >
Trichoderma
5: c 5\ W156
!
]J 7. /U+5G 5 . @ 5: ?U+> U . 6 !"+ ", d & . & 7. . :
Harman )
et al., 2004
.(
5e ! : ?+9 = @ +9 & ? V W V9.
& 5
!
; 55+ 0 7. ;+V@ 55 ; 55+@ 7. 2 /@ 55+ , @ J ! 55:
Trichoderma harzianum
+%b
&
85 ", 9
/
=
Sharon et al., 2001) .(
! 3. 0 : G 2003 3 85 5 . 5B
55+%b "55= X+%+ 55+9 G +55G. "= 55B
& 55 ! 55:
Globodera rostochiensis G. pallida
W 5V9. 6
#+ & "2 1@ G / / .1 += = ^>&" ! :
(Nandi
et al., 2003)
. G 3. 0 : "@ B 2001
3 85
55+%b ?55 V 55B 55 .
& 55 ? 555+G 559
Heterodera trifolli ) (
+5G. "= B = > 3 : +,
8+ W V9. X+%+ +9 G
Kampster et al., 2001) .(
G 1386
"5@ B /5G "= 3. 50 : ! @L
X5 Y 9 +=
& 5 5h 59
Meloidogyne javanica
"@ B 5+= A b ^G &
Pseudomonas flourescens
Trichoderma harzianum
) (
1386.
5D 7. R 5 !."5= ! U@ ! : !i&."@G. 3 : +, 5 /50 1+ F5 . A+>\ 7. / : "0% b A B .
= / / + + M >+B"&
. 5 j M 5>+B"& ", G
. /5% M 5>+B"& 5< 2"& k 5 . -V : ." # M 5>+B"& ! 5\ 5 @l. = B 3Y "@+ ! l M >+B"&
/5G "= "5, # "5& F+5G M 5>+B"& # "& m . /%
55 = /55 55+, R 55 55
Ruuhola& Yang, )
.(2005
37 5= /5% M 5>+B"& 7. /5, 1= "5, : +n N
= / #+n 2 /9 0%
7. < J @D G 2 ?%0G. B 3
?5G. A+08& A+ B +: ", X / 1 = V%l .
0% : +n N B : + 3 8 "+D. M V+VQ&
! 5:
/8V E
(Multifunction) /
5 = 5+$ M $5
5 B +9 & +, = ! ,7 G !."= . ! 7 3J
5:
/5
8L=
. -V 7.
N ! : : +n
/%2 A
-5V @ =. ! :
# . ?G. /= "0+ ;6 <& +%b 3 : +, ?o $l < J 3J / @D 5G -V A+9 = < &
? 5+ 3 5: +, 5:
#+ 509. @+ 1+ : +n N 0%=
5= p5G 2 5:
/5 F5 *& +, /= "0+ % l
)
5 =Grayer and
Harborne 1994, Harborn 1999
(.
q : 7. [r 5& $@5G. "5e l d5+VQ& [ 5* . 7.
T.
harzianum BI
5B 5= 5s 5= X+%+ +9 G +G.
t"5Q X5 ? 5+ , @ J A b X 7. /V+$%& !"+, 5< J /, 5 B "5@ B 3. 5& - .1 . ?<6 / + +
+%b
&
= 8 ", 9 .
( - . +
8
= 9J ! :
&
L%, 7. 8 ", 9 -
! J F5 6 #+5 . !. 85+2 VO /I " 6 , ! : .
"+C0&
&
S =
Single egg mass
56 , !
= . /9 . ;\ /I "
5 , / G [ * . Y
& 5
?5 ", M 5 3 5u6 5+%B d= O
Jepson, 1987) (.
5@ "5+C0& # 5 E 5 , / 5G 7. 42 /9.
/ B ?+U 6
&
v9 D
M. javanica
* . .
5 $@5G. & 5 #5 . [ #5G P 7. d5+VQ& # .
Hussy & Barker 1973) (
.
! "#
55 . 6
T. harzianum BI
7. v9 55D M 55 55=
? 3 Q =. 4 "2 /0 1u: +, ", I8 7J 9 9 = V@ . 7. 42 l ! :
^+Q !
PDA
4 6
/@ 55G 55 ! . 55<I ."55, .
#55 . wN>55\ 55 . 6 #55 .
59 & 5 5+%b "@ B 5+= A b 3. b = I8 7J /@ 5+ , @ J `. 5D = @ ", B = 8 ", . / P = )
! 5@L 1386
(.
! : u5G.
#5 . c 5\
7.
?8B 10 7
!
^+Q
PDA?8B +<&
. h
?s%
B7 + 106 uG.
":
/%+
"@+9 ]J A "@G. "OV
B ?G.
5=
$@5G.
7.
[P
"@ @+5G : 3 15 .
]J
"OV 3 "@G
=
?G J
Batta, 1999) .(
$ % X+%+ +9 G +G. 7.
)
?B" ?D G
Merck
3 9J (
?s%h = 5
5 /%+
P
5 $@5G.
Katoch et al., )
.(2005
& ' ( ) " ) * + , - . / 0!
"
T. harzianum BI
1'2 3 '% 45
& ( ) " ) * + , - . 6 +
?55s%h ! 55:
3 4 5 6 7 +55G. P 55 /55%+
?85B ^+5Q 5= y 5%L M = X+%+ +9 G
PDA
55 55+<&
. X 55 X55 !"55@2 X@855&": ^55G
/ +% 55+
5 / 0 /@ 55G 7 55G ?855B 7. !"55@
T.
harzianum BI
55 . ."55\
. 855& #55 .
@ . 55: X
! & = 0 . 25
/@ G 6 7 5G M = .",
."\
; . . X@8& 3 + 2 7. 42
^G & : !"@2 ! :
?85B q "5o c 5\ 5 3.15+ c 5\ ! : !"+, 7. . "s ! : +&
. 5 . !."=
!"5+, 7.
,"2 3 E c \
"5 . M = :
"5B 5 !.
. =
=
= ,"2 ?l 4uG >G Q < J R U . @ J ?G . 5= / a5& wN B Z" 9 \ - 7J 5
[ * . ."0&
Etebarian et al., 2005) .(
' ' 0 / 0!
BI T. harzianum
5
" ')
& ( )
+
?5 "%B u+: 5= 5 / $b 5e /5I " 6 , {=
; 5G 5 / 0 t 55D ! 5l A "@5G. ! < . 5%, 5
|"= B G t D A 3 "@G )
2:1:1 (
! . 5V
?+9"2 ?+2 )
3. 5%, "5: ;* 52 X5 (
5 ", ?85B .
_: +, 5%l" /I " 6 , ! : 6
- 4
^5G & /5,"=
+G. ? + , @ J c \ 5 "5 7 Z" = X+%+ +9 G
", / 7 .
24 . 5U& ^5G & 5_: +, "5: 5U= ?b G
2000
[ #5G 5U P
& 5
M. javanica
5
/= B .
M 5 5= / 7 7. 42 : _: +, 45
7
/5I " 56 , 5+, !."= L%, b ^ ."
) 16 ?b G 8
! /0 & ?b G 26
- 28 56
.", /@ G (
5: 5_: +, 3J 7. 452 5 ! . <I
A5V@ I8 7J = "s ! : @B -* G !."=
.
= - 7J 9
+&
6 wN 5B Z" 9 \ ."0&
[ * . / a&
.
5 5 b. " 7 ! : +&
) X5 W.7. 5= ."50& "5:
= / _: +, :(
1 ( c 55\ u55G. 3 + 55 uG G )
106 . u55G
/%+
"@+9 (
t D 3 +D S =
. V = 20
/5%+
"@+9 +
&
Tsd+ N) .(
2 ( c 55\ u55G. 3 + 55 uG G )
106 u55G.
/555%+
"555@+9 ( 8555 3 "555B 555 h S 555=
3 + 55 uG G M 55 55= u55G.
5 55V+\
+
& 55
Trd+N) .(
3 (
?s%h 5 5= X+%+ 5+9 G +5G. P 5 /5%+
3 +D S
. V = t D 25
"5: W.7. = "@+9 /%+
+, +
&
SAsd+N) .(
4 (
?s%h 5 S 5= X+%+ 5+9 G +G. P /%+
<,"= ! !"uG.
+
&
SAsp+N) .(
5 ( 20 c 5\ u5G. 3 + 5 uG G "5@+9 /%+
) 106
/5%+ uG.
"5@+9 (
t 5D 3 5+D S 5=
+ 25
?s%h"@+9 /%+
5 . P 5 /5%+
5= X+%+ 5+9 G +5G
t D 3 +D S
+
&
Tsd+ SAsd+ N) .(
1. Soil drench(sd) 2. Root dip(rd)
6 ( 20 c 5\ u5G. 3 + 5 uG G "5@+9 /%+
) 106
/%+ uG.
"@+9 (
t D 3 +D S =
+
?s%h 5
<,"= ! !"uG. S = X+%+ +9 G +G. P /%+
+
&
Tsd+ SAsp+ N) .(
7 ( c \ uG. 3 + uG G )
106 5G.
/5%+ u -
"@+9 (
85 3 "5B h S =
+ 25
"5@+9 /5%+
?55s%h 5 S 55= X+%+ 55+9 G +55G. P 55 /55%+
t D 3 +D
+
&
Trd+ SAsd+ N) .(
8 ( c 555\ u555G. 3 + 555 uG G )
106 u555G.
/%+
"@+9 (
85 3 "5B 5 h S =
+
?5s%h 5
. S = X+%+ +9 G +G. P /%+
<,"= ! !"uG
+
&
Trd+SAsp+ N) .(
9 (
&
< &
) : (
: +& H : 8
A5 B = t D 7. :
! : +& ~ D
2 8 3 + 5 uG G
+& & uG.
7 u5G. 3 + uG G +
+5G.
3 "@55G ]J 55: +& 55+V= & 55 X+%+ 55+9 G h "55s 55 ! 55: 3. 55%, 55= 55= 55 55
. ","=
3 50 5: +& H5 : !."5= ^ ." &
= .
''7 8 ''9 2 : ''; 8 '' <: '')
_: +, +<& A>\ - 7J /I " 6 , ! :
55%l"
6 c 55\ u55G. 3 + 55 uG G ^55G & /55,"=
"5s 5 ? + , @ J 5 X+%+ 5+9 G +5G.
/5 7
", . 5 /V+$%& +&
3 - 5 7J #5 . )
# "5@<=
A>\ - 7J 7. +&
( 3.1+ M."++•& /G "= [ * . !."=
5 ] L@ . +, 8 AB +n N A
. 5: +&
= / " 7 . A /G "= # . :
: +&
) , @ J & €+V%& 3 = +G. ? +
X+%+ +9 G (
? + , @ J +&
+ +5G. 5 +& & 5
X+%+ 55+9 G +
X+%+ 55+9 G +55G. 55 +& & 55 +
? + , @ J +
"5 7 M 5 5= 5: +& #5 . 5B &
b.
: 1 ( c 55\ u55G. 3 + 55 uG G )
106 u55G.
/%+
"@+9 (
. 5V 5= t D 3 +D S =
20 /5%+
= "@+9 _: +, ": W.7.
+
&
Tsd+ N) .(
2 (
?s%h 5 5= X+%+ 5+9 G +5G. P 5 /5%+
<,"= ! !"uG. S +
&
SAsp+N) .(
3 ( 20 c 5\ uG. 3 + uG G "@+9 /%+
) 106
/%+ uG.
"@+9 (
t D 3 +D S =
+
?s%h 5
<,"= ! !"uG. S = X+%+ +9 G +G. P /%+
+
&
Tsd+ SAsp+ N) .(
4 ( A "@G. "OV ]J = +& ;9 G +, .
5 (
= / 7 +,
&
< &
.
5 +& "5: !."=
4 5 5@ ", "5s ."50&
.
#5 .
A @B Z" M = - 7J
5
× 8 wN 5B 5 2 "=
[ * . / a&
.
A @B A 5 5 "5B‚ +&
B @B A 8 3 7
! . "=
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
= / 7 7. U= 7 .
AB A 3.1+ M."++•&
5& . ! 5:7 /5I " 6 , 8 AB +n N
? ", ."\ /= 7 . ;@8:
.
2 =7 0
" ) =7 , - . > % ?:
10 X+ B +G. [", /%+
Fluka, Germany) (
m 2
5%Q / < ;*l Al v9 D @ "@+9 /%+
= "OV ]J = 50
G "@+9 /%+
.
" 5V 4u5G
5 / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 . 5%Q #5 . 7. "5@+9 /%+
5= 59 9 ": ;*l @L - 7J ! : 9 9 ,. 6
= "OV ]J 3 1 . 10
G "@+9 /%+
Seevers )
et al.,1971
(.
" ) =%= ?:
. V 5 / 0
"5@+9 /5%+
7.
! 5: ?5s%h 7. X5 "5:
"5OV ]J "5@+9 /5%+ ?$: . X+ B +G. K%@L
4uG @L
5 / 0 5e. 3J = #+9 q"U "@+9 /%+
.
"@+9 /%+ X #+9 q"U 3 1 . 7. U= V+\ G
= R > . ; G M ="B %Q / 5< ;5*l e. 3J
= "OV ]J 3 1 . = %Q 10
G "@+9 /%+
.
G X ? {, 7. 42
555 + ?b 5555 6 3.1 555
5 ]{
725nm max =
!"+, 7. . .
7. [. 55B "55: !."55= 55 ,. 6 55 55= A55l." #55 . [ * . X+ B +G. K%@L ! : ?s%h .
"$5 !."5=
@ @ "@0u55G. 3 "55B X+ B +55G. 55\ 55%Q 7. "
$@G.
. 5 @ ", "s ."0& G ": !."=
.
S : J ?G = ab AB A #++U& ?<6
A b . @G. / Q +<&
. 5= # . M $& < &
7. B 5 / 0
$@5G. +, ~."L@G. ab "@+9 /%+
Seevers et al.,1971) (.
)
=7 @ +
?<6
~."L@G.
M >+B"&
/%
85 ?5 = [", X
3 5 37 /5I " 56 , 3 5:
3 /5 +E
ab F 3Y "@+
!"+, . 5 "5D ? = U= .
= 10
"@+9 /%+
@ 80 ab "B AV@
g A l 4000
M 5 =
5 5V+\
Y +$ "@ 5G 5
.
/ -L=
D.
A 9 9 :
! l M >+B"&
/%
?G.
5B
7.
] G /@ = . 6 M 8 7J ?<6
! U=
9 9
! : ] . 10 /%+
!"@+9
! 20 - 6 /@ G
.",
! . <I
Seevers et al., 1971) .(
2 " A 5B7 8 <: )
~."L@5G. "50= ~. : +5G S = AB +n N 55
Siddhuraju & Becker, 2003) .(
#+55+U& ?55<6
"5: ]{56 3.15+ 5 "5: !."= AB +n N . V
~
510nm
#++U&
. 5 ": !."=
"5: ]{56 #+I + 4uG @ ", "s ."0& G >G Q .
"5= A5B 5+n N . 5V ?5 <
"5, "5= ["5, "50+ . @G. ƒ G.
Sigma) [
Rutin (
3 += U
Zishen et al., 1999) .(
7. $@5G. 5= J ?G = ! : . ! J 1+9 J .1 . ["
5 E 3 5 7J 5= 5: #+I + [ * . SAS
#0 . .
pD0.05) (
? ", ."\ V .
/01 2
& ' ( ) " ) * + , - . / ) "
T. harzianum BI
3 % 6 + 45
12
! 5: +& / 5 & 5B . 3 85 - 7J # . m @ 5 . 6 ,"2 . / U -: B >G - 7J
T. harzianum BI
: = V
) A0 1 .(
A0 1 - "= X+%+ +9 G +G. K%@L ! : ?s%h "j.
T. harzianum BI .
+& ":
!. . 4
= B / : 3 @G = ."0&
#0 . 3 7J ƒ G. "= . . 3 8 K%@L q "l )
@l. €OG 5
(%
= / . / U qN@D. !. . .
/G "=
L%, ! : W G "j. : 8 6 = !.
/9 ? + , @ J c \ ,"2 "= X+%+ +9 G +G.
%+ +9 G +G. [r & $@G.
T. hazrzianum X+
+& # . ^G & ! += "j… /, B "@ B BI
", : 8 .
B . 6 ;: R e # . @l.
!"j. X+%+ +9 G +G. "$G 1 ^ ." 3. %,
= @ . ;: ? + , @ J c \ ! "=
. K .
3. 0 :
Daayf et al., 2003) (
#+= B "B 3 +=
J
M 8 7J !. L%, M 8 7
in-vitro
/I@ > :
. 6
.
0 / )
BI T .harzianum
" ) 5
& ( )
+
+, ": W.7. = , . U& ^G @ / &
^G @ . / U -: B 6 b. ! : +&
: = V , . U&
. +&
Tsd+ ! :
SAsp+ N Tsd+ SAsd+ N
6 !"@8+= 3.1+ =
" G : = V * . ! : , -: B : +&
) A0 2 .(
A0 2 - X+%+ +9 G +G. = +& "j.
T. harzianum BI , . U& "=
.
"= . . 3 8 K%@L q "l = B / : 3 @G
3 7J ƒ G.
#0 . )
€OG 5 (%
= / . / U qN@D. !. . .
!. . +& ":
6
= / ."0&
Control. : : )
< & &
(
:SA X+%+ +9 G +G.
mM) 5 T ( T. harzianum BI: :N
M. javanica :sd
Soil dreanch :rd
Root dip :sp
Spray .
+, ": W.7. = ;L& & . U& ^G @ / &
;L& ! : & . U& -: B >G b. ! : +&
: = V * .
.
! : +&
Tsd+
SAsd+ N Tsd+ SAsp+ N
!"@8+= 3.1+ =
& . U& -: B >G : +& " G : = V
* . ;L& ! : )
A0 3 .(
A0 3 - G. = +& "j.
X+%+ +9 G +
T. harzianum BI
"=
;L& & . U&
.
"= . . 3 8 K%@L q "l = B / : 3 @G
#0 . 3 7J ƒ G.
)
€OG 5 (%
= / . / U qN@D. !. . .
!. . +& ":
6
= / ."0&
Control. : :
)
< & &
(
:SA
X+%+ +9 G +G.
mM) 5 T ( T. harzianum BI: :N
M. javanica :sd
Soil dreanch :rd
Root dip :sp
Spray .
C+: : , D 0 C+: "E: 3) . / U -: B >G b. ! : +& / &
;L& ! : & 3 ! : ;L& . U&
.
! : +&
Tsd+ SAsp+ N Tsd+ SAsd+ N
Trd+ SAsp+ N
Trd+ N
+ = . U& ^G @ -: B >G !"@8+= 3.1
", ;L&
) A0 4 .(
A0 4 - X+%+ +9 G +G. = +& "j.
T. harzianum BI
;L& & ": 3 ;L& . U& "=
. K%@L q "l = B / : 3 @G
#0 . 3 7J ƒ G. "= . . 3 8 )
€OG 5 (%
= / . / U qN@D. !. . .
!. . +& ":
6
= / ."0&
.
Control
: :
)
< & &
SA ( X+%+ +9 G +G. : mM)
5 T ( T. harzianum BI: :N
M. javanica :sd
Soil dreanch :rd
Root
dip :sp Spray .
/G "=
L%, ! : B /V+$%& ! : +& !.
c \
"= !"@<= "j. $@G. t D 3 +D M =
@ . ! += 3.1+ -: B .
/ "s =
S G
"$G 1 ? + , @ J A b 3 E t D 3 +D / . Tl 3J 7. "&." /QOG
= . &
! -+2 7. !"+, %6 >G !"&"j
&
.
= X+%+ +9 G +G. q"a M
/ 2 %Q
m @
"= B t D ?9 l = ?> . !"@<=
&
! : +
/V+$%&
. 3 8 < & M = .
"@ B += A b d+$%& "j. /G "= ! @L
T.harzianum BI Pseudomonas fluorescens
+%b
&
M.javanica
S = c \ 7. B /@9 l
t D 3 +D
+
= !"@B = |"= ! !"uG. M
# "@<= 3. b = . $@G. /I " 6 , +, ! : ! += -: B "= Nb +& # . "B / "U +&
/ . : ! : ? \ 8 "& 37 - .1 . >G L%, .
M = A b $@G.
3 +D
t D
+& # . . : 8 "j… = ! += -: B
= ?> / . : ! : [. . 8 "& 37 - .1 .
> "j : )
! @L 1386 .(
A b d+$%& 7. $@G. !"I d+VQ&
T.
harzianum Pseudomonas fluorescens
A0 =
B.sd + F.sd
)
t D 3 +D S = c \
+
= !"@B =
t D 3 +D S
( +%b
&
9 8 ",
?+U 6 /I " 6 ,
&
! . / U 3.1+ = .
. -: B : = ?>
Siddiqui & Shaukat, )
.(2004
2 =7 8 <: ) c \ X+%+ +9 G +G. = +& AB A 3.1+
/ 7 7. 42 7 #+ 7. 9J +, = ? + , @ J - .1 . [ <E 7 &
/ N + = 3J 7. 42 ?
? .{, -: B = .
qN@D. ! . "= ! :7 [ & . 7 16
= . / U : =
. 3.1+ qN@D. ;8 7
"I ! : +& 7. X †+: = : = 16 AB A
> . / U .
? + , @ J c \ = 9J +, +&
< & M =
!. . ;* 2 7 & AB A 3.1+
= qN@D. U= ! :7 . 7 16 = /8 .1 .
= . / U : .
9J +, +& AB A 3.1+
! U= ! :7 [ & . 7 16 X+%+ +9 G +G. = 3.1+ # "@8+= = . / U qN@D. !. . : =
= [ <E 7 3J
/8: B ! U= ! :7
? . .
= +&
&
AB A 3.1+ # "@8+=
: 8 ;8 7 )
A0 5 .(
A0 5 - X+%+ +9 G +G. = / 7 /I " 6 , 8 AB A 3.1+ M."++•&
SA T. harzianum BI T)
(M) M. (
javanica
= .
& / < &
55G b. w 555
= y =" . 55
<E #+I + . 555
0&
55
@G. ! OD : 3 @G ! = = / ."
55 .
)
= / (±SE
.
y >& . 3 =1+
A b .1 +=
/@\
B [ \ .
[ V ƒ l
=
;:
V /
"@8+=
.
?b"G F *&
M >+B"&
/%
U=
7.
N@=.
=
! +=
;\
[ V
"& 7 7.
;\
ƒ l
?G.
X /OD O=.
?>C
#+=
. V M >+B"&
/%
? V +, 6 .
Goodman et al., 1986) .(
-V /% M >+B"&
. ? V / < ! :
= 7. B / < ‚ $ A= \ "+h F . #@D G = ` aD
U 3J / 1 J M."j. ", += 8@ .
/ ?
.
#+ & "2 = + B. . & / /% M V@8 :
; 1 J B N@D. * . ‡b = : 3 8 - B.
. & / B Q . ;6 < / 7 d " # . 7.
#+9 . 7. /0 3. b = #+8 & /9 %G . 9J +%b "= +, R : G A b /,
) .i [Nh
3. 0 : 1388 .(
ƒ"@G.
/0 Y 9 += /0+ 0 / + + ! :
/% ; +9 = @ +,
B / * . /&."++•&
. M."++•& # .
+%b "= +, ?o $l . & / A 3.1+ €OG
= @ . -V ƒ"@G.
Mayr et al., 1994) .(
/& 7 /0%
) 1385 ( 6 , AB A 3.1+ B . 3 8
[ V ;\ /I "
King stone c \ = +& 7. 42
Trichoderma harzianum BI Tl 3 = / < & =
= /9. @ ! : 7 / / 7 7. 42 . 7 7. &
@ . . / U qN@D. :
7 3J 3.1+ "CB. l
< 7 4uG = ;@8:
? ", M F "G -: B ; .
G 0+ 7." ."G 1387
AB A 3.1+ B . 3 8
/ < & = X+%+ +9 G +G. +& 7. 42 /I " 6 , +, ! . "= ! :7 7. /TU= & Tl 3 =
/ U qN@D. : = V
. . ) 0+ 7." ."G
1387 .(
d+VQ& # . c \ 3 1 : / 7 +&
& 0 "&
M.javanica 7 AB A 3.1+ 1+
m & = 4uG +G "CB. l = /= B 7. U= ;@8:
?G. @ -: B .
ˆ + A M >+B"& 3.1+ = y =" - 7J m @ 7.
6 , /I "
! :
= / 7
? + , @ J +G.
G X+%+ +9 / y > @G. #+ E B
A b # . ‡b =
/% M >+B"& 1@ G V9. - .1 . /I " 6 , +,
! . "= /9. @ ! : 7 /% . . V
M =
/U "G w @>
7 3J 3.1+ "CB. l @ - .1 . [ <E
?G. : 8
.
5B7 8 <: ) 2 " A
/ & /V+$%& +& AB +n N 3.1+
= ! . "= ! :7 ! . "= 7 # "DJ 16
= : = . / U qN@D. !. . .
7. X †+:
? + , @ J c \ +& = qN@D. ! . "= ! :7
BI T. harzianum
&
> . / U .
! :7
. +G. +& = ! . / U qN@D. [ <E [
X+%+ +9 G +
&
8 : 8
.
= qN@D. #+ _ :
+ ++
+&
&
> . / U [ <E 7 < &
. . V
D l # "@8+= = [ G 7 AB +n N ! b
? -: B m & = 3J 7. 42 +G .
3.1+
+& # . AB +n N "++•& ;* 2 & . ! :7
. 3 8 ! b . V "s 7. ! . / U .
3.1+
! :7 ? + , @ J c \ = +& AB +n N
? . : = ! . / U qN@D. ;@8: ;@$:
.
= . / U : = qN@D. :7 " G .
# "@8+=
8 [ G 7 AB +n N . V
7. 42 :
? -: B m & = 3J .
X+%+ +9 G +G. = +&
", : 8 [ 7 AB +n N . V # "@8+=
.
7 7. ! . "= ! :7 #+= AB +n N . V / U "++•& [ <E & .
. 3 8 ! .
.
! :7
= ! . / U M $& ;@8: ;@$: ;8 :
8 : 8
.
= +&
&
qN@D. . 7 < &
8 : 8 : = ! . / U
. . V # "@8+=
D 3.1+ # "@8+= = [ <E 7 AB +n N
? -: B 3J 7. 42 +G
.
;8 ! :7
> . / U : = qN@D. 1+ ;@8:
) A0 6 .(
A0 6 -
•&
X+%+ +9 G +G. = / 7 /I " 6 , 8 AB +n N 3.1+ M."++
SA T. harzianum BI T)
(M) (
M. javanica
. . @G. ! OD : 3 @G ! = = / ."0& <E #+I + . = y =" . b.
)
= / (±SE
.
AB +n N 3.1+ M."++•& /G "=
8
+G. ? + , @ J A b /V+$%& +& /I " 6 , X+%+ +9 G
&
Tsd+ SAsp+ N) (
c \ = +&
? + , @ J
&
Tsd+ N) ( . / U - .1 . >G
! . "= ! :7 / & AB +n N 3.1+
: = V
. Nb : _: +, /V+$%& +&
1+ X+%+ +9 G +G. = ? + , @ J c \ "=
/ 7
/ U qN@D. . ", +& ! : _: +, = ! .
?G. 8 : 8 < & ? + , @ J = .
/ 3. &
X+%+ +9 G +G. 7. $@G. B ? ", *+@ #+ E 6 , 8 AB +n N 3.1+ - .1 . "= +& # . /I "
?G. > "j… ? + , @ J c \ Tl .
+& AB +n N 3.1+ V
Tsd+ N
SAsp + N
4 .1 . >G ? + , @ J c \ = +&
+G. = +& = V !"& . 2 "&"j…
A+9 = "j. # . G"+ "s = ?G. X+%+ +9 G UG &
H + , @ J c \
VO 8 €OG ?
+G. = V 3J "j. ! . 2 *+@ "$G 1
= / X+%+ +9 G .
? + , @ J c \ # . "= Nb
# . B ?G. $@G. 8 VO w +V@
/ 1+ @0 ."\ 6 & A l m @ "+ $& . &
"+, . 3Y & 2
# "@G. 1+ : ! :
W V9. >G .1 += "+h
?+9 = @ / ? V = ^>&" ! :
?+9 = @
/ W V9. . j ! : B
Yamamoto et al. 2000) .(
! *& [ = +, X ab
Milsana
1@ G W V9. >G
-: B +D ! : |"= /, 9J ? G : +n N
?G. ! 2 t +$G 8@ .
Fofana et al, 2002; )
Mcnally et al. 2003
.(
. V "B‚ B O :
D l # "@8+= = [ G 7 AB +n N ! b AB +n N B ? ", *+@ 3. & / 42 +G
++ +
"& 7 AB A = ?>
"@ B ! < Y / V9.
B J / 3 += "& 7 <
.
2 /0 7.
@, 1=
# "
MN08 / "U
! <
K%@L
"@ B +=
!."=
! < +=
/: +,
# .
?G.
B wP U
? + , @ J :
b 1
^ ."
/U+>
w U "G
`. D /& +l D . 7.
?G
: /
. m @
/U+> ^ ." L%, B /* @ = /: I8 7J
/ A l
. ?>C /I@ > : w .19.
." 7
/ "@ B wN B ^ ." /: I8 7J ^ ."
=
/ ."\ /G "= A b X "j. < &
/9 l "+,
:. D .{, "j. ! U@ A . b L%, ^ ." B
= . L%, >G X+%+ +9 G +G. ?s%h - .1 .
. -: B . ?b"G < & 8 . 6 K\ &
.
.
/ 3 8 #
! "= X+%+ +9 G +G. B :
; + 0 .{, / "j. 3Y & 2 /@ + , @ J ! : .
"s
=
0 .
! + = A . b 7.
/b. 7
"+s ] &
- .1 . .
ZN . B t D M."++•&
@ +G.
^+Q
"++•&
? = t D
"I /O ."
/ . &
."V@G.
? + , @ J :
"j
=
"j.
< J . - .1 . :
/G "=
! <@ + , @ J "j.
"s
^ ."
b 1
!.
t D A "@G."+h J . ^ ." / G !."=
= ! < "@ B += A . b / . B 3 "= P = ?<6
= / ! "e @ ", B
.
B . 3 8 d+VQ& # . m @ B # . 6 = 1 : $@G.
? + , @ J 7. 3
T. harzianum BI
/ U - .1 . >G X+%+ +9 G +G.
/b M >+B"& .
/ ! += "@ B *+@ +, ?+V
# . X Y 9 += "@ B
&
M. javanica) (
7 +
?G. /U+> ^ ." /G "= i = / P M U9 O .
/ S # .
3. b = . &
Z"O /%+ 0& S X
S " G B
"@ B ! :
&
[ * . .
?+9 U - .1 . !."= < 7. /0 C 3. b = / ? + , @ J A . b /9"@ B +=
&
= . A . b # . 3.
/ ."\ /6 D A . b "+j‰& ?Q& "@ B B /% . b "I / + + ! : -B c \ "+, . =
/@ 7 /
"= B = ;: = P = .
? + , @ J 0 . = 6 & = ?+ D "@8+= :
.{9 /, B "@ B ?+ D & . B !"+I8+2 d+$%&
A . b
@ + , @ J /E \ /
S " G =
! :
7. $@G. "@ B "j. B / + + ! : t"Q
#+b . ? + , @ J A b "= W G >G l
/ /@ + , @ J "j. - .1 . /
F\. "j… . &
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