ﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺔﻣﺎﻧ ﺓ
ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ،ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻡﻮﺳ ۱۳۸۸
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣﺩﺍﺩﺍﺪﺧ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ ﺪﻴﺳ ﺮﺘﮐﺩ
Þ
ﻲﻘﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﭘ
Þ
Þ
ﻩﺪﻴﮑﭼ
ﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺯ .
ﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻦ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ
» ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ « ﻭ
» ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﺘﺳﺩ «
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺏﻮـﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﮑﻨﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﻱﮋ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﻢﻬﻣ . ﻢﺸﭼ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﻭ ﻢـﻠﻋ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ .
ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻡﺃﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻗﻼﺧ ﺵﻼﺗ
ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻭ ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﮐ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻲﺒﻠﻃ
ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺎ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
. ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻑﺪـﻫ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻧ .
ﻱﺍﺭﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ .ﺪﺷ
ﻪﻨﻳﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻥﺁ ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘـﺳﺍ ﻪﺳ
ﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﺗﺁ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺍﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ .
.
ﻩﮊﺍﻭﺪﻴﻠﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ،ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﺱﺭﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ Þ
Þ
ﺱﺭﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺘﮐﺩ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺮﻨﻫ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ﻮﻀﻋÞ
۴۰
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺭﺎﮐ .
ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺪﻳﺍﻮﻋ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ .
ﺪـﻳﺍﻮﻋ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ﻪﮕﻧ ﻩﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻴﻣﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺲﺣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
. ﺭﺩ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﻣﺍ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
،
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
.
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻳﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺪﻳﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
. ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﺳﺮﭘ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﮑﺣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ؟ﻢﻴﻨﮐ
ﺯﺍ
ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮏﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ .
ﻲـﻨﻏ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻅﺎـﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﺎـﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻭﺰﺟ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﻢﻳﻮﺷ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻧ ﺎﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻳﺎﻤ .
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ :
ﺖﺴـﺨﻧ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ )
ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﺮـﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﮐ .(
ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ،ﻡﻭﺩ .
ﺭﺩ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻖﻓﺍ ۱۴۰۴ ﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺴﻤﺷ ﻱﺮﺠ .
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ
، ﻲـﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺩﺮـﮑﻳﻭﺭ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﮐ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
،
ﺐﺴـﮐ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺡﻼـﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﮑﻫﺍﺭ ﺭﺎـﮐﻭ
ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ . ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
، ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻨﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺍﺭﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ
، ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﮐ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
: ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ،ﺖﻠﻣ ﮏﻳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﮔﺭﺎﮑﻴﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﮎﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻠﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻲـﻣ ﮏـﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻱﺩﻮﻤﺧ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﮐ
.
ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻟﺫ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺰﻋ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺮﻏ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ) . ،ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ۱۳۸۳
( ﺯﺍ ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻨﮐﺍﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۴۱
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺍﺯ
) . ،ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ۱۳۸۷ ( ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ . ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺒﻴﮐﺮﺗ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻭﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ
ﺎـﻳ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻣ ،ﺪـﻳﺁ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﻴﻨﻴﻋ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ .
ﻭﺮـﻤﻠﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺎﻳ ﺶﻨﮐ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ
،ﺕﺍﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ
،
ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻉﻮـﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮏﻳ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ .
ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻮـﻣ ﻑﺮﺼـﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻳﺁ ﺕﺍﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺵﺮـﮕﻧ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ
ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮐﺍﺭﻮﺧ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ .
ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻨﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﮐ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻪﺘـﺷﻮﻧﺎﻧ
ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ )
ﹰ ﻼﺜﻣ ﻲﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻁﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎـﻳ ﻲﮕﻨﺳﺮﮔ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺬﻏ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ
ﻦﺸﺟ ﺎﻫ ( ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺎﺷ ﺭﺎﮔﺩﺍ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﮏﻳ .
ﺎﺟﺮﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﺪﺣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﮏﻳ ﻪﮐ
ﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﮑ ﮔﻴ ﺩﺮ .
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻞﺤﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ
. ،ﺖـﻴﻠﻣ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ،ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ،ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﮒﺭﺰـﺑ ﺎﻳ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ) .
،ﺪﻨﺒﻗﻼﻋ ۱۳۸۵ (
ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺭﺎﮐ ﺎﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺳ ﻞﻋ
ﺪﻧﺯ .
ﻲﺘﺴﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺣ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺪﻧﻭﺍﺪﺧ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . ﺭﺩ ﻱﮊﺮـﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮏﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻕﻼﻃﺍ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ،
، ﻪـﮐ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺪﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺮﮑﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﻭﺰـﻓﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ
ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻳ ﻻﺎﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ
) . ﻥﺎﻤﻫ (
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
ﮏـﻳ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻭ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﻲﻣﺎـﮕﻨﻫ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﮏﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﻪـﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻗﻼﺧ ﻭ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ،ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻡﺎ .
ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺪـﻧﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ
۴۲
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻩﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ . ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ :
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
ﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﻳ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﺪ
.
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
ﮏﻳﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘـﺳﺍ ﻱﺰـﻳﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ .
،ﺖﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻲـﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ )
ﻑﺪﻫ (
ﺩﺮﮐ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ) .
،ﻲﻤﻇﺎﻧ ۱۳۸۵ ( ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺔﺸﻘﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻧﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻪـﻴﻠﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺔﺸـﻘﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .
ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻢـﻫ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲـﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
.
،ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺸﮕﻫﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺮﻴﺼﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﻧ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ) .
،ﻲﻤﻇﺎـﻧ ۱۳۸۵ (
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻥﻼﮐ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﻧ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﮐﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻩﺍﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻬﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ .
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ .
ﻑﺪﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ
ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ . ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸـﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻪﺸـﻘﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﻢﻴﻤﺼـﺗ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﮐﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻪﮐ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻭ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻖـﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎـﺒﺟﻮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ
) . ،ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻟﻼﺟ ۱۳۸۵
(
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۴۳
ﺍﺭ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖـﻴﻠﮐ ﻪـﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﺔﺸﻘﻧ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺍ ﻡﺎـﮔ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪ
ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﮐﺮﺣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺖﻤﺳ .
ﻪﻳﻻ ﻭ ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ،ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ،ﻲﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮـﺑ ﮏـﻳ ﺮـﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﺼﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻪﻳﻻ ﻭ ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ
ﻱﺎﻫ ) ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ (
ﮑﺒـﺷ ﻭ ﺺﺨﺸـﻣ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺍ
، ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻠﺿ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﺖـﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﮑﻫﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ
) . ،ﻲﻧﺎﺣﻭﺭ ۱۳۸۷ (
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺬﺘﺒﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺎﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﻴﺑ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ
) . ،ﻥﺎﻴﮑﻠﻣ ۱۳۸۷ ( ﺎـﻣ ﻑﺪﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻣ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ .
ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺩﺮﺨﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ .
،ﺯﺭﻭﺭﺎـﮐ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺎـﻣ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺭﺁ ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻕﻼﺧ .
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﺷﺎﺣ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ
ﺖﺴـﻴﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻕﻼﺧ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﺑﺮﭽﺑ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴ ) .
،ﻱﺩﺍﺮـﻣ ﻲـﺿﺎﻗ
۱۳۸۶ ( ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ۱۳۸۵ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻞﮑﺸـﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﺣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻞﺒﻨﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ .
ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ) ۱۳۸۷ ( ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﺒﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ
.
ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻱﻭ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻔﻧ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ .
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﻣﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ﻱﺮـﻴﮕﺑ
، ﺪـﺿ ﻪـﮐ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ
،
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﮑﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ .
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﻭ
ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ،ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
.
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻔﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ .
ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺟﺭﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ
. ﻥﺎـﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ
۴۴
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ .
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺴﮐ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻱﺭﺎـﮐ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﮐ
. ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎـﮐ ﹰﺍﺮﺜﮐﺍ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ . ﺮﮐ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻲـﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺎـﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ﺕﺬﻟ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺴﮐ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ
ﺩﺮﺑ . ﺺﺨﺸﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ .
ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻭ ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ .
ﻩﺍﺭ ﺮﮑﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺍﺪـﻧﺍ
ﺐﺴـﮐ ﻱﺯ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺭﺎـﮐﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺍ .
ﻪﮑﻳﺭﺎﺑ ﺏﺁ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
،
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ
ﺐﺴـﮐ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎـﮐﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ .
ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺟﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ .
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺪﻫ ﮎﺭﺪﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﺩﻭﺭ
ﮎﺭﺪـﻣ
ﻲﺟﻭﺮﺧ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ ١
. ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍﺮﮔﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﺮﮔ . ﻡﺎﻈﻧ
ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺖﺴﭘ ﺎﻳ ﮎﺭﺪﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﻥﺎـﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﺮـﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎـﺗ ﺩﻮـﺷ .
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﺪﻟﻮﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﺎﮐ )
ﻲﻟﻻﺩ (
ﺭﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺪـﻟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﺴـﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻟﻮﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ
ﮓﻧﺭﺯ ﺵﻮﻫﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﺗ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ )
ﻲﻳﻭﺭﻭﺩ ( ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﻮﻠﭘﺎﭼ ﻭ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺁ
. ﻲﮔﺩﺮﭙﺳﺮﺳ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻭ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺎﮑﺷ ﻭ ﻲﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺰﻤﺘﺳﺩ
،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺭﻮﻀـﺣ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪـﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ
ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﭼ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺒﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻦـﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﭼ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﻲﻣﺎـﺣ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻱﺎـﻳﻮﺟ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ،ﺭﺎﮐ ﺔﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ
ﺵﺍ
1.Employee Outcome
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۴۵
ﺪﻨﮐ ﺖﻌﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻣﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻭﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺰﻟﺰﺗ ﮎﺭﺩ ﺾﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻧﺎﻤﺑ ﻅﻮﻔﺤﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺎﺗ ) .
ﻲﺿﺎﻗ ،ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻣ ۱۳۸۵ (
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻭ
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ )
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
(
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
ﻭ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﺖﺴﻴﺑ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺍ
ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﺼـﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﻔﻟﺩ ﻦﻓ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ۱۴۰۴
ﻱﺭﻮﺸـﮐ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ،ﻲﺴـﻤﺷ ﻱﺮﺠﻫ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻳﻮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭ
ﻡﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻭ
ﻡﻼﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ .
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﻣﺍ
؟ﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﺏﻮـﻠﻄﻣ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻬﻣ ؟ﺖﺴﻴﭼ ﻥﺁ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﮑﺣ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﺍﺪـﻫﺍ ﻖـﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨـﺳ ﻑ
ﻢﺸﭼ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ .
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ
، ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﮐﺮﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﮎﺮﺤﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻖﻓﺍ ﺖﻤﺳ ۱۴۰۴
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ،
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺪﻨﮐ .
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﮑﻨﻳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﭼ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﻳﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻣ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺮ
ﻢﺸـﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ .
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
، ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﮑﺗﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﮐ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻭ ﺖﻣﺍﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎ
ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺐﺴـﮐ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺭﺎـﮐﻭ
ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ :
۴۶
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ـ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ـ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﺍﺪﺟﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ـ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﻀﻧﺍ ـ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ
ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ـ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ـ ﻲﺒﻠﻃ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﮑﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﺪﻨـﺳ ﻑﺍﺪـﻫﺍ ﻖـﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺯ :
ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ـ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ـ
ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ـ ﻲﺒﻠﻃ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﻖـﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﺒﺷﻮﺧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺁ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ .
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﮐ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ؟ﺪﻴﻣﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓ
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ )
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
(
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻢﺸـﭼ ﺪﻨـﺳ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ،ﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ .
ﻲﮕﻧﻮـﮕﭼ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ،ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ .
ﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﺟﻭﺮﺧ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﺟﻭﺮﺧ ﻭ ﻑﺪﻫ .
ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻣ ﻲﺿﺎﻗ )
۱۳۸۶ ( ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻲـﻠﮐ ﻥﺎﻣﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .
ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ
ﺪﻫﺩ
،
ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺍﺯ
. ﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻲ ﻥﺯ ﺎﻳ ﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﺴﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۴۷
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻲﺘﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻢﻴﻨﻛ .
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﻢﻴﻳﻮﮔ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺴﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻢﻳﺮﻳﺬـﭙﺑ ﺮﮔﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺮﻣﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
، ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺗ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺄ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛ ـﺗ
ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮ
ﺩﺍﺩ . ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻔﮔ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﺮﻜﻓ ﺮﮔﺍ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻢﻫ ﺪﺑﺍ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ .
ـﺗ ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺄ
ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﺛ .
) ،ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ۱۳۸۷ ( ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺑ
ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻲﺘﺣ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻮﺧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﻭﺩ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ
ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ . ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ
،ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﻧﺍﻭﺩ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،ﺪﻨﻛ .
ﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺄ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﺎﻳﺁ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺡﻼـﺻﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺍﺩ
؟ ﺮﻴﺧ . ﺵﻼﺗ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ
ﻣ ﺆ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ
ﻢﻴـﻫﺩ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻢﻫ ﺍﺭ .
ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ ﺎـﺗ
ﺸﻨﻣ ﺄ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗﺯﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ
ﻲـﻤﻧ ،ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ .
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲـﻣ ﺖﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺪﻳﺮﺑ
ﺪـﻨﻛ . ﺭﺩ
ﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﻲ
ﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻑﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ
، ﻪﻤﻫ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻗﻼﻋ
ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ .
ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ) ۱۳۸۷ ( ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ .
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ :
ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ .
ﺖـﻓﺎﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﺕﺎﺣﻼـﺻﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺴﻤﻫ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻪﭼﺭﺎﭙﮑﻳ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺑ ﻡﺍﻮﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ .
۴۸
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﮐ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﺳ
.
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻱﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ .
ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ )
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ (
ﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺖﻘﻠﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﻮ
. ﻪـﺑ ،ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺮـﻴﺒﻌﺗ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺖﻓﺎﺑ
ﺮﻓ ﻲﮕﻨﻫ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۴۹
ﺮﺸﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻞﻘﺛ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
،
،ﻪﺘﻴﻧﺭﺪﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ
ﺩﻮـﺷ .
،ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻪﺑ
» ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
«
ﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺄ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺲﻴﺳ
،ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺮـﮑﻓ ﮏﻳ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻮﻧ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ .
ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺰﻧﻮﻤﺗ ﻱﺮﻔﺟ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳ
ﻩ
ﻲـﻣ ﭻﻴـﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻤـﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﺰﻴﭼ ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍﺩ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺴﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ
ﻸـﺧ ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ ﺍﺪـﻴﭘ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻭ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ .
ﻲﻣ ﻭﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ
، ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ
ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ
، ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁ
. ﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺵﺯ
،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ .)
ﻱﺪﻴﻌﺳ (
ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ،ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻤﻧﻭﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﺻﺎﺧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﮔﺍ.
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ
» ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ
« ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ،ﻢﻳﺮﮕﻨﺑ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺰﻴﻧ .
ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻓ ـﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺮﺑ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮ ﺄ
ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﺛ ﺪـﻧﺍ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ـﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ
ﺆ ﺮﺛ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ،ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ
ﺄ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻣ .
ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ
» ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
« ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪــﻧﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭ ﻪـﺻﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻲﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺖﺳﺩ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ
.
(Joseph & Igor, 1999)
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
،ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻲﺑ ﻱﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﮏﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻞﻴﺧﺩ ﺟﺭﺩ
ﺔ ﺗ ﺄ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﮏﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛ .
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺰﻨﺳﺭﺎﭘ ﻨﺷ
ﻲﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺮﻴﻬﺷ ﺱﺎ
، ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺭﺎـﻬﭼ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺎـﻫ ،ﻲﺘﺴـﻳﺯ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ .
ﻭﺍ
ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎـﮑﺘﺑﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
۵۰
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
ﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺄ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻴﺛ
ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻮـﺗﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ
. ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
،ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎـﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﺯﺮﻃ ،ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺖﺨﺳ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮑﺘﺸﭘ ،ﻲﺷﻮﮐ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ .
ﺲﮐﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑﻭ
ﺮﺑﻭ ﺲﮐﺎﻣ
، ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﮒﺭﺰﺑ ﺱﺎﻨﺷ
، ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﺷ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻞﮑ
ﻥﺪـﻤﺗ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻦﻳﻮﻧ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ
ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺏﺮﻐﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
، ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺎـﺑﺯ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻱﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .
ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑﻭ ﻖﻳﻮﺸـﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺮﻄﺧ ،ﺕﺩﺎﻌﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻭ ﻲﻳﻮﺟ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ .
(Haug & Pardy, 1999)
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﮏﻣ
ﻪﻠﮐ ﺪﻨﻟ
ﻪﻠﮐ ﮏﻣ
ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﺪﻨﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻟﻭﺍ
ﺩﺮﮐ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ .
ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱﻭ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻭ ﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺮﻄﺧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺎ
ﻊﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺥﺮﻧ ،ﺖﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﮐ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺮﻄﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖـﺳﻻﺎﺑ
ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ.
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ ﺍﺭ
ﻩﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺎﻳ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻭ
ﺪﻨﺸـﺨﺑ . ﮏـﻣ
ﻪﻠﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺪﻨﻟ ﻩﻮﻴـﺷ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻩﻮﻴـﺷ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻭ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ،ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﮎﺮﺤﺗ
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ .
ﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
(Brockhaus & Hurwitz, 2000)
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۵۱
ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺍﺬـﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﮐ ﻥﻮـﭽﻤﻫ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺎﺳﺮﺘﺴﺑ
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
، ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
،
ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪـﻨﻳﺁ ،ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﺖـﻴﻗﻼﺧ ،ﻲـﺒﻠﻃ ﻭ ﻱﺮـﮕﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻕﻮﺳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻩﺮﺧﻻﺎﺑ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻲﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺑ ﻪ ﺪﻳﺁ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ . ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﺮﻓ
ﻭﺩ
ﻭ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ،ﺎﻫ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﺕﻭﺮﺛ ﻭ ﻱﺮﮕﻧ
ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻭ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ
ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ) ،ﻲﺒﻴﻃ ۱۳۸۷ (
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ
ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ
،ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ .
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻳﺁ
ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
، ﺐﺴﮐ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
، ﺖﻗﻭ
، ،ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
، ﻝﻮـﭘ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮐ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ .
۱ . ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺭﻮـﻣ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪـﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺩ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺧ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ
ﺎﻓﻮﮑـﺷ ﻢﻟﺎـﺳ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﮐ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻢﻟﺎـﺳ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .
۲ . ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ
ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﻑﺮﺻ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﮕﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺁ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﮒﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺭﺎﻤﺷ . ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﮕﻨﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
.
۵۲
■ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺳ ،
ﻡﻮﺳ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻢﻫﺩ ﻝﺎ
۳ . ﺐﺴﮐ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ .
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ِ
ﻖـﻓﻮﻣ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ
،
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺭﺎﮐﻭ
ﻩﺪﻨﺷﻭﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ
ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻲـﺘﺣ
ﻳﺮﺧ
ﻲـﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺵﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻣﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﭻﻳﻭﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺭﺎﮕﻴﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺪ ﺩﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﺕﺭﺎﻘﺣ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ
.
۴ . ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ
ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺸﻳﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﺭﺎﺘﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﺷ
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ .
ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻫ ﻱﺍ ﻢـﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺪـﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ ) ﮓﻨﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﮓﻨﮐ
, ﺭﻮﭘﺎﮕﻨـﺳ
ﻦﻴﭙﻴﻠﻴﻓ ﻭ ( ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺶﻳﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
، ﺎﻳ ﻲﻗﺮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺰـﻨﺗ
ﺪـﻨﮐ .
ﻲﺴﮐ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻗﺍﺪﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﻲﺷﻮﮐ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﺪﺷ .
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﮑﻳ .
ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﮏﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﮐ ،ﺪﻨﻴﺒﺑ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﺒﻨﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻧ ﺝﺭﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﻭ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺢﻴﺒﻘﺗ
ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻞﺒﻨﺗ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻭ .
ﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺏﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ .
ﻄﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ﻲﻗﺮﺗ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎ .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮐ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﺴﻴﻨﻳﻮﻟﺎﮐ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ . ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﮏﻳ ﻦﻳﻮﻟﺎﮐ ﺭﺎـﮐ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ
ﻣﺯ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﮏﻳ ﻦﻴ
. ﮏﻤﮐ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﮑﺘﺸﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺩﺮﮐ
ﻞﻫﺎﺴﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻫﺮﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ )
ﻥﺎﺳﺁ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ( ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ .
۵ . ﻝﻮﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻝﻮﭘ ﺭﺪﻗ ﻪﮐ ﻮﺟ
ﻲﻣ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺪﻫ ﺍﺭ ﺲﮐﻮﻟ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ
ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ .
ﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﻻﺎﮐ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻞ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ
■
۵۳
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﻧ ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮـﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﮑﺘﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺍﺮﺘﺧﺍ
ﺩﻮﺷ
،
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ
ﻩﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻥﺍﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺮـﺗ
ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺎﻓﺮﭘ ﻭ ,
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﺕﻻﺁ
.) ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻳﺪﻤﺣﺍ ۱۳۸۵
(
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ
ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ،ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻱﻻﺎـﺑ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻞـﺋﺎﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ،ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺐﺠﻌﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﻭﺁ
.
ﮋﻳﻭ ﮔ ﻲ ﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻥﺍ
ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸـﮐ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎـﻳ
ﻩﺯﻮﺣ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻭ ،ﻢﻠﻋ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ :
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻒﺸﻛ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻙﺭﺩ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲـﻣﺮﺑ ﻡﺎـﮔ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻡﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻲـﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻨـﺷﻮﻛ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ .
ﻲﻣﺎـﮕﻤﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ
.
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ،ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﻳﺪﻗ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
Jeffrey, 2000)
&
(Baron,
ﻖﻴﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻔﻬﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ :
» ﻲـﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻩﺮﻳﺰﺟ ،ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻤﻬﺳ ﺝﺍﻮﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺼﺣ ﻥﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺮﻫﺎﻇ
ﺴﻣ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﻥﻮﺼﻣ ،ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻢﻜﺤﺘ
« .
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺐﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ
