èÒ ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ ƶƯŚƳ éí èê ç èç æèîæ
ƱƹŹŵ ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ źŧř
ƶŤſŹ ƶƄě ƾŝŚƴŤūř ƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƽƹŹ ƽř
ƽ ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae)
źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʋſ Śŝ ƶƸūřƺƯ Źŵ
Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)
Ŷǀưů ƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇŚƋŹ
æ
ç ƹ
ƾſŶƴƸƯŚƋŹŶưůř* è
ƹ
é
ƽŹƺƃŚƗŶưůřƹ
è
æ ƵŚǀĭƵƹźĭ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƾĪƃżě
į
ƱŚŬƳŻƱŚŬƳŻƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩ ç
ƵŶĪƄƷƹĦě į
ƱŚŬƳŻƱŚŬƳŻƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽĥƺƫƺƴĪţƺǀŝƹƽĥƺƫƺƿżǀƟ è
ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƾƘǀŞƏƖŝŚƴƯƹƽŻŹƹŚƄĩžƿŵźě
į ƵŚǀĭ
ƾƳŚŞƛŚŝƭƺƬƗƹƾĪƃżě
ũźĩƱřźƸţƵŚĮƄƳřŵ é
ƱřźƸţŶƳƺƫřŹŸŝƵŚǀĭŢĩźƃ
ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀ욌ŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*
hamidsarrafm@gmail.com
The effect of interaguild predation on avoidance behavior of the aphidophagous midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae) on its encounter with the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Het.:
Anthocoridae)
H. R. S. Moayeri1,2&*, A. R. Mohandesi3&4 and A. Ashouri3
1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, 2. Research Institute of Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, 3.Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Horticulture and Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, 4.
Gyah Bazr Alvand Corporation, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author, E-mail: hamidsarrafm@gmail.com
ƵŶǀĪģ źĭŹŚĪƃƲſ Orius laevigatus (Fibber)
ƶƄěƹ źĭŹŚĪƃƽ Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani
ƶŤƃŻř į żǀƫŚū
Aphis gossypii Glover
ƶŝ ƾƯƶƿŸƜţħźŤƄƯŹŚĪƃƱřƺƴƗ
Ŷƴƴĩ ƶƄěƾŝŚƴŤūřƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹŻřƾųźŝƶƘƫŚƐƯƲƿřŹŵ
źĭŹŚĪƃƽ
ŚƷŹŶƴƳŚƯ ƮŴţƱŚĪƯśŚŴŤƳřƹƵŚǀĭŻřƱŶƃ
ƱƹŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃŚŝƶūřƺƯŹŵƽŹřŸĭ
ƶŤſŹ ƽř O. laevigatus
ŹřźƣƾŝŚƿŻŹřŵŹƺƯ
ŢƟźĭ ƶƄěƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳ
ƵŵŚƯƽŚƷ į A. aphidimyza
ƱƹŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃŻřƾƃŚƳźƐųŽŚƀůřƭŚĮƴƷŹŵ
ƶŤſŹ ũŚŤƳƽřźŝƽř
ƮŴţŻřŵƺų ƾƯƕŚƴŤƯřƱŚĪƯƱōŹŵƽŹřŸĭ
Ŷƴƴĩ ŚƷŹƱřżǀƯƲƿřźŝƱƹżƟř
ƶƄěƽŚƷƹŹLJƱŶƃ
ƶŤƃƽ ƌůŚŝƵŚǀĭŮƐſŻřŹřƺų Źƺ
źĭŹŚĪƃƲſ Ò
ÑÑ ƶŝ ƾƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƂǀŝƽŹřŵ ŵƺŝŶƷŚƃŻřźţ Ò
Ó ŚƷŹƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƾſŹźŝƲƿř
ƹīźŝŮƐſŻřƱŶƃ
īźƯ ƱƹŹŵ ŹŚĪƃ źǀƯƹ
ƶŤſŹ ƶŤƃ ƽŶƃŹ ƪůřźƯ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ ƽř
į ƾƯ żǀƫŚū ŶƃŚŝ īźƯ ƱřżǀƯ ŚƷŹ ƹ źǀƯƹ
ƽŚƷƹŹLJ ƱŶƃ
A. aphidimyza
ƵŹƺěŹƺƌůŹŵ
į ƶŝƶŤƃƭƹŵƲſ
ţźţ Ŝǀ ÎÍ ƹ Ò æç ƵŹƺěŹƺƌůŹŵƹŶƇŹŵ
į ƭŹŚƸģƲſ ÐÎ ƹ Ò ÑÑ
ŵƺŝŶƇŹŵ ƶŤƟŚƿƲƿř ŹŚĪƃźƐųƱřżǀƯƲǀŝƍŚŞţŹřŚƷ
ƱƹŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃƎſƺţũŚŤƳƱŶƃ
ƶŤſŹ ƵŵŚƯƵŚĮŤƀƿŻśŚŴŤƳřƹƽř
ƽŚƷ
A. aphidimyza
ƮŴţŢƸū ƾƯŶǀƿŐţřŹƽŹřŸĭ
ŤūřƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹŻƹźŝŹŵŹŚĪƃŢǀƘưūŹŚŤųŚſŢǀưƷřƶŝƹŶƴĩ ƶƄěƾŝŚƴ
į
ƶŤƃ ƶƳŚƯŚſĨƿŹŵŹřƺų
į ƱƹŹŵƽźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶŤſŹ ƵŹŚƃřƽř ŵŹřŵ
ƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ
ƶŤƃ į ƱŶƃŚƷŹŹŚŤƟŹƽźĭŹŚĪƃźƐųżǀƫŚū
Abstract
The predatory bug, Orius laevigatus (Fibber), and the predatory midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani, belong to an aphidophagous guild, feeding on the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. In this
ŢƟŚƿŹŵ æé é æèîå ƁźƿŸě
æë æç æèîå
ÐÓ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇ
ƱƹŹŵįźĭŹŚĪƃźŧř
ƶŤſŹ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹįƹŹįř
study some avoidance behavior of the predatory midge such as dropping from the plant and choosing an oviposition site in the face of interaguild (IG) predator O. laevigatus are investigated. The results indicate that A. aphidimyza females prefer not to lay eggs when they discover that their offspring would be at risk of being attacked by the IG predator. The experiment also shows that the dropping behavior of predatory midge larva, upon being spotted by the predatory bug (44.5%), is significantly higher than the control (6.5%). Both the dropping behavior and mortality of IG prey are found to be influenced by all developmental stages of the cotton aphid. The percentage of mortality and dropping rates of A.
aphidimyza larvae in the presence of 2nd instar nymphs of aphids were 10% and 12.5% and for 4th instar nymphs were 31% and 44.5%, respectively. These findings confirm the correlation between habitat choice of A. aphidimyza, in relation to predation risk for its offspring, and also underscore the population structure of prey for avoidance behavior strategy of the aphidophagous midge in an interaguild predation system.
Key words: cotton aphid, predation risk, dropping behavior
ƶƯŶƤƯ Źƺƌů ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƞƬŤŴƯ ƶŤſŹĨƿƶŝƢƬƘŤƯ
(guild)
ŢƀƿŻŹŵ ħźŤƄƯƾƳřƺų
ƲĪưƯ
Ţſř ŦƗŚŝ řƿ ŵŚŬ ƮƷźŝ Ƃƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ ƽŵŶƘŤƯ ŝǀ Ʋ Ʊō ŚƷ ŦůŚŞƯ Źŵ ƕƺƋƺƯ Ʋƿř Żř ƶĩ ŵƺƃ
ƭƺŝ ƱřƺƴƗ Śŝ ƾſŚƴƃ
źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ř ƽ
(intraguild)
ƾƯ ŵŚƿ ŵƺƃ
(Lucas et al., 1998)
źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ř ƽ ƗƺƳ ƾ ƶƐŝřŹ į źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ Ţſř ƶĩ ŚƷźĭŹŚĪƃ Śŝ
ŵƺūƹ ŸƜţ ƿƶ Żř ƖŞƴƯ
ħźŤƄƯ ŹŚĪƃ Żř żǀƳźĮƿŶĪƿ
ŸƜţ ƿƶ ƾƯ Ŷƴƴĩ
(Polis et al., 1989)
Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
Orius laevigatus (Fibber)
ƿ Ī ƾ Żř ƮƸƯ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƳřźĭŹŚĪƃ ƾ Ţſř Żř ƶĩ
ƶƳƺĭ ưƷšŚƟōŻřƽŵŶƘŤƯƽŚƷ ƱƺĤ
źţ ƿ žĜ Ʒ Ś ƹ ƶŤƃ ŚƷ ƶƿŸƜţ Ư ƾ Ŷƴĩ řƿ Ʋ ĨƿƲſ Īƃ
źĭŹŚ
ƯƺưƗ ƾ Ţſř ƾƷŚĭƹ ŸƜţ ƿƶ į ƵƹLjƗƱřźĭŹŚĪƃźƿŚſŻřƱō
ƵŚǀĭšřźƄůźŝ
ƁŹřżĭżǀƳŹřƺų
ŢſřƵŶƃ
(Christensen et al., 2002; Tommasini et al., 2002; Van Lenteren et al., 2003;
Jakobsen et al., 2004)
ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani
żǀƳ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ
Ťųř ƇŚƈ ƾ Ţſř ƎƤƟ ƶĩ Źŵ ƶƬůźƯ į ƹŹLJ ƽ ƶƳƺĭ Żř Ʒ ƶŤƃ Żř ƾƠƬŤŴƯ ƽŚ
ƾƯ ƶƿŸƜţ ŚƷ
Ŷƴĩ
(Lucas et al., 1998; Lucas & Brodeur, 2001)
ƾţŚƘƫŚƐƯƹƁŹřżĭƱřźƿřŻřźĭŹŚĪƃƶƳƺĭƹŵźƷ
ŢƀƿŻ ƽƹŹ
Ʊō ƁŹƹźě ƹ ƾſŚƴƃ
Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř żǀƳ ŚƷ
(Labbafi, 1995; Madadi, 1999;
Erfan & Ostovan, 2004)
ƁŹřżĭ ƾƯƱŚƄƳƶĩŵŹřŵŵƺūƹƽŵŶƘŤƯƽŚƷ ŵ
ŶƷ ƹŹLJ ƶƄě ƽŚƷ ƶŤƃ Źřƺų ľLJƺưƘƯ Ǝſƺţ
Śſ ƿź ŚƷźĭŹŚĪƃ
ŶƴƳŚƯ
Orius spp.
ƹ
Chrysoperla vufilabris (Burmeister)
ŵŹƺƯ ƶƬưů Źřźƣ
Ư ƾ ĭǀ źƳ Ŷ
(Lucas & Brodeur, 2001; Christensen et al., 2002)
ŚƯř ŵƺūƹ ƾƿŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ
ŝŚƴŤūř ƾ
ŶƴƳŚƯ ƂƷŚĩ
ħźŰţ ƠŴƯ ƾ ƱŶƃ Źŵ Ż ƿź ŵŚƀūř ƶŤƃ ŚƷ ƹ Źřźƣ ƲŤƟźĭ Źŵ żĩźƯ ƴƬĩ ƾ ƶŤƃ ŚƷ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÐÔ
ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ źƿŚſ Śŝ ƶūřƺƯ ƂƷŚĩ ƽřźŝ
ƶƄě Ʋƿř ƽŚƷƹŹLJ Źŵ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƵŶƃ Ţſř
(Lucas & Brodeur, 2001)
ŚƷŹ ƾƿ ŻřśŚţźěƹ ƪŰƯ
ŸƜţ ƿƶ ƭŚĮƴƷŹŵƶĩŢſřƾŝŚƴŤūřƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹƽŚƷŵƺưƳŻřƾĪƿ
Ɛų ŹŚĪƃ Żř ƾƃŚƳ ź
ƾƯ ƵŶƿŵ šřźƄů Żř ƾųźŝ Źŵ ƱŶƃ
ŵƺƃ ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ ƩŚŨƯ
ŹLJ ƹ ƽŚƷ
ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ
ŢƠƷ ƶƐƤƳ ƽř
Coccinella septempunctata L.
řźŝ ƽ ŹřźƟ Żř ŹŚĪƃźƐų
ƎſƺţƱŶƃ
źƿŚſ
ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ŵƺų řŹ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ ƶŝ ŗŚě ǀ Ʋ ŚƷŹ Ư ƾ Ŷƴƴĩ
(Sato et al., 2003)
ŵƺūƹ ƴģ ǀ Ʋ
ƳŚĪƯ ǀ ưƀ ƾ
ƶŝ Ħƿƹ Ƶ Źŵ ţřźƄů ƾ ƶĩ ħźŰţ ưĩ ƾ ŶƳŹřŵ
ř ƿ Ʋ ƩŚưŤůř řŹ ƶŝ ŵƺūƹ Ư ƾ ŵŹƹō ƶĩ ƹŹLJ
ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
Ƴǀ ż ŝ ŶƳřƺŤ Żř řƿ Ʋ ƳŚĪƯ ǀ Ʈƀ ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ ƿ Ĩ ŹŚŤƟŹ ƾŝŚƴŤūř řźŝ ƽ
ŚƷŹ ƾƿ Żř ƶūřƺƯ ƳřźĭŹŚĪƃ ƲſŶƴƳŚƯƾ
O. laevigatus
ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ŷƴĩ ŻřƾĪƿƶǀƋźƟƲƿřƾſŹźŝƶĩ
ƷƹĦěƲƿřƝřŶƷř ƾƯƂ
ŶƃŚŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƶĩŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƵŵŚƯ
ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ řƿ Ʋ ƶƄě ƮŴţ ŚƷ ƽ
ŵƺų řŹ ƶŝ šŹƺƇ ƽŵřźƠƳř ƿŚ Źŵ ƶŤſŵ ŚƷ ƽ Ĩģƺĩ Źŵ ƾĪƿŵżƳ ƴƬĩ ƾ ƶŤƃ ŚƷ Źřźƣ Ư ƾ ŶƴƷŵ
(Lucas et al., 1998)
ŝ ƢǀƤŰţ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶĩ ƾţLJřƺſ Żř źĮƿŵ ƾĪƿ ƶ
Ʊō ƽřźŝ ƾŴſŚě ƩŚŞƳŵ
ƾƯ Śƿō ƶĩ Ţſř Ʋƿř ƮǀƃŚŝ ƌů
Źƺ źƿŚſ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʊř ƶƄě ŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƱŚĪƯ Źŵ
į źĭŹŚĪƃ
A. aphidimyza
Ư ƾ ŶƳřƺţ Źŵ śŚŴŤƳř ƱŚĪƯ ƱřżǀƯƹ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƶŝƵŵŚƯšřźƄů
ŹŚŤƟŹĨƿƱřƺƴƗ
ƶƳŚƯŚſ Ĩƿ Źŵ ƾŝŚƴŤūř
į ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ƶƄě ƲǀŝŚƯ ƽř
į ƶŤƃ ƶŤƃ ƹ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʋſ Źřƺų
į żǀƫŚū
Aphis gossypii Glover
ţ Ő źǀŧ ŹřŸĭ ŶƃŚŝ ƴģźƷ ƾƠƬŤŴƯ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ Ʊřźƿř Źŵ Ŷ ƽƹŹ
ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř ƽř
(Madadi et al., 2008; Hosseini et al., 2010; Tavoosi, 2011)
ƾƫƹ
ƱƹŹŵŹŚĪƃƾŝŚƴŤūřƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹƽƹŹƵŶƿŶěƲƿřšřźŧř
ƶŤſŹ ƶŝŚţƽř ƲƿřƹŢſřƵŶƄƳƾſŹźŝƩŚů
ƲǀŤƀŴƳƽřźŝƂƷƹĦě
ƾƯƕƺƋƺƯƲƿřƶŝŹƺƄĩŹŵŹŚŝ
ŵŻřŵźě
ŵřƺƯ ƹ ƁƹŹ ŚƷ
ƁŹƹźě ƴƬĩ ƾ šřźƄů
ƴƬĩ ƾ ƶŤƃ į ƶŝżǀƫŚū ŶưŰƯƕŹřżƯŻřźĭŹŚĪƃƹŵźƷħźŤƄƯŹŚĪƃƱřƺƴƗ
ƖưūũźĩŵŚŝō
ƽŹƹō
ƾƿŚſŚƴƃŻřžěƹ
ƹŹ ƽ ĭǀ ƵŚ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƲǀĮƳƮƣŹ ƁŹƹźě Ƶŵřŵ Ŷƃ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ƶŤƃƽƹŹ į ƹŹƺĩŸƯ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
Ƴǀ ż ƢŝŚƐƯ Śŝ ƁƹŹ
Venzon et al. (2002)
ƁŹƹźě
ÐÕ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇ
ƱƹŹŵįźĭŹŚĪƃźŧř
ƶŤſŹ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹįƹŹįř
ŶƳŶƃƵŵřŵ
šźěƺĩŢĩźƃŻřźĭŹŚĪƃƹŵźƷ
(Koppert)
ŶƃƶǀƸţŶƴƬƷ
ƶǀƫƹřŢǀƘưū
į ƶƄě į
źĭŹŚĪƃ æååå źĭŹŚĪƃƲſƹƵźǀƠƃ Òåå
ƵźƄů į ŵƺŝƪƯŚĩ ƁŹƹźě ƴƬĩ ƾ ƽŚƷ šřźƄů źĭŹŚĪƃ
ƹ ŹŚĪƃ Źŵ ŚƯŵ ƽ æ t çÒ ƶūŹŵ į ƀƬſ ǀ Žƺ ƹ ŢŝƺƏŹ æå t Òå ƹ śƹŚƴţ ŹƺƳ ƽ æÓ ŢƗŚſ
ŚƴƃƹŹ ƾƿ ƹ í ŢƗŚſ ŹŚţ ƿĪ ƾ ƭŚŬƳř Ŷƃ
ƂƿŚƯŻō Ʃƹř śŚŴŤƳř ƪŰƯ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ Ǝſƺţ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƶŤƃ ƹŹŹŵŹřƺų
Źŵ ƲſŚŝƾƿƹŹ
O. laevigatus
Ʋƿř ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ Źŵ ŚƷŶůřƹ ƽ ƶŤųŚſ ƵŶƃ Żř ƢƬţ ƶŝ ŵŚƘŝř Ñå
Ñå
Ñå ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ ƭŚŬƳř Ŷƃ
Źŵ ŵ ƿ ƵŹřƺ į ŹŚƴĩ ƽ řƿ Ʋ ŚƷŶůřƹ ſ ųřŹƺ ƾ ƶŝ źƐƣ æå ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ řƿ ŵŚŬ ƹ Ǝſƺţ Źƺţ ƽ æÒå ƂƯ
ƵŶƳŚƃƺě Ŷƃ źƷ ƿ Ĩ Żř ŚƷŶůřƹ ƽřŹřŵ ƹŵ ŵŶƗ ĭ ǀ ƵŚ ƹŵ ĭźŝ ƾ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƶŝ ƾĪƿ ƹ ŶƷŚƃ ƱřƺƴƗ
ƶŝƽźĮƿŵ ŹŚưǀţƱřƺƴƗ
ŵƺŝ Źŵ ƶĤƷŚǀĭźƷƲƿźƿŻŢưƀƣ
ƟźƓ ƾ ƽƹŚů śō ƹ ƿ Ĩ ŚƯ ƿƖ ƺƃ ƿ ƵŶƴ
ŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣ Śţ
Żř ŹřźƟ šřźƄů ĭƺƬū ǀź ƽ ŵƺƃ Ƙŝ Ŷ Żř ƵŵŚƯō ƱŶƃ Ŷůřƹ ƽŚƷ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƅ ƾ
ƿ Ĩ
ŢƠū ƶƄě į ƚƫŚŝ
A. aphidimyza
źƷŹŵ Ŷůřƹ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƅ ƾ ŚƷŹ Ŷƃ ř ƿ Ʋ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ Źŵ ŜƫŚƣ ŭźƏ
ľLjƯŚĩ ƟŵŚƈţ ƾ źƿŻŜǀĩźţŚŝ ƹ
Źŵ šŶƯ ìç ŢƗŚſ Źŵ Òå ŹřźĪţ ƭŚŬƳř ƹ
Źŵ ƂƿŚƯŻōƱŚƿŚě
ŵřŶƘţ ƮŴţ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŤƃřŸĭ ƵŶƃ Ǝſƺţ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ ǀţƹŶƷŚƃƵŚǀĭƽƹŹ ŹŚư
ƁŹŚưƃ Ŷƃ
ĭ ǀ ƵŚ ţǀ ŹŚư ŵřŶƘţ Óå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
ƿ Ĩ ŵŶƗ ƵŵŚƯ į ƚƫŚŝ
ŢƠū ĭ ǀź ƽ ƵŵźĪƳ ƽ ƶſ ƵŻƹŹ į
O. laevigatus
ĭǀ ƵŚ ŶƷŚƃ ŵřŶƘţ Óå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
ƭƹŵƂƿŚƯŻō
ƾſŹźŝ ŚƷŹ ƱŶƃ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ Ǝſƺţ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶƄě į ƃ Ťƶ Źřƺų ƶŝ ŹŚŤƟŹĨƿƱřƺƴƗ
ƱōƾƿřŹŚĩƾŝŚƿŻŹřƹƾŝŚƴŤūř
řźŝ ƽ ƭŚŬƳř řƿ Ʋ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ Żř ĭ ǀ ƷŚ ƶĤ ƽŚƷ ų ǀ ŹŚ Źŵ ƶƬůźƯ į ƹŵ ĭźŝ ƾ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ŷƃ ƶĩ ŵ ƪųř
ƶƫƺƫ ƽŚƷ Īģƺĩ ƾ ƶŝ źƐƣ Ò ƹ ƕŚƠţŹř Õ ƾŤƳŚſ źŤƯ Źřźƣ Ƶŵřŵ Ŷƃ ŶƳŵƺŝƵ ŶůřƹƲƿř ƾƄƿŚƯŻōƽŚƷ
żǀƳ ƱƹŹŵ źƓ ƹ Ɲ īŹżŝ źţ ŵ ƿ źĮ ƽ ƶŝ źƐƣ ÎÔ ƾŤƳŚſ źŤƯ ƹ ƹŚů ƽ śō Źřźƣ ŤƟźĭ ƶŝŶƴ ƽŹƺƏ ƶĩ
ƶƄěƽŚƷƹŹLJ
į ƶŤƃ ŚƷŹŹŚŤƟŹŻƹźŝŻřžěŹřƺų
ƱŶƃ
ƁŹŚưƃƪŝŚƣƹƵŵŚŤƟřƝƹźƓƲƿřƪųřŵ
ŶƴƃŚŝ ƿ Ĩ Ƃƃƺě ƤƬţ ƾ ƶƳřƺŤſř ř ƽ ƶŝ ƕŚƠţŹř ÏÒ ƹ źƐƣ ÏÍ ƾŤƳŚſ źŤƯ żǀƳ ƽƹŹ ƶƗƺưŬƯ į ơƺƟ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÐÖ
ƶŤƃřŸĭ Ŷƃ ƪŞƣ Żř ƕƹźƃ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ ŵřŶƘţ Òå Ťƃ ƶ ƶŝ ſƹ ǀ ƶƬ į ƿ Ĩ ƮƬƣ Ư ƺ ƽ ƀŝ ǀ ŹŚ ŹŚŝ ƿ Ĩ ƹŹ ƽ
ĭǀ ƵŚ ƪƤŤƴƯ Ŷƃ ƹ ƶŝƱƺƯŻōŵŹƺƯƽŚƷŹŚưǀţŜǀĩźţ
ŹřźƣƶƀƿŚƤƯŵŹƺƯŶƷŚƃƶŝŢŞƀƳźƿŻŭźƃ
ŢƟźĭ
ţǀ ŹŚư æ ŵřŶƘţ Òå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ ƽ
A. gossypii
æå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ƿ Ĩ ŵŶƗ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
ŶƷŚƃ æ ŵřŶƘţ Òå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ ƽ
A. gossypii
æå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ţǀ ŹŚư ç ŵřŶƘţ Òå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƹŵ ƭ ƶŤƃ ƽ
A. gossypii
æå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ƿ Ĩ ŵŶƗ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
ŶƷŚƃ ç řŶƘţ ŵ Òå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ ƭƹŵ ƶŤƃ ƽ
A. gossypii
æå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ Śŝ ŚƷŹ ŻŚſ ƽ Ʋſ ŚƷ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ į ƚƫŚŝ ƕƹźƃ Ŷƃ Ʋſ ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ ƮƷ
Ʋſ çÑ ŢƗŚſ ƪŞƣ
Żř ƕƹźƃ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ ƹ Źŵ ƝƹźƓ ƁŹƹźě ƵřźưƷ Śŝ ŚƷŸƛŚĩ ƽ ģ ǀ Ʋ Źřŵ Įƴſźĭ ƾ Ƶŵřŵ ƵŶƃ ŶƳŵƺŝ
ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ Źŵ çå ŹřźĪţ ƭŚŬƳř Ŷƃ ƹ ŶƘŝ Żř ŢƃŸĭ çÑ ŢƗŚſ ŵřŶƘţ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƾƿ ƶĩ Żř ƹŹ ƽ īźŝ ŚƷ
ŚƷŹ
ŶƳŶƃ ƹ ŵřŶƘţ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƾƿ ƶĩ ƹŹ ƽ īźŝ ŚƷ ƵŶƳŻ ƵŶƳŚƯ ƹ źĭŹŚĪƃƲſƎſƺţŚƿ
ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ
ŶƳŵƺŝ ŢŞŧ Ŷƃ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƾŝŚƴŤūřŹŚŤƟŹƲƿřƾƿřŹŚĩƾŝŚƿŻŹřƹƶƀƿŚƤƯƽřźŝ
īźƯƱřżǀƯŹŵ
źǀƯƹ
ƶƄě ƽŚƷ
A. aphidimyza
ŚƷŹŹŚŤƟŹƝŸůŚŝ
ƾƗƺƴƈƯƎƿřźƃŹŵƾƸŝŚƄƯƂƿŚƯŻōŚƷƹŹLJƱŶƃ
ŶƃƭŚŬƳřƽźŤěƝźƓƪųřŵƹ
ƲƿŶŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ŵƿ Ĩƀ ŚƷ ƽ ĭźŝ ƾ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƶŝ šŹƺƇ Ʊƺĭĥřƹ ƪųřŵ
źŤě ƽ ŵ ƿ Ƃ ŚƷ ƽ æå ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ ƽ ƹŹ ƽ śō ŹŚĭō æ Źřźƣ Ƶŵřŵ Ŷƃ ƶŝƱƺƯŻōŵŹƺƯƽŚƷŹŚưǀţƹŶƳ
źƿŻ ŭźƃ
ƶĤƷŚǀĭ ƽƹŹ ƮƷ
ŹŚǀų ƽŚƷ ŝ
ľLjŞƣ ƶĩ ƾůźƃ Ś
ŢƃŸĭ Ʊō źĩŷ ƪųřŵ ƮƷ ƹ
ƽźŤě Ƃƿŵ
ŶƳŶƃƶƀƿŚƤƯƮƷŚŝ
ţǀ ŹŚư æ ŵřŶƘţ çå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ Ʋſ ƭƺſ ƮƷ Ʋſ ƶƄě į
A. aphidimyza
Ñå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ
ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
ƿ Ĩ ŵŶƗ ƵŵŚƯ į ƚƫŚŝ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
ţǀ ŹŚư ç ŵřŶƘţ çå ŵŶƗ ƹŹLJ Ʋſ ƭƺſ Ʒ Ʈ Ʋſ ƶƄě į
A. aphidimyza
Ñå ŵŶƗ ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ
ƭƹŵ ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
ƿ Ĩ ŵŶƗ ƵŵŚƯ į ƚƫŚŝ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
ÑÍ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇ
ƱƹŹŵįźĭŹŚĪƃźŧř
ƶŤſŹ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹįƹŹįř
ŹŵżǀƳƂƿŚƯŻōƲƿř çå
ƹŶƃƭŚŬƳřŹřźĪţ ŶƘŝ
Żř ŢƃŸĭ çÑ ŢƗŚſ ŵřŶƘţ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ į
ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ ĨƀƿŵƽƹŹŹřƺų
ƶĤƷŚǀĭƹƾĭźŝƽŚƷ
ŚƷ ƁŹŚưƃ ƶƀƿŚƤƯƹ ƃ Ŷ
żŬţ ƿƶ ƪǀƬŰţƹ ŹŚƯō ƽ
řźŝ ƽ żŬţ ƿƶ ƹ ƬŰţ ǀ ƪ ƝLjŤųř ŝǀ Ʋ ŵřŶƘţ ƮŴţ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŤƃřŸĭ ƵŶƃ Ǝſƺţ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ ƹ
řŹŚĩ ƾƿ ƳŚĪƯ ǀ Ʈƀ ŚƷŹ ƱŶƃ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ Źŵ ƵŶƳŻ ƳŚƯ ƾ
ŚƷƹŹLJ Żř ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ŚƷ ƶŝ Ĩưĩ
ƱƺƯŻō t
ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ŷƃ ƭƹŵƂƿŚƯŻōŹŵ řźŝ
ƽ żŬţ ƿƶ ƹ ƬŰţ ǀ ƪ ƝLjŤųř ŝǀ Ʋ ŶƇŹŵ ŹLJ ŚƷƹ ƽ ƵŵŚŤƟř
Żř
īźŝ ƵŶƳŻ ƵŶƳŚƯ ƹŹ ƽ īźŝ ƹ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ Żř ƱƺƯŻō ç
ç ƶƿŚěźŝƪƿŹƺŤĩŚƟ
į ŭźƏ
ľLjƯŚĩ źĭŹŚĪƃŮƐſƹŵŚŝƾƟŵŚƈţ
ŹƺƌůƭŶƗƹŹƺƌů
ƶŤƃƞƬŤŴƯƲǀƴſŻřŮƐſƹŵƹ
ƵŹƺě į ƭŹŚƸģƹƭƹŵƲſ
ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ źǀƜŤƯ ƱƺƯŻōŚŝżǀƳƶŤƀŝřƹƽŚƷ
Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ ř ƝLjŤų
ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ LSD
ŶƳŶƃƶƀƿŚƤƯ
ƵŵřŵƪǀƬŰţƹƶƿżŬţ
ŚŝŚƷ ƭźƳ ŹřżƟř
SAS 8.1
ŚƷŹřŵƺưƳƹŶƃƭŚŬƳř
ŹřżƟřƭźƳŚŝ
Microsoft Excel 2007
ŶƳŶƿŵźĭƮſŹ
ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū ŦŰŝƹ
żŬţ ƿƶ į ŹŚƯō ƽ Ƶŵřŵ ƩƹřƂƿŚƯŻōƽŚƷ ƱŚƄƳ
ŵřŵ ƶĩ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ ƾƳŚƷŚǀĭ ƶĩ Ʋſ
źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʊō ƽƹŹ Źƺƌů
ŵŹřŶƳ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ řŹ ƳŚĪƯ
ƾ ƶĩ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ Źƺƌů ŵŹřŵ ƶŝ ŹƺƏ
ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ƮŴţƽřźŝ ƾƯŮǀūźţƽŹřŸĭ
ŶƴƷŵ ÐÐ ÎÎ =
t
ÖÕ Î,
=
df
ÍÍÍÎ Í
P <
ƪĪƃ æ
ƵŵřŵƲƿř ŵřŵƱŚƄƳŚƷ
ƶƧ Źƺƌů Ʋſ
O. laevigatus
ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ř ƽ Ư ƾ ŶƳřƺţ Źŵ
śŚŴŤƳř ƪŰƯ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ŚƯ Ƶŵ į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų
A. aphidimyza
ŧŐţ ǀź ŹřŸĭ ŶƃŚŝ ř ƿ Ʋ ŤƳ ǀ ƶŬ
ƢŝŚƐƯ Śŝ ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū
Ruzicka & Havelka (1998)
Ţſř ƶĩ ƱŚƄƳ ŶƳŵřŵ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ
A. aphidimyza
Źŵ
ƬŰƯ ƾ ƶĩ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƽŹƺŤƫŚŝ
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)
ƹ ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ
C. septempunctata
Źƺƌů ŶƳŹřŵ
Ʈĩ źţ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ Ư ƾ Ŷƴƴĩ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
Griffin & Yeargan (2002)
ƁŹřżĭżǀƳ
ŶƳŵźĩ
ƶĩ ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ
ŚƷ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ į
Colemegilla maculata (De Geer)
ƮŴţ ŚƷ ƽ ŵƺų řŹ Źŵ ƬŰƯ ƾ ƶĩ
Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƩŚưŤůř źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ ŵƺūƹ ƶŤƃřŵ ŶƃŚŝ Źřźƣ Ư ƾ Ʒŵ ƴŶ ƶƴǀƯŻƲƿřŹŵƶĩƾţLJŚƤƯƶŝƽŹƹźƯ
ŢſřƵŶƃźƄŤƴƯ ƱŚƄƳ
Ư ƾ ŶƷŵ ƶĩ ƂǀŝŹŵ ƺƯźţ
ŵŹř ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶŤƃ Źřƺų ŹŵŚƣ ŶƴŤƀƷ Źƺƌů
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÑÎ
ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ŵƺų řŹ ħŹŵ ƵŵźƧ ƹ Źŵ ƤƏŚƴƯ ƾ ƶĩ ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƮƷ ƶŤſŹ Źŵ Ʊō Śū Źƺƌů ŻřŶƳŹřŵ
ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƕŚƴŤƯř Ŷƴƴĩ
(Doumbia et al., 1998; Ruzicka, 1998; Frechette et al., 2008)
ħźţ
ƪŰƯ ŜſŚƴƯ řźŝ ƽ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ ƶŝ ƶƐſřƹ į Źƺƌů ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƮƷ ƶŝ ƶŤſŹ źƔƳ
ƾƯ źěƾŝŚƴŤūřŹŚŤƟŹĨƿŶſŹ
ŶƃŚŝƶƴƿżƷ
ħźţƶĩřźģ
ƱŚĪƯ ŜſŚƴƯ řźŝ ƽ ƮŴţ ƽŹřŸĭ ƲŤƟŚƿƹ
ŶƿŶūŜſŚƴƯ ƱŚĪƯ Ư
ƾ ŶƳřƺţ ƩLjŤųř ŦƗŚŝ
Źŵ ŢƠū ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ƭŚŬƳřźſ ƹ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƚƫŚŝ šřźƄů
ƂƷŚĩ ŵřŶƘţ ƮŴţ ƽŚƷ řŸĭ ƶŤƃ ƵŶƃ ŵƺƃ
(Havelka & Zemek, 1999)
ƪĪƃ æ ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į ŶƇŹŵ ƮŴţ ŹřŸĭ ƽ
SE)
t (
ƶƄě ŚƷ ƽ ƚƫŚŝ
A. aphidimyza
Źŵ Źƺƌů ƹ ƭŶƗ
Źƺƌů Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
O. laevigatus
Ɲƹźů źǀƛ ƶŝŚƄƯ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ŚƷ ƱŚƄƳ ƵŶƴƷŵ į ŵƺūƹ
ƝLjŤųř ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ Ţſř
t test
åÒ å
á =
Fig. 1. Oviposition percentage (± SE) of the predatory midge females, A. aphidimyza, in the presence and absence of the predatory bug, O. laevigatus. Means with different letters are significantly different (t test, á = 0.05).
ŶƴƳŚƯ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ ƾųźŝ
Lima & Dill (1990)
ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƶĩ źĭř Żř ƾƃŚƳ ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ źƐų
ƶƳƺĭ ƮƷƽŚƷ ŤſŹ ŶƃŚŝƽŶūƹƾưŤůƶ
ƚƫŚŝŹƺƳŚū Żř
ŹŚŤƟŹ żƷźě ƿ ƶƴ į ƮŴţƭŶƗ ƽřźŝƽŹřŸĭ
ƾƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵƺų ƽŶƘŝ ƪƀƳ ƾƬƣřŶů ƒƠů
Ŷƴĩ ƶŝ
ƩŚŨƯ ƱřƺƴƗ
ŵŹƺƯ Źŵ ū
ǀ ūź ǀ ħź
Gryllus integer Scudder
ƱŚƄƳ Ƶŵřŵ ƵŶƃ Ţſř ŹƺƳŚūƲƿřƶĩ ŚƸƴţ
ƳŚƯŻ ƾ ƶĩ ŵŚƀūř ŵřźƟř ƮƷ ƶƳƺĭ
Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƵřźưƷ Śŝ šƺŞĪƴƗ ŚĪƃ źĭŹ
Hololena nedra Chamberlin & Ivie
Źƺƌů ƶŤƃřŵ ŶƴƃŚŝ Żř
Ʊō ƪŰƯ Źƹŵ ƽ Ư ƾ ƴĩ Ŷ ţŹƺƇŹŵ ƾ ƶĩ źĭř šƺŞĪƴƗ ľLjŞƣ Żř ŵřźƟř ƮƷ ƶƳƺĭ į ū ǀ ūź ǀ ħź ŸƜţ ƿƶ ƵŵźĪƳ
ÑÏ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇ
ƱƹŹŵįźĭŹŚĪƃźŧř
ƶŤſŹ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹįƹŹįř
ŶƃŚŝ ƹ ƿŚ ŵŚƀūř ŵřźƟř ƮƷ ƶƳƺĭ į ū ǀ ūź ǀ ħź Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ŵƺūƹ ƶŤƃřŶƳ
ŶƃŚŝ ū ǀ ūź ǀ ħź ơƺƟ Ʒ ǀ Ģ
ŹŚŤƟŹ źĭŹŚĪƃŶƋ ƽ
ŢŞƀƳ ƶŝ Ʊō ŚƄƳ Ʊ ưƳ ƾ ŶƷŵ
(Kortet & Hedrick, 2004)
ƶƿżŬţ Żř ƪƇŚů ŪƿŚŤƳ ƭƹŵ ƂƿŚƯŻō Źŵ
į Ƶŵřŵ žƳŚƿŹřƹ
ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŚƷ ƶƧ
ƮƷźŝ Ƃƴĩ
ƾƴƘƯ ŮƐſƹŵŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃƲǀŝƽŹřŵ
ŹƺƌůƭŶƗƹŹƺƌů
ƹ Ʋſƹŵ ƶŤƃƾĭŹƺě
ƵŹƺě į Ʋſ
ƭŹŚƸģƹƭƹŵ
ŵŹřŵŵƺūƹ
ƩƹŶū ƽŚƷ æ ƹ ç ƶŝ źĮƿŵšŹŚŞƗ
ƲſŹƺƌůƭŶƗƹŹƺƌů
ƶƬůźƯƲǀƴĤưƷƹźĭŹŚĪƃ
į ƾƯŹŚĪƃƾƴſ
ŚƷŹŶƇŹŵŶƳřƺţ
ƶƄěƽŚƷƹŹLJƱŶƃ
į ƹźĭŹŚĪƃ
īźƯ ƱōźǀƯƹ ƎſƺţřŹŚƷ
O. laevigatus
ƶŝ ƾƴƘƯŹƺƏ ţŢŰţƽŹřŵ Ő
ŶƷŵŹřźƣźǀŧ
ƩƹŶū Î ƶƿżŬţ į ƶŤƃƾĭŹƺěƞƬŤŴƯƪůřźƯšřźŧřžƳŚƿŹřƹ
ſ ǀƴ ƾĭŹƺěƭƺſƹƭƹŵƲ
ƹ
Źƺƌů źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʋſ
ƮƷźŝ ƹ Ʊō Ƃƴĩ ŚƷŹ ŶƇŹŵ ƽƹŹ ŚƷ
ƶƄě ƽŚƷƹŹLJ ƱŶƃ
į
ŹŚǀųƵŚǀĭƽƹŹŻřźĭŹŚĪƃ
Table 1. Analysis of variance results for the effects of different aphid nymph stages (2nd and 4th instar nymphs) and the predatory bug presence and their interaction on the percentage of the predatory midge larvae dropping off from cucumber plant.
P F
MSE df
Source of variation
0.00 19.07
0.72 1
Aphid
0.00 42.65
1.60 1
Predator
0.00 20.48
0.77 1
Aphid × Predator
- -
0.04 76
Error
ƩƹŶū Ï ƶƿżŬţ į ƪůřźƯšřźŧřžƳŚƿŹřƹ
ƞƬŤŴƯ ƶŤƃƾĭŹƺě
ſ ǀƴ ƾĭŹƺěƭƺſƹƭƹŵƲ
ƹ
źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʋſ Źƺƌů
ƮƷźŝ ƹ Ʊō Ƃƴĩ īźƯ ŶƇŹŵ ƽƹŹ ŚƷ
ƶƄě ƽŚƷƹŹLJ źǀƯƹ
į
źĭŹŚĪƃ
Table 2. Analysis of variance results for the effects of different aphid nymph stages (2nd and 4th instar nymphs) and the predatory bug presence and their interaction on the percentage of the predatory midge larvae mortality.
P F
MSE df
Source of variation
0.00 101.71
2.02 1
Aphid
0.00 16.72
0.33 1
Predator
0.00 19.95
0.39 1
Aphid × Predator
- -
0.20 76
Error
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÑÐ
ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ů ƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷŹŚưǀţŻřƪƇŚ ƱŚƄƳ
ŵřŵ ƶƧ Źƺƌů Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
ƽƹŹ Ư ǀ Ʊřż ŚƷŹ ƱŶƃ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƶƄěƽ į īźŝŻřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶŝŹŚǀųƵŚǀĭƽŚƷ
ƮƀǀƳŚĪƯĨƿƱřƺƴƗ
ƾŝŚƴŤūř ŧŐţ ǀź ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ƶŤƃřŵ Ţſř ÒÔ ÑÑ = F(3, 77)
ÍÍÎ Í
P <
ƩƹŶū è ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū
ƱŚƄƳ ŵřŵ ƶĩ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƶƄěƽ į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų Źŵ Źƺƌů ƵŹƺě ŚƷ ƽ Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ ŝǀ Ƃ źţ Żř ƵŹƺě ŚƷ ƽ
Ʋſ ƭƹŵ
ŵƺų řŹ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ ŚƷŹ ŶƳŵźĩ ÒÔ ÑÑ = F(3, 77)
ÍÍÍÎ Í
P <
ƩƹŶū è ƲƿřŹŵ
ƂƿŚƯŻō
ƵŶƳŻ ƾƳŚƯ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ
A. aphidimyza
ƹŹ ƽ īźŝ ŚƷ ŹŚǀųƵŚǀĭƽ
Źŵ Źƺƌů źƷ ƿ Ĩ Żř Ʋǀƴſ
ƭƹŵ ƹ ƭŹŚƸģ ƾĭŹƺě ƶŤƃ ƝLjŤųřƮƷŚŝżǀƳ
ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ Ţƃřŵ ÐÓ ÕÒ = F(3, 77)
ÍÍÍÎ Í
P <
īźƯ ƹ ƶƄě ƽŚƷƹŹLJ źǀƯƹ
į ƶŤƃ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ǝſƺţ Źřƺų
O. laevigatus
ƭŹŚƸģ Ʋſ Źƺƌů Śŝ
ƶŤƃ ƾĭŹƺě
į ŵƹŶů żǀƫŚū
ƵŹƺě ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ źŝřźŝ ƶſ
į ŵźĩ řŶǀě ƂƿřżƟř ƶŤƃ ƭƹŵ Ʋſ
ÖÎ ÑÓ = F(3, 77)
ÍÍÍÎ Í
P <
ƩƹŶū æ
ƩƹŶū Ð Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ Źŵ ŶƇ
SE)
t (
ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ řƺų Ź ŚƷŹ ƵŶƃ Żř ŮƐſ
īźŝ ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ
ƹŹ ƽ īźŝ ƹ ƵŶƳŻ ƵŶƳŚƯ ƹŹ ƽ
īźŝ źĭŹŚĪƃƲſŹƺƌůŹŵ
Table 3. Average percentage (± SE) of the dropping predatory midge larvae, in the presence of the predatory bug from the plant, and being lost to predation or present on the plant.
T2 C2
T1 C1
Response
12.5 ± 3.8 b 7.1 ± 1.9 b
44.5 ± 10.1 a 6.5 ± 1.1 b
Dropped off
10 ± 1.4 b 1.2 ± 0.3 c
31 ± 7.2 a 1 ± 0.4 c
Lost to predation
77.5 ± 4.7 b 91.7 ± 4.5 a
24.5 ± 2.7 c 92.5 ± 5 a
Present on leaf
C1, the predatory midge larvae + 4th instar nymphs of aphid.
C2, the predatory midge larvae + 2nd instar nymphs of aphid.
T1, the predatory midge larvae + 4th instar nymphs of aphid + the predatory bug.
T2, the predatory midge larvae + 2nd instar nymphs of aphid + the predatory bug.
Means followed by the same letter in each row are not significantly different (LSD test, á = 0.05).
ƶƀƿŚƤƯ į ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū ƪƇŚů Żř ƭŚŬƳřƂƿŚƯŻō
ĨƀƿŵƽƹŹƶŤƟźĭ
żǀƳƪƯŚĩƵŚǀĭƹƾĭźŝƽŚƷ
ƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƶĩ ŶƷŵ Óå ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ Źřƺų Źŵ Źƺƌů źƯ ƶƬů į ƭŹŚƸģ ĭŹƺě ƾ ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
ĨƀƿŵƽƹŹ
ƾĭźŝƽŚƷ Ǝſƺţ
Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƶŤƄĩ ŶƳŶƃ Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ ƶĩ řƿ Ʋ Ư ǀ Ʊřż Źŵ
ƭŚŬƳřƂƿŚƯŻō
ƵŚǀĭƽƹŹƵŶƃ
ŵƹŶů çí ŵƺŝ ÒÕ Ô =
t
ÐÕ =
df
ÍÍÍÎ Í
P <
ƪĪƃ ç
ŶƴģźƷ ƶĩ ŵřŶƘţ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ Źŵ Źƺƌů ƵŹƺě ŚƷ ƽ Ʋſ ƭƹŵ ŹŵƶŤƃ řźƃ ƿ Ǝ ƀƿŵ Ĩ ƽŚƷ
ÑÑ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźǀƘƯƝřźƇ
ƱƹŹŵįźĭŹŚĪƃźŧř
ƶŤſŹ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹįƹŹįř
ƾĭźŝ ŝǀ Ƃ źţ Żř ĭ ǀ ƵŚ ƪƯŚĩ ŵƺŝ ŚƯř ƝLjŤųř ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŝǀ Ʋ Ʊō ŚƷ ŵ ƿ ƵŶ ŶƄƳ ÑÎ Î =
t
ÐÕ =
df
ÎÓÒ Í
P <
ƪĪƃ ç ƶŝŮƿŚŤƳƲƿřƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ
ƾƯźƔƳ ŶſŹ ƶƧ ƾŝŚƴŤūřŹŚŤƟŹ
ŚƷŹ ƱŶƃ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ
A. aphidimyza
Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ ƾƯ ŶƳřƺţ ƳŚĪƯ ǀ Ʈƀ źŧŒƯ ŝƶƄěƲƿřŵŹƺųźŝƂƷŚĩŹŵƽ źĭŹŚĪƃŚ
ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ŵƺųƽř
ƲſƾƴƘƿ
O. laevigatus
ŶƃŚŝ ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƶŝŚƄƯ
Yasuda & Kimura (2001)
żǀƳ
ƱŚƄƳ ŶƳŵřŵ ƶĩ ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ
ŢƠƷ ƶƐƤƳ ƽř Źŵ źŝřźŝ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʊř ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ř ƽ ŵƺų Śŝ ŚƷŹ
ƱŶƃ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ ƾŝŚƴŤūř ŹŚŤƟŹ Ʋƿř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƹ
ŵƺų řŹ Żř źƐų řƿ Ʋ ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ŚƷŹ
ƾƯ ŶƳŻŚſ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƂƿŚƯŻō
Ʋſ ƴƬĩ ƾ ƶŤƃ ŚƷ ƶŝ ƹŵźƷƽřźŝħźŤƄƯŹŚĪƃƱřƺƴƗ
żǀƳ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ư
ƾ ŶƳřƺţ Źŵ ƳŚĪƯ ǀ Ʈƀ ƾŝŚƴŤūř ŚƷŹƹLJ ƽ
A. aphidimyza
źŧŒƯ ŶƃŚŝ ƹ Źƺƌů
ƵŹƺě ŚƷ ƽ Ʋſ ƭŹŚƸģ ƶŤƃ ŦƗŚŝ Ư ƾ ŵƺƃ ŚƷƹŹLJ ŝǀ Ƃ źţ ŵƺų řŹ Żř ŮƐſ īźŝ ŚƷŹ Ŷƴƴĩ ƶŝ źƔƳ
ƾƯ ſŹ Ŷ ƮƷźŝ ƾƴƘƯƂƴĩ
ƱƹŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃŹƺƌůƲǀŝŹřŵ
ƶŤſŹ ƶŤƃƾĭŹƺěƞƬŤŴƯƪůřźƯƹƽř
į
A. gossypii
źĭŹŚĪƃƲſŮǀūźţŹŵƱřƺŤŝřŹ
ƵŹƺěƶŝ į ƭƹŵƲſ ƵŹƺěƶŝŢŞƀƳ
į ƭŹŚƸģƲſ
ƶŤƃ
(Venzon et al., 2002)
ƂǀŝšŹŶƣŚƿƹ
ƵŹƺěƾƗŚƟŵźţ
į ƶĩŵźĩƺŬŤƀūƶŤƃƭŹŚƸģƲſ
ĪƃƲſŢſřƵŶƃŦƗŚŝ ŹƺƌůŹŵźĭŹŚ
ƵŹƺě į ƭŹŚƸģƲſ ƶŤƃ
ƂǀŝƱřżǀƯƶŝ
ƽŚƷƹŹLJŻřƽźţ
ƶƄě į ƶŤƃ ŶƴĩƶƿŸƜţŹřƺų ě
ǀ Ƃ řŻř ƿ Ʋ
Christensen et al. (2002)
ƱŚƄƳ ŶƳŵřŵ ƶĩ Źƺƌů ƶŤƃ į
A. gossypii
Źŵ Ư ǀ ƎŰ ŦƗŚŝ Ư ƾ ŵƺƃ ƶƧ Ʋſ źĭŹŚĪƃ
Orius majusculus (Reuter)
Ʈĩ źţ Żř ƹŹLJ
A. aphidimyza
ŸƜţ ƿƶ Ŷƴĩ ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
Lucas (2005)
żǀƳ ƱŚƄƳ ŵřŵ ŢſřƵ ƶĩ Ʈĩřźţ ƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷ
Ƙưū ǀ Ţ ƶŤƃ ƽ
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)
ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ ƖŞƴƯ řŸƛ ƾƿ ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ Źŵ
ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ƽř ƹŹLJ ƽŹƺŤƫŚŝ
C. vufilabris
Żř ŚƷƹŹLJ ƽ ƶƄě į źĭŹŚĪƃ
A. aphidimyza
ţ Ő źǀŧ ŹřŸĭ
ƾƯ ŶƃŚŝ ƵƹLjƗ ƹŹ ƶĪƴƿř źŝ
Źŵ ƹŹ ƮƷ ƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ ƾƿ
ƶĪƫ Ĩƿ ƪųřŵ ƶŤſŹ
(patch)
ƾƯ Żƹźŝ Źŵ ŶƳřƺţ
ƱōƾŝŚƴŤūřƽŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ
ƯŚƷ Œ ƭŚǀěƂƤƳŶƃŚŝźŧ
ƱŚſŹ ƵŶƿŵŚƳŶƿŚŞƳƶƐŝřŹƲƿřŹŵżǀƳƾƿŚǀưǀƃƽŚƷ
ŵƺƃƶŤƟźĭ
ƱŚƴģ ƶĩ
Chivers & Smith (1998)
ŵřŵƱŚƄƳ Ƶ ŶƳř ƶĩ ŚƷŹ ƱŶƃ ƱƺƯźƟ ŚƷ ƽ ƭLjƗř źƐų
(alarm pheromone)
ſƺţ Ǝ ƶŤƃ řźŝ ƽ ƾƯƱřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƽřźŝƾƘŞƴƯŶƳřƺţ
ŚſŚƴƃ ƾƿ Ʊō ŵƺƃƾƤƬţŚƷ
ƂƿŚƯŻō ƶŤƃƎſƺţźƐųƭLjƗřƱƺƯźƟŮƃźţƅƺƈųŹŵƾƿŚƷ
ƹźĭŹŚĪƃƲſŹƺƌůŚŝŚƷ
ƶƫŚƐƯ į ŹŚŤƟŹ
A. aphidimyza
LjƗƲƿřŵƺūƹŚŝ ŗ
ƾƯƾƿŚƿƺŝƮ
ƾţōšŚƤǀƤŰţƽřźŝƾƗƺƋƺƯŶƳřƺţ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÑÒ
ŻƲƿřŹŵƾƬǀưĪţšŚƘƫŚƐƯŚŝŚţŶƃŚŝ šŚǀƿżūƹŢƣŵŚŝšLjƯŚƘţƲƿřŻřƽźĮƿŵŵŚƘŝřƶƴǀƯ
Ƃǀŝ ŵźǀĭŹřźƣšƹŚƌƣŵŹƺƯƽźţ
ƪĪƃ ç ƶƀƿŚƤƯ į ŶƇŹŵ ŹLJ ƹ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŤƄĩ ƵŶƃ ƽ
SE)
t (
ƶƄě į ƶŝźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶƬǀſƹ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
ƱƹŹŵ ƶŤſŹ ƽř
O. laevigatus
Źŵ Źƺƌů Ʋǀƴſ ƭŹŚƸģ (N4)
ƹ ƭƹŵ (N2)
ĭŹƺě ƾ ƶŤƃ
ƾĭźŝĨƀƿŵƹƪƯŚĩƵŚǀĭƽƹŹ
Ɲƹźů ƶŝŚƄƯ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ŚƷ ƱŚƄƳ ƵŶƴƷŵ į ƭŶƗ ŵƺūƹ
ƝLjŤųř ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ Ţſř
t test
åÒ å
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Fig. 2. Comparison of mortality percentage (± SE) of the predatory midge larvae inflicted by interaguild predator, O. laevigatus in the presence of 4th (N4) and 2nd (N2) instar nymphs of aphid on the leaf disks or whole plant. Means with similar letters are not significantly different (t test, á = 0.05).
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