۹۳ - ۹۲

ǭǧ - ǭǦ

ưǔ˟ʖ˒ʡ˥ʣʳʓǖʧˊ˕ɂDž˟ʢDŽǂω˕ʉʬDŽnjϻʸƹγ˒ʉ˘ːʳˆ ωʬʉ˙ʯǔƹʩˤƹǖωʬʉ˙ʯ˛ʦʭ˖

ǓDŽʉ˝̮ǖǓ˟ʬɂDŽʉ˓ʯưˑʠ˘̍ǒʉʬưǓ˟ʬɂDŽǖǂ

[ǥǨǤǥDŽʉ˝ʌDŽʉʰʗ˕ƹA ǥǧǭǭǔʉʗʭ˒Džǎʪ˥ˢʉ̍

Džʉ˥ʖ˒ƹʋʢʉʲ ƻ˟ʖˍ˒ƾƹʩ˥˒ωʰ˜ǖ̓̏γʭʬʁ˒

ω˕ƹʩˤƹʩʏˌƹʩ˥ʌǂʩʬǖǒ˟ʈʭ˒ʩˤʧ˒

DŽ˟̍ωʗʬƹDŽǂ˟ʿʭ˒DŽʉʗʬƹʩˤǖʩʬǖʩ˥ʌǂʩʬǔǖʉʿ˒

ȫʉ̍ω˓˥ːʭʔʫ˖˟ˢωːʥƹǂʩˤʧ˒

ω˕ʉʥǂ˟˓ʣ˒ʧːʟǀƹʩʸ ƾƹʩ˥˒ǒʉʖ˥ʠˢǂȀʉ̮

˛ːʠ˒ω˕ʉʰ˖

ǖ˚ʉ΂ʰ˖ƹǂǔʉʌʉ˥ʥ˔˥ʌưω˒ϻʬƹƻϻˊ˕ƹǔʉʌʉ˥ʥưǔƹʩ˝ʓ Ǔǖǂγˊʏʸư(ǥǥǬǦɂDŽʉ˓ʯ˔ˢǂDŽǖʩˆǔʉ˓ʖʥʉʬưǔʉʣˢDŽ˟ʌƹ

ǥǧǥǩǪǭǧǩǥǭωʗʭ̎γʬʉ˙ʯ ǪǪǨǭǤǪǥǦ˔ˇːʓ ǪǪǨǤǪǦǩǬDŽʉ΂˕DŽǖǂ wwwmirasmaktoobir gozaresh@mirasmaktoobir

ǒʉˢDŽǪǤǤưǤǤǤʉ˝ʌ

˛ː˓ʭʍʷʥʩˤ˟ʳʓ

JohnRylandsγ˕ʉʦʌʉʖˌγʦʭ˖Džƹ

DŽǟ˟ʳ˒γʦʭ˖ưω˒ʉʟǔʉʗʬDŽʉ˝ʌDžƹɎƹ˚DŽʉ΂˕ʧːʟɎǖDŽ ˑːˉ˔ˢ ǟDŽDž˔˦ʭʢDžʉʖ˓˒ˈ˥ːʿʗʭ˖ưʧ˘˜ǔʉˢDŽ˟˓˥ʓ˚ʉ΂ʗʬǂ DŽ˟˜ϺγˆϻʦˏƹDŽƹǂDŽǂǐǥǤǤǧω˝ˏƹ˛˕ǖωʬγ˙ʬDŽǂ ʒʬǂ˚ʩ˥̮ʩ΁DŽʉ΂˕(^BasavanǔǖʉʭʍˑːˉDŽʉʙƴDžƹ˚DŽʉ΂˕

(MS. Elliott 254ưǔʉ˥ˏǂʉʌưǔʉʗʭː΂˕ƹɎʧ˘˜

Ϣ૸।άໆ

Ǩ-ǧƲˑ˥ːˆʉˁ˛˓ʟʩʕDžƹƹʩ̮

Ǭ-ǩω˕ƹʧ˓˜ω˒˟ʳʿ˒˔˦ʭʢ˛˓ʟʩʕƱʧʯƹDŽǔƹǖʩ˒˟ʹʬDŽƹDŽʉʙƴǖʒʯʨ΁ʩʬɂDŽʉʌDŽǂɎƹ˛ˏʉʬDŽ ǧǧ-ǭɎʧʏ˥˒˛ˆ˟Ͱʯ˛˓ʟʩʕƱωː˒ǖƹ˔˥ʗʬƴ˛˒ʉ˕ǖʩʭʥƻʉʭʗ˕ƹǂʧʠ˒ωʌʉˢDžDŽƹƱDŽʉʼʖ˕ƹDžƹDŽǖǂγ˕ʉˊʯʉʾǔʉʗʬƹǂͮˢǟ

ωͯʩʕ˛ʌω˕ʉ˓ˏƴDžƹ˛˓ʟʩʕƱͮ˥ʓǖȀω˕ʉ˓ˏƴ˛ʌ˛˓ʟʩʕƱωˏǖʩ̏˟ͯǂƹʁˆωˏ˟ʸʉ˕ƴDŽǂωˉʉʣʬƹɎʉ˜ʮˣǖDŽǂǖω˕ǖDŽDžʉͯǐʉʣʬƹ˟ʌƹ

ǨǤ-ǧǨɎʩʦˆʒǟʠʢωʬDŽʉˆ˛ʌ˛˓ʟʩʕƱωˏǖʩ̏˟ͯǒʉ˓ʟ

ǩǤ-ǨǥDŽ˟̍ω˓ʓʉʥʧ˒ʉʢǔʉ˥ˆ˟ʲʒˢʉͰʢDŽƹʪ˜Džƹ˛ʖˆʉˢ˟˕Ɏƹ˛ʦʭ˖

ǩǩ-ǩǥω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧǟ˦ʬ˛ʬʩʥ˛ˏʉʥωʗʬǖǂ ǩǭ-ǩǪɎDŽ˟Ͱʯƹω˘˦ʭʢʩˇʿʟʧǟ˦ʬʋʄʉʲljʉ˥ʌ ǪǪ-ǪǤω˕ʉ˓ːʬͮʌʉʌʉʵDŽʧ˥˓ʢǔʉʗʭ˦ʬʤˢDŽʉʓωʭͰʾȀʉ̮γ˒ʧˊ˒ʩʎωʓʉͯƹDŽʧʗʬƹǟ ǫǦ-ǪǫɎʧʿʬȚʧ˘˝ˆʉʵDŽʧ˥˓ʢǖƹǔƹʧ˕ʉʥǖ‰Ɏ˟ʠʌʮ˖ƹǂDŽ˟΁ʉʓ˚DŽƹ˟˝΁Dž–ʩʾʉʯDžƹʩ΂ˢǂωˢʉ˜ω˜ʉ΁ƴ ǫǩ-ǫǧωʣ ǜʲωˇˢʩʯ˔ʭʣ˒˅ˢƹʩʻγ˘˥ˇʬǖ˅ˢʉʹˏγʾ˟˓ʠ˒DŽǂωʟʉʢʫ˓ʯǖǂDŽʉʿʯƹωʬDŽʩʎ ǫǬ-ǫǪω˓ʓʉʥǐǂʉʲʧǟ˓ʣ˒ʩʛƹͮˢǓʉ˕ʩʎω΂˕DŽǂƲɎʧʲƽʉʌ˟ʖͰ˒ʉˢˑˢʧˉƽʉʌ˟ʖͰ˒

ǬǤ-ǫǭωˏ˟Ͱʰͯω˕ʉ˓˥ːʬƹDŽʉʬƻʉʏˏϺƹƻʉʏˏDŽǂ‰˔ˢǟ

ʧˏƹLJǖʩʾ–ǔƹ˟˘ʾωˏʉʥɎʉʟǒʉ˓ʖʢƹͮˢωʬDŽʩʎ Ǭǫ-ǬǥDŽ˟˒ʉ˕ʩ˝˒ʉ˥ͯˈ˥ˆ˟ʓω˥ʣˢ΀˘ʟdžʉʬƹʩʎω˕ʉʗʭ˦ʬωʥǟʩˆDžƹωʓʉ˥ʌƹωʬDŽʩʎ ǭǩ-ǬǬɎǂ˟ʏ˝ʌ˛˕ʉʣˢDŽ˛ʸ˟ʹʌ˔ʌƹγ˒ʉ˕ʩˇʬɎʉ˜˛ʦʭ˖Ǐʉʰʗͯƹʩ˦ʭ˒˔˥ˉʩʰʗʭ˒ɎƹǂDŽʩˤDž

ǭǬ-ǭǪ^{ω˜ʉʯ˟˕ǏDŽʉʾ}˚ǟDŽʉˉ˛ʐʯ˚ʉ΁ʧˢǂDžƹʉͰˢʩ˒ƴ˚ʩ΂˘ͯγ˕ʉʦʌʉʖͯωʬDŽʉˆωǟ

ʹʥɎʉ˜˛ʦʭ˖ʒʬʩ˝ˆʒǟ˥ǟ˓˜ƹ ǥǥǧ-ǭǭ˟ː˕ʧˢƴǂʉǟʠʬǔƴˑʼ˕ǔʉ˒Džǖ˚ʧ˘ˢƹʩʬǖ̮ͮ˟ͯγ˒ʉ˕Džʩ˒ƹʩˆɂDžʉʓʡ˥ʣʳʓɂDŽʉʌDŽǂωʓʉͰ˕

ǥǦǧ-ǥǥǨʒͯʉʬǔʉ˓ːʬ˛˓ʟʩʕƱɎǂʉ˝ˏƹ˅ʬ˟ˢ(ǔƹ˟˥ʣˏƹʽʄʉʏʸDŽǂωʰ˜ǖ̓̏ɂDŽʉʌDŽǂωʓʉʣ˥ʵ˟ʓƲ˛˓ʟʩ˒ʉˢ˛˓ʟʩʕ ǥǨǩ-ǥǦǨω˕ʉʌʩ˝˒ωˏ˟ʬDŽǔʉ˒ǂƹDŽƱDŽǝǂʉʖˇ˜Ɏ˟ʬ˟˒ʉʵDŽʧǟ˦ʬʉ˥˕ʧˏƹʋˢʉʠʾɂʧʯʡ˥ʣʳʓ˔ʖ˒DŽǂωʓʉʼʢϻ˒

ϔ਼࡛࣪ূ΍߮Ώభ̶ਪ୓δ঒ϩ୑

ʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧǟ˦ʬ˛˓ʟʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖǔʉʗʬʉʌω˒ƹDŽƴǂʉ˙ʬƹDŽǂωʬDŽʉ̍ʋʳ˘˒ǖʋˊˏͮˢǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ

ǥǩǥ-ǥǨǪω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉ

(ࠀࠁ̶ࠗ਩߮ଶ࣐ࣅψভ߮ϤঃϩϡϪࣥਵభϡ΋ୌ΋

ǥǩǨ-ǥǩǦωʣˏʉʲ܀ʩʳ˕ʉʯʉ̍ƽǂ˟ʟʧ˓ʢƹDŽʉʙƴ

ஷ̵୓Ϧ૛তϪৗϹΫ߮Ώభ

ǥǩǪ-ǥǩǩωˉǂʉʲǏʩʯƹωːʾ‰ωˢƹDžǞ˔˦ʯ–ǖ‰ωˢƹDžǞ˔˦ʬ–ɂDŽʉʌDŽǂωʣ˥ʵ˟ʓ ǥǩǭ-ǥǩǫDŽ˟̍ωʗʬƹDŽǂ˟ʿʭ˒Ǟʧ˘̮Ǡ

ʧ˘̮

ɱɴɶ

ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧǟ˦ʬγ˓ʟʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ (ǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ ωˢʉ˜ʮ˜ǖ̓̏

ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ لﺎﺳ ،مﻮﺳ ۀرود (٩٣-٩٢) مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ۀرماﺷ ١٣۹٩ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ [١٤٠١ رﺎﻬﺑ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا]

ˑʟʩʖ˒ʒʯƹǂǂʉˢ ư΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖưǏǖʩʿ˒ʧ˘˓ʰ˖ƹǂDžƹ˛ˏʉˊ˒˔ˢʩʥƴ˔ˢƹ ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯȀʉ̮ǖƹǔʉ˝΁ʉ˕ȱʩ˒Džƹʫ̎ǒʉʬͮˢ˛ͯʒʬƹ

˛̮ džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ– γʾ˟˓ʠ˒ DŽǂ ˛ˏʉˊ˒ ˔ˢƹ ǔʧ˕ʉʠ˘΁ ʋʐʬ ǖ˛˒ʉ˘˜ʉʯǂƹ˟ʖˇ˜ˎʲƹ˔ʖˆʉˢDŽǂǖƹγ˕ƹǂʉʗʬƹɂ˟˦ʯ‰Ʋʧ˘ͯω˒

Džƹ˛ˏʉˊ˒Ǟ˔˓ʵDŽǂʒʬƹǔʉͰʌʉʌʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹγ˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯʒʦǝʌǔʉʖˇ˜

˔ˢʩʕˑ˝˒ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯǂʉˢ˚DŽʉʯƹ˛ʌʪ˥˕ωʾʩˆǞɎ˟˂ˏʘʣʏ˒ʧ˘̮

Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌɎ˟ː˝̍^KƝQư˚ǂƹ˟˕ʉʥγ˓ːͯǓǖǂƳʪʟDžƹʧ˘ʓDŽʉʏʾʉ˜ǔƴ DŽǂ ǂʉʏʸ˟˜Ǔʉ˕ ư˟ʭʔʧ˘˕ʉ˒ ωʓʉ˓ːͯ ʧ˕˟ʭ̎ ư‰ωˢʉˢDŽǂ ǂDžǂ–

Ǔϻʾƹǖư˛˘˒ǂ ǖ ˛ː˥ːͯɎ‰˛ʄƹDŽDžǖǖǔƹǂʩʠˏƹͮː˒ƻʉʌ–

ưǔʉǟ

Ͱ Ǟʬưǔʉʗʬʧ˕ʉ˒ǖʧ˕ʉ˒ưˑǝˢ˟΁ưDŽϻ΁ưǔʉʗʭ˜ʩˤƹǞωˢʉ˥ˆƹʩ˂ʟ ǖnjʉʟDŽƹɂ˟˦ʯDŽǂ^ʩ˝ʯ˟ʌʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹʒʦǝʌǖưǔƹ˟ʖˇ˜ư˚DžƹʩʎưDŽ˟΁

DŽǂ‰ωʬDŽʉ̍–Džƹǂ˟ʳˊ˒ʧʰ˖˚ǂƹǂɎʩ˥˥˂ʓ˚ʧ˙ʭˣ˟˕Ǟωʭˣ˟˕ƹǖƴ ǖ ǔƹ˟˘ʾ ʒʬƹ ‰ωʰ˙˒ʉʦ˜– ǒǟǖƹ γː˜ǖ DŽǂ ˛ˏʉˊ˒ ǔƹ˟˘ʾ ʒʬƹ˔˥˘̮˛ˏʉˊ˒ˎʲƹω˕ʉʰ˖

- HENNING :DOWHU %UXQR ³(LQ SHUVLVFKHU 7LWHO LQ

$OWDUDPlLVFKHQ´ LQMemoriam Paul Kahle %HUOLQ SS :%+ENNING, Selected Papers, ,,$FWD,UDQLFDSS

ωʢƹ˟˕DŽǂʉ˜ǒʉʬ˛ͯωʬDŽʉ̍Ǟ˚ʧ˕ʉ˒ʩˆư^(:DLGUDQJDɱ˛΂˕ ǜDŽʧˢ ǜǖ

ͮˢDŽǂưʒʯƹǂω˜ʧ˕ʉ˒ʩˆǓʉˊ˒^ǔƹ˟ʬƹʩʳ˒ƻ˟˘ʟǞɎDžʩ˒

Džƹʮ˦̍ɴɱɶLJ˟ˢDŽƹǂω˜ʉʯǂʉ̍ˑʗʰ˜ǒʉʬ˛ʌˈǟ

ːʿʖ˒Ǟʧ˙ʬ ǔƹ˟˘ʾͮˢư(^5DEণDLOƗ‰ƹ˟ˉʫ˦ʄDŽ–ǔƹ˟˘ʾʩʎ˚ǖϻʾưǂϻ˥˒

ɲʒʬƹ^+SWতSĢǔƴǖ˚ʧ˒ʉ˥˕ʩ΂ˢǂɎʉʟDŽǂ˛ͯǂDŽƹǂʪ˥˕ʩ΂ˢǂ

˔˥ʗ˘ˇˏƹ Ʊ^Yebʋ˦ˢ Ǟǔʉˢǂ˟˝ˢ ˛ͯ ωˆǖʩʿ˒ γ˒ʉ˕ʒˢʉͰʯ Džƹ ωˏƹǖư^(%DJXZDK\Dɳ˛ǜ˥˜ǜ˟ǝ

΂ǜʌ˛ʌǂ˟ʥǞˎͰ˥˜ω˕ƹʩˤǖʋʐʬ˛ʌ ǒʉʬ DŽǂ ˛΂˕DŽʧˢǖ ˔ˢƹ ˛ͯ ʧˢƴω˒ʩʎ ưʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʯ˟˕ ư˛ˢǂ˟˝ˢ

˛ǜ

ͯ ǜʩǜ

ʕ ǜʩˆǔƹ˟˘ʾǂϻ˥˒Džƹʮ˦̍ɴɱɰLJ˟ˢDŽƹǂω˜ʉʯǂʉ̍ˑ˜ǂDŽʉ˝̮

ʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯNJʉʏ˘ʗʬƹωʗʬDŽǂ˛ʌ˔ˢƹDžƹ^ɴʒʬƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ(^Frataraka

˛΂˕DŽʧˢǖ γʏʓʩ˒ ɎʉˊʓDŽƹ ʩʎ ʒˏϺǂ ǔƹ˟˘ʾ DŽǂ ʩ˥˥˂ʓ ˔ˢƹ ˛ͯ

Džƹʩʕǖʩˆ˛ʏʓʩ˒DŽǂ˛ͯʩʕʩˆ˛ͯʒʯʉ΂˕ƹˑǟ

ːʭ˒ǔƹ˟ʓω˒^ɵǂDŽƹǂ ʩ΁ƹǒʉʢʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌǖƹDžƹʫ̎Ǔʉˊ˒˔˥ˏǟǖƹǖƻƹʩʕʉʬƻʩ˝ʯ ǔƹ˟ʓω˒ư˚DŽ˟ͯˑͯʉʢ˛ͯʩʕʩˆǖʧʯʉʌ˚ǂ˟ʌʒˏʉˢƹˑͯʉʢƻʩ˝ʯ ʧʯʉʌ˚ǂ˟ʌ˛˥ʢʉ˕ˑͯʉʢʪ˥˕^+SWতSĢ˛ͯǂʩͯljʩˆ Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^SDWLʞˢƹDŽγ˓ːͯʉʌƹDŽǔƴ˛ͯư˛˓ːͯʩʥƴƳʪʟDžƹƹʧʟ ǔʉʭͰˢ ǔʉʗʬʉʌ ω˕ƹʩˤƹ DŽǂ ‰ʫ˦ʄDŽ ưʧ˕ǖƹʧʥ ưDŽǖʩʬ–

˛ʌǔʉʭͰˢ˛ʌDŽʉʌǖǂǔ˟̮˛ͯʧˢʧʟʋˊˏ˔ˢƹɂDŽʉʌDŽǂưʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʭ˖ƹǂ Ɏʉ˜ʩʼ˕ωʶʿʌʪʟǂʩʎǔƹ˟ʓω˓˕ǔƴǂDŽ˟˒DŽǂˑːˊˏƹ˟˝ʬ˔ʻ˛ʖˆDŽDŽʉͯǟ ǒ˟ˊ˘˒ʩ΂ˢʉ΁ǂDŽʉ˝˕ʩʎʒʬƹ˚ʧʰ˖˛ʖˇ΁Ɏʪ˥̮ǔ˟˘ͯʉʓωˇ˘˒

ʒʬƹʧ˥ʿʌƹDŽ^KSWতʉ˒ƹ–ʒʬƹ˛ʖˇ΁(ǦǦǪLjư΀˘˥ˏʩͯƻʉʖͯDŽǂ

ʋʐʬ˛ʌ ưʒʭ˖ƹǂ ʷʏʓʩ˒ ‰ʒˇ˜– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ ^KDSWDʉʌ ǔƹ˟ʖʌ džʩːˢƴ ˑ˝ːˢǖ ǖ ‰ǔƴ DŽǂ ω˒ʉͰʭ̎ Ɏƹǖƴ ͮˢ ǂ˟ʟǖ ʒʬƹ˛ʖˇ΁ (Archiv für Orientforschung 6

˔ˢƹ ʉʌ ^Ǫ‰ʒʬƹ ω˘ʿ˒ωʌ ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ ^KDI৬D[YD– Ɏǂϻ˥˒Ǔ˟ʬǔʩˉˎˢƹǖƹDŽǂʋˊˏ˔ˢƹ˛ͯʧˢʉ˓˕ω˒˔˥˘̮ưǒʉʢ

˛ʖʏˏƹǔƴ˔ʖʥʉ˙ʯɎƹʩʎǖʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌǒǖƹʧʖ˒ǔʉ˘̯˓˜ǔƹʩˤƹDŽǂ ʒʬƹǓDžϺʧ˘ːʌωʯʩ̏

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Ʋʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ

ǞƽDŽ˟ʲˑˁDŽ˛ʌ˛ͯʧˢƴω˒ʩʎϻ˒ƹ˔ˢƹDžƹǖʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʯ˟˕^\ʉʌ˛ʗʬ˟˥̍ƹDŽǓʉ˕˔ˢƹ .ǥ ˎ˥˒ƹʧ˕ƹ˟ʥ^:DLGUDQJDʧˢʉʌƹDŽǔƴư^0LXWUDDQNDω˘ʿˢư˛˓ːͯω˒ϻ˥ʾ

Ǔʉ˕ưω˒ϻ˥ʾɎϻ˒ƹ˔ˢƹʫ̎DŽǂ(^{(%(19(1,67(, JA6}ʒʭ˦˕˟˘ʌ

˛˘ˢʩˉ˛ʌ ǞǏʨʢ γʹʬƹǖ˛ʌ Ǚ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹ Ǔʉ˕ ˔ˢƹ ʒʬƹ˛ʖʥʉ˙ʯDžʉʌ ƹDŽ ˛΂˕DŽʧˢǖ

‰ʮ˖ƹǂɂʧ˕DŽƹǂDŽƹ˟ʗʬƹ–ω˘ʿ˒˛ʌ:DLGDGUDQJDDžƹʒʬƹˈʗʰ˒(^+DSORORJLH 2. (*.RAELING, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri1U=

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ʒʬƹ˚ʧ˦ʬʩ˗˔˒ʩʼ˕˛ʌɎʩ΂ˢǂɎƵDŽ .Ǫ

΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ

ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧǟ˦ʬ˛˓ʟʩʕ

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ɱɴɷ

(ǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧ ǟ ˦ʬγ˓ʟ

ʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ

ωˢʉ˜ʮ˜ǖ̓̏

ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ لﺎﺳ ،مﻮﺳ ۀرود (٩٣-٩٢) مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ۀرماﺷ ١٣۹٩ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ [١٤٠١ رﺎﻬﺑ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا]

ưǔʉͰʌʉʌʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹưω˕ʉʬʉʬγːʭːʬDŽƹʨ΁ǔʉ˥˙ʌ^ǫγ˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDŽǂ

˛ͯʒʬƹ˚ʧʯ˛ʖˇ΁˔ʦʬʒʦǝʌǔʉʖˇ˜Ǔʉ˕˛ʌɎʩ˥˒ƹDžƹDŽǟʩͰ˒

ƹDŽʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹǖ˚ʧ˕ƹDŽω˒ˑͰʢdžDŽʉˆωːʢʉʬωʌ˟˘ʟωʢƹ˟˕ʩʎ ʒʦǝʌǔʉʖˇ˜ ˔ˢƹ ʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ˚ʧ˘΂ˆƹ ʋʿʓ ǖ ʞ˕DŽ ˛ʌ DŽʉ˦ʭʍ ǖʒʬǖƹωʗʭ˜ʋʐʬ˛ͯǂDŽǖƴω˒ʒʬǂ˛ʌ‰ω˒ʩͯ–ʉˢʉ˜ǂȚƹ ʧ˘˘ͯω˒ʮʗʬʩ̏ǖʮˣʉʗʬǔƹǂʪˤƹǔ˟̮ƹDŽǖƹʮ˖ƹDŽʉˢǖǂ˟ʥ

˛ʌ˛ǟʟ˟ʓʉʌDžʉʌưʧʬʩʎʩʼ˕˛ʌLjʉʥǓʉ˕˛ͯǔƴ˟ˏǖưʒʦʌǔʉʖˇ˜

ˑ˥˕ƹ˟ʓω˒ ω˕ƹʩˤƹ ʒǟ

˙ʬ DŽǂ ʋˊˏ ǖ Ǔʉ˕ ω΂ʰ˦˓˜ ω΂ʖʦ˥˒ƴ

˛ͯ˔ˢƹDŽǂʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌωʏˊˏǖǔƹ˟˘ʾǠ

ˎʲƹDŽǂ˛ͯˑ˥˘ͯljʩˆ ǖʧ˕ƹ˚ǂDŽǖƴDŽʉ˓ʯ˛ʌLjʉʥǓʉ˕ˎʏˉʉ˜ƽǟ

ʧ˒DžƹƹDŽʒʦǝʌǔʉʖˇ˜

‰Ɏʉˢ˟΁ǐʉˊʗʯƹ–˛ʖʏˏƹʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʯƹʧ˕ƹǖDŽʧˢǂʩʕǔƴωʗʬDŽǂDŽǂ

˛ʌƹDŽǔƴǔƹ˟ʓω˒ǐʉˊʗʯƹ˔ˢƹʩʎʉ˘ʌǔ˟̮ưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌʩǟ ʛʁ˒ʺˇˏ

‰ʩʖʥƹ ʒˇ˜ γʹʬƹǖ˛ʌ ˛ʖˆʉˢɎDŽʉ΂ʗʬDŽǔʉʖˇ˜ ɂʧ˦ʰʦʌƽʉʠ˕–

ˎʲʉʢƹDŽǔƴǔƹ˟ʓω˒ǔ˟̮!˔ˢƹDžƹʩʖ˝ʌ˛̮ǖǂʩͯω˘ʿ˒

ǂDŽǖƴDŽʉ˓ʯ˛ʌ‰ǔʉʗʬʉʌǔʉ˥ˉʩʯωʗʬʩ̏˚DŽʉʗʬ–

ƽʉˊ˥ˊʣʓʋʢʉʲǞˈǟ

ˊʣ˒˔ˢʩʕωːʲƹư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ǏDž˟ˢ

˛ʖˆʉˢDŽǂ˛ͯʒʬƹωʭͯʉ˝˘ʓưǔƹʩˤƹʤˢDŽʉʓʽʌʉ˘˒ɂDŽʉʌDŽǂɎǂʉˊʖ˕ƹ ωͰˢDŽǂǖʒʬƹʒʬDŽǂʉ˕ʩ˥˒ƹ˔ˢƹǓʉ˕Džƹǒ˟ˊ˘˒ǞˎͰʯ˔ˢƹ ʒʬƹ˛ʗʯ˟˕DŽʉʳʖʥƹ˛ʌ^ɸǂ˟ʥʩ˝ʰ˖ƹʩˤƹƻʉʖͯɎʉ˜˛˦ʯʉʢDžƹ Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌưʒʬƹ^+DIWƗQSƗWǙ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹǓʉ˕˔ˢƹωːʲƹ ƽDŽ˟ʲ–

ƹDŽωʬǖǂʩˆǂƹ˟ʖˇ˜ǖưʒʬƹ^ʩʖʥƹʒˇ˜ʒˢʉ˓ʢDŽǂ˛Ͱ˕ƴ

˛˥ʟ˟ʓ˚˟˦ʯ˔ˢʩʕǔʉʬƴ˛ʌǔƹ˟ʓω˒ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˔˥˓˜γʹʬƹǖ˛ʌʪ˥˕

ʩͯǟ

ʨˏƹˈʌʉʬǐʉˊʗʯƹʧ˘ʌDŽǂʒʬƹʧ˥̍˛ͯư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒‰ǂʩͯ

ʩʼ˕˔ˢƹ˛ʌˎˢʉ˒ʋʐʬǔƹʧʌ˛ʖʏˏƹǒǟǖƹγː˜ǖDŽǂưʒʬƹ˚ʧ˕ʉ˒

ʩʼ˕ǟ

ʧ˒DŽǂƹDŽ^ɹωʬDŽʉˆɎ˟˕ʉʙʽʌʉ˘˒Ǟ ǃƹ˟ʖˇ˜ʉˢǂƹ˟ʖˇ˜˛ͯ˚ʧʯ

˛ʖʏˏƹƹDŽʺˇˏ ǞƽDŽ˟ʲ˔ˢƹ˛ͯʒʬƹ˔ˢƹˑ˜ʽˉƹǖǖʒʬƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ

˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯʒˢƹǖDŽǔʉ˓˜DŽǂʩ΁ƹ˛ͯƹʩˤDžưʒʯƹǂʩʼ˕ǟ

ʧ˒DŽǂʧˢʉʌ ǞƽDŽ˟ʲưʒʬƹǔƴDžƹʫʐʖˊ˒ωʬDŽʉˆDŽʉʙƴƽʉˢƹǖDŽ˛ͯưʪ˥˕

DŽ˟ʹʥʫ̭ͯ˥˜˔˜ǃ˛ʌ˚ʉ΁ǔƴưʒʯƹǂω˒ǂ˟ʟǖʒʦǝʌǔʉʖˇ˜

ǔƴư˔ˢƹʩʎ˚ǖϻʾʧ˕ƹ˟ʦʌɎʩ΂ˢǂ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˛ʌƹDŽǔƴ˛ͯǂʩͯω˓˕

˛̮ʩ΁ư˚ʧ˒ƴ^ɱɰɎʩʏʸʤˢDŽʉʓDŽǂ˛ͯǓʉ˕˔ˢƹDžƹωˏǟ

ʧʏ˒ ƽDŽ˟ʲ ʒʦǝʌ˛ʌωːʲƹǓʉ˕˛ͯʧ˘ͯω˒Ǔ˟ːʿ˒Džʉʌư˚ʧʯ˅ˢʩʣʓʒʦʬ ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯω˓˕ˑʖʥ ʷʏʵ ǔƴ ωˏǖ ư˚ǂ˟ʌ ƻƹ˟ʲ ˈˢʩʸ ʩʎ ˛ʖʏˏƹ ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒

ǂ˟ʟǖ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯωːʲƹʩˤʩʣʓDŽǂˑ˥˘ͯω˒ǔʉ˓΁˛ͯljǖʩˇ˒

Džƹʩʕͮˢǂʪ˗ʒʭ˜˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯωːʿˆʩˤʩʣʓDŽǂ˛̮ǔƴ˛ʌ˛ʗʯƹǂ

˛ͯω˘ʿ˒˔ˢʧʌưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌǖƹ˔˜ǃDŽǂ˛ͯʒʬƹɎʪ˥̮ǔƴ

S¶W˛˕ ʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ?ƽʉʌA ^-b’t˚ǂ˟ʌ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDŽǂ ˛̯˕ƴ ǟ

ʷʥDŽǂ?ʒʦǝʌA^EZতWǖ^-b’tǔʉ˥˒Ǐϻʖʥƹǖư?ƽʉ̍A

ǔ˟̮ǂDŽƹǂ˛ˆʉʵƹ^Zͮˢ^EZতW˛ͯʒʬƹ˔ˢƹʷˊˆɎ˟ː˝̍

ǂ˟ʯω˒˛ʗʯ˟˕ˎͰʯͮˢ˛ʌ˅ˏƹǖ?ǁǀA^তɎ˟ː˝̍ʷʥDŽǂ˛ͯ

ƽDŽ˟ʲǓ˟ʬ ƽDŽ˟ʲưϺʉʌ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˛ʬǔʉ˥˒Džƹ˛ͯ˔ˢƹʉ˒ƹ ʧˢƴω˒ʒʬǂ˛ʌɎƹ˛˕ʉ˥˒ʉʾǐʉˊʗʯƹDžƹʒʬƹʒʬDŽǂǖˎ˥ʲƹ

˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDŽǂ ʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ƴ ʡˢ˟ːʓ˛ʌ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˔ʖ˒ ǂ˟ʥ DŽǂ ˛ͯ

=ɱɴưʮʯʒʯƹǂʩʭ̎ʒˇ˜ǂʩˆ˔ˢƹ˛ͯʒʬƹ˚ʧʯ˛ʖˇ΁

ʪ˥˕ ˛˒ʉ˘˜ʉʯ DŽǂ ǐʉˊʗʯƹ ˔˥˓˜ ˛̮ʩ΁ƹ ^{(ɷdž ưɲɸLj}

ǖƹ˛ͯƹʩˤDžƹʒˆDŽ˚DžƹǖƴǖǓʉ˕ʩʎ˛˕˟΁˔ˢƹʩʎ˚ʧʯʩͯǃʡˢʩʳʓ˛ʌ

˛ʬ˟ʬǖ˛ʌʪ˥˕ƹDŽɎƹ˛˒ ǟ

ϻʾʫˣ˟˕΀˘˜ʩˆǖ^ɱɱʒˇ˜ǂ˟ʌʩʭ̎ƹDŽ

ǂDŽƹǖ ƹDŽ ‰ʩʭ̎– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ ǂƹǖǂ˟ʟ˟˒ʉ˕ Ǟʒ˂ˏ ˛ͯ ˛ʖʥƹʧ˕ƹ DŽǂǔƴʮˊ˕˛ǟʟ˟ʖ˒ωʗʬDŽǂ˛ʌDžʉʌ^ɱɲưʧ˘ͯωʬDŽʉˆɎʉ˜΀˘˜ʩˆ

ƻƹDŽƹǂȀʉ̮ˈʌʉʹ˒ʧ˘ʌǖˎʳˆǓƹ˚ǂƹǂnj˟ʟDŽ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDžƹƽϺ˟ˊ˘˒˛ʌ˚˟˦ʯǖǂ˛ʌ.ǫ ʉ˥ʗ˕ƴωʟ̌ʬʉʬʩͯωʟǒƹǂƹȀʉ̮ˈʌʉʹ˒ʩʹʬǖ˛ʣˇʲǖ˛˕ʉʠ˙ʬ˔ʓ˟ʰ̎

ʒʭ˦˕˔˒džʩʗʬǂDŽǂǔ˟˘ͯƹ˛ͯʧˏ˟˕DŽǖǂ˟ʇʓγ˓ʟʩʕ

8. -0$548$57, ƜUƗQãDKU$

ưʞ˕ʩʗʭˏγ˓ʟʩʕƻ˟ːˊˏƹʑ˜ʪ˗ưDŽʉ˝ʌʡ˥ʣʳʓưǪǤLjʤˢDŽƹ˟ʖˏƹˎ˓ʠ˒ư˛˒ʉ˘˜ʉʯ .ǭ ʉ˜˔ˢƹʪʟǖ(ǥǧǬLj ǂ˟ʥ˛ͯư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯʷʏʵͮ˓ͯ˛ʌʉ˜ʷʏʵʡ˥ʣʳʓbγ˦ʯʉʢưǩdžưǬǥǫLjưǥƿ .ǥǤ

ʽ˒ưǥǨdžưǧǭLjưǦƿư˚ʩ˜ʉˉʧˢʧʟȀʉ̮DŽǂƱʩ˓ʙωʌʒʬƹɎDŽʉͯưʒʬƹʧʬʉˆ Ǐʨʢʪ˥˕ƹDŽʉ˜ǒʧʌ˛ʦʭ˖ǖʧ˕ƹ˚ǂDŽǖƴ˔ʖ˒DŽǂƹDŽω΂ʖʥʉʬƽDŽ˟ʲͮˢʷˊˆ˅ʬϺƹ ʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯ

Ng/'(.(, Tabari$

ʪ˥˕Ɏʩʖʥǂǂƹ˟ʖˇ˜ư˛˒ʉ˘˜ʉʯDŽǂ ǨǭǪʒ˦ʌưǥǭǨǬLjưˑʖˇ˜ʩʖˆǂưǔƹʩ˝ʓȀʉ̮ .ǥǥ

˚ǂ˟ʌ˔˥˘̮΀˘˦˘˜nj˟ʟDŽǟ

ˎʣ˒Ȁʉ̮A‰Ɏǂʩ˓ʰ˖ʫͯ˛ʌƹDŽǔƹʩʖʥǂǖƹ–ωˏǖưǂDŽƹǂ Ȁʉ̮DŽǂǖʉ˜˛ʦʭ˖ωʶʿʌDŽǂ‰ʫͯ˛ʌƹDŽǔƹʩʖʥǂǖƹɎǂʩ˓ʰ˖˛ͯ–ʒʬƹ

?ʒʬƹʷʏʵ‰ǔƹʩʖ˝˒–ư‰ǔƹʩʖʥǂ–Ɏʉʟ˛ʌωˊˏʉʥ ǂƹǖʧ˘˕ʉ˒ʪ˥˕ǔƴʩʎ˛ͯư‰ʩʭ̎–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌωʬDŽʉˆɎʉ˜΀˘˜ʩˆǞʩ΂ˢǂʒ˂ˏͮˢ .ǥǦ ʪ˓˥ʟ˛ͯʒʬƹʒʦǝʌʉˢʒʦǜʌưʒʬƹɎʩʖ˓ͯǂʉ˓ʖʾƹ˛Ͱːʌưʒʭ˦˕Ɏǂʉ˓ʖʾƹ DžƹǙ

ϻʜ˒˛ͯǔʉ˘̮ʒʬƹ˚ǂʩͯʉͰǟ

ʓƹǔƴ˛ʌ(ǬǦLjưǦƿưω˕ƹʩˤƹƽʉʿǟʏʗʓʩʖʗʭ˒DŽƹǂ

˛ͯưʩʳ˕Ǟʒʦǝʌʉˢʩʳ˕ʒʦʌǓʉ˕DžƹƹDŽω˘ʿ˒˔ˢƹưʒʬƹDŽʉͰʯƴɎʧ˦ʯDŽ΀˘˜ʩˆ ʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯnjƹʪʖ˕ƹưʒʬƹʩʳ˕ʧǜ

Ͱǝʏǜ

˕Ǐǟʩʣ˒

ɱɴɸ

ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧǟ˦ʬγ˓ʟʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ (ǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ ωˢʉ˜ʮ˜ǖ̓̏

ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ لﺎﺳ ،مﻮﺳ ۀرود (٩٣-٩٢) مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ۀرماﺷ ١٣۹٩ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ [١٤٠١ رﺎﻬﺑ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا]

˅ǟ

ˏʁ˒˔˜ǃDŽǂ˛ͯɎ˟ː˝̍ʒ˂ˏǔƴƹʩˤDžưʧ˕ƹ˚ʧʰ˖˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ

Ʊʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʏ˕ωʠˢƹDŽǔƹʧ˘̮ʒ˂ˏʪ˥˕ǔƴʩʎˈʌʉʬ˚ǂ˟ʌ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ

ǖɎ˟ː˝̍DŽ˟ʌDžDŽǂ^¶ZE¶WɎϻ˒ƹ˛ʌ˛ͯʒʬƹωʖ˂ˏǂ˟ʳˊ˒

Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒ǖʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ƴωʌʉʖͯǞɎ˟ː˝̍ǟ

ʷʥ˛ʌ^¶ZE¶WNɎϻ˒ƹ˛ʌ ʉ˒˛ͯʒʬƹǔƴˑ˜ʽˉƹǖʒʬƹ‰ǔƹʧ˕Džʩˆưƻʉˊʾƹưˎʭ˖–ǔƴ ʉ˒ƹ ^ɱɳư⁽D‰ƗW" R‰ƗW" ǀEƗW"ˑ˥˕ƹǂω˓˕ ƹDŽ ǔƴ ʒʬDŽǂ ʺǟ

ˇːʓ

˚ǂ˟ʌ^+DIWǀEƗWʘʣʌǂDŽ˟˒ʋˊˏʉˢǓʉ˕ˎ˒ʉͯ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˛ͯ˔ˢƹ ω˕ƹʧ˘̮ʩʛƹ^{(YƗG‰ƗGʉ˜ʧʿʌ+DIWD‰ƗW}ʉˢ^+DIWR‰ƗWʉˢ

˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˅ǟ

ˏʁ˒˔˜ǃDŽǂ˛̮ǔƴưǒʉʢʩ˜DŽǂƱǂDŽƹʧ˕ʘʣʌDŽǂ ǒǟ˟ʣʓ ωʬDŽʉˆ ǂƹ˟ʖˇ˜ ^ɱɴʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ Ɏʪ˥̮ ˔˥˘̮ ˚ǂ˟ʌ ʒʬƹ˛˓ːͯ˔ˢƹˈ˥ˉǂǖʒʬDŽǂ

˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDŽǂDŽ˟ͯʨ˒γ˘Ͱ˒ƹɎʉ˜Ǔʉ˕ǞɎʉʟ˔ʖˆʉˢ˛ʌƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒

ƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜ ^ǥǩʒʬƹ˚ǂʩͯ ω˕ʉˢʉʯ ͮ˓ͯ ʪ˥˕ ǔʉʗʬƹǂ ƾǂƹ˟ʢ ǖ

DŽʉͯ˛ʌʘʣʌγ˒ƹǂƹDŽǂDŽʉʳʖʥƹʴʣ˒˛ͯʒʬƹωʓDŽ˟ʲ˔ˢƹƱ^+DIWREDW

ʮʦʌ˛ͯ˚ǂ˟ʌωˢʉˢDŽǂǔƹǂDžǂǖǔʉ˕ʪ˜ƹDŽɂǂʩͯʩʬ^{ǂʩʎˑ˥˜ƹ˟ʥ} ǖ˚ǂ˟ʌ˚ǂʩͯ˔˒ƹʉ˕ƹDŽdžDŽʉ̍ɎʉˢDŽǂˎʢƹ˟ʬǖdžDŽʉ̍ωʌ˟˘ʟ

ǥǪω˕DžʉˢDŽǂ ǖ ɎǂDžǂ ˛ʌ ʧ˙ʬ ʉʓ ƹDŽ ǂ˟ʥ ˑͰʢ ʒʣʓ ǂƹʩˆƹ ǖƹʩʭ̎ʒʬƹ˚ǂʉʗʬʩˆω˒(ǦǪLj!Ǩưʮʯư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯƱ^SDGKƝQƯK

γ˕ƹʩͯʫ̎^ǥǫưǔʉʗʭ˜ǜʩˤƹʩʎDŽʧ̍ǏʩʸDžƹ˛ͯǎǖƹȱDŽʪʎʩʭ̎ǎ ǔƴDŽǂdžDŽʉ̍ɎʉˢDŽǂǏǖʩʿ˒ωːʲƹDŽʧ˘ʌư^Ɏʩ˜ʉʸǏƹʩ˦ʬ

ɎƹʩʎʉˢDŽǂˈˢʩʸDžƹ ƽDŽǖʩʵǓʉ΂˘˜˛ʌư˚ʧ˕ƹDŽω˒ˑͰʢưǔʉ˒Dž ˑ˜ƹʩˆ ^ǥǬʉ˜ω˕ʉǟ˓ʾ ǖ ʉ˜ƻʩʾ Džƹ ωͰ˓ͯ Ɏʉ˜ǖʩ˥˕ ǖƹ

ǥǭɎƹ˛˥ʢʉ˕DŽǂʽˉƹǖ˚ǂ˟ʌʩˊʗʭ˒ɎȚǂDŽǂǂ˟ʥǖƹʒʬƹ˚ǂDŽǖƴω˒

ǂ˟ʥʪ˥˕ȚǂǓʉ˕ʒʥʉ˙ʯ˛ͯǔʉ˘̮ưʒʥʉ˙ʯDžʉʌƹDŽǔƴǔƹ˟ʓω˓˕˛ͯ

DŽǖǂǔƹʧ˘̮DŽʉʌʉˢDŽǂDžƹʒʭ˜˛̮ʩ˜^ǦǤʒʬƹnjƹʪ˗ǟ ˎʣ˒

ωˊ˥ˆ˟ʓȚǂ˛ʌ˛ː˓ʢDŽǂ˛ͯǔƴDžƹʫ̎ʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹƹʩˤDžưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʏ˕

Ʊ^{EƗUƯGUD\ƗE}DŽʉʌʉˢDŽǂɎ˟ʬ˛ʌʒˆʩ΁ʮ˦̍DŽƹʩˆ˚ƹDŽǖʒˆʉ˥˕

Ǧǥʧ˕ʉ˒˛ͯʧ˦ʬDŽω˜ǂ˛ʌʉʟǔƴDžƹʒˆDŽ(ǭdžưǧǥLj!Ǧǩưʮʯ

Ɏʉ˜ƻʉʖͯ DŽǂ ˛ͯ ω˕ʉʌʉ˥ʌ Ǔʉ˕ (ǧǥLj !ǥ ưʮʯʒʯƹǂ Ǔʉ˕

ʧ˕ʉ˒ǂǖDŽǓʉ˕ǖ˚ʧ˒ƴǔʉʗʬʧ˕ʉ˒ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˛ʌǔʉ˕ʉ˓ːʭ˒ωˢʉ˥ˆƹʩ˂ʟ ưʒʬƹ^ǦǦǔʉǟ

Ͱ ǞʬǂǖDŽω˘˦ˢʉ̍ʒ˓ʭˉ˛ͯưǔʉʌʉ˥ʌǔƴƽDŽǖʉʠ˒DŽǂ ʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹωʰͯʩͰʰˏƵʧʏ˒ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯ˛ʖˆʩ΁ˎʣ˒˔˥˓˜Ǔʉ˕Džƹ DžƹDŽʉʌ˔ˢʧ˘̮Ǚ

ʉʿʏʸ˛ͯʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌǂʉʌƴDžǖʩ˥ˆ˚ǟʩʥʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹǙ ƹʩ˜ʉʻ

ưʒʰ˜DŽ˟΁ω˘ʿˢưʩ˝ʯǞωːʲƹǓʉ˕ʉʌǔƴǞDŽʉʌǖǂư˚ʧʯ˚ǂʩʎǓʉ˕ǔƴ ʪ˥˕ɎǂǖDŽʩʗʭʍDžƹωʖʢ(ǭdžưǨǤLj!ǥư˛˕ƱǧdžưǨǤLj!ǥǬ

Ǔʉ˕˚ʧ˕ʉʬDŽω˒ǔʉǟ

Ͱʬ˛ʌDŽ˟΁ɂDŽǂDžƹƹDŽƻƴǖ˚ʧ˘ͯʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹ˛ͯ

ǥǫưDŽʉ˝̮ư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯʒʬƹ 5njG>Ư:DUƗ]DJ@ǔƴǖưʒʬƹ˛ʖˆDŽ

˚ʧʯ LJ˟˒ƹʩˆ ˛˓ːͯ ˔ˢƹ ʒʬDŽǂ ʺǟ

ˇːʓ Ǔϻʬƹ Džƹ ʧʿʌ ǒǟǖƹ ǔǖʩˉ ǔʉ˓˜ DŽǂ .ǥǧ

˛ʌǔƴˎˊ˕Ǔʉ΂˘˜DŽǂAǔƴǔʧ˕ƹ˟ʥDŽǂ΀˙ʬ˟ˢʩ˗˚ʉʏʗʯƹDžƹ˛ͯǔʉ˘̮ưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒Ʊʒʬƹ˚ʧ˕ƹ˟ʥ^¶QE¶WNƹDŽ˛˓ːͯ΀˙ʬ˟ˢʩ˗ǂ˟ʯω˒Ǔ˟ːʿ˒?ʧ˕Džʉ̍

LJʉ˘˒ǝǂLJʉ˘˒ǝǂʡ˥ʣʳʓDžƹǥǭǪLjưǫưˑ˜ǂDŽʉ˝̮ˎʳˆưDŽƹDžǖω˕ʉ˓΁ʧ˘Ͱʯ

˔ˢƹʉʟǔƴDŽǂʉʶˉDžƹʒʬƹ˚ǂʩͯǂʉˢʪ˥˕ʒ˂ˏ˔ˢƹǒʉ˓ʿʗʬƹʩ΂ˢǂʽʵƹ˟˒ωʶʿʌDžƹ DŽǂ˛˓ːͯɎ˟ː˝̍Ɏϻ˒ƹKDIWDQEƗGDDʒʬƹ˛ʖˆDŽDŽʉͯ˛ʌʒˇ˜^haftʉʌ˛˓ːͯ

˔ˢƹư^–kǏʩʢDžƹ˛ʗʯʨ΁ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯˎˊ˕(ǦǨǫLj˔ʖ˒˔ˢƹDžƹʒʬǖʡ˥ʣʳʓ ǂDŽƹʧ˕ωˆϻʖʥƹʧʯʩͯǃǧɂDŽʉ˓ʯ ƽDŽ˟ʲDŽǂ˛̮ǔƴʉʌ˛˓ːͯˎͰʯ ʧʢƹǖ γʦʭ˖ ͮˢ džʉʬƹ DŽǂ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯǂ˟ʟ˟˒ ˔ʖ˒ ˛ͯ ǂʩͯ LJ˟˒ƹʩˆ ʧˢʉʏ˕ .ǥǨ

ͮˢDžƹωˢʉ˜ʫˣ˟˕ǖDŽǔƴǂ˟ʟ˟˒Ɏʉ˜˛ʦʭ˖ω˒ʉ˓ʓ˛ͯω˘ʿ˒˔ˢƹ˛ʌưʒʬƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ ʒʬƹDŽ˟˝ʰ˒^0.Ǔʉ˕˛ʌǖʒʬƹǂ˟ʟ˟˒ʪ˥˕Džǖʩ˒ƹ˛ͯʧ˕ʧʢƹǖˑˢʧˉγʦʭ˖

Ɏʪ˥̮˚ʧ˒ƴDŽʉ˓ʯ˛ʌ˔ʖ˒Ɏʉ˜ǒʧʌ˛ʦʭ˖ư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯɎʉ˜Ȁʉ̮DŽǂ˛̮ǔƴư˔ˢƹʩʎʉ˘ʌ ǔʉʦʬʉ˕NJϻˁƹʪʟʒʭ˦˕

ǞǓʩͯǖƽʉʏʖˇ˜ǔʉʗʬƹǂ˛ͯǂ˟ʯω˒Ǔ˟ːʿ˒˛ʟǖ˔ˢʩʕ˔ʯǖDŽ˛ʌǖƹƽʉʿǟʏʗʓDžƹ .ǥǩ ǔƴ Ɏƹʩʎ ʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯ ljʩˆ ʉ˜ʧʿʌ ʒʬǖǂǐʉˊʗʯƹ Ǟǔʉ˥˕ƹʩˤƹ ˛̮ǔƴ Ǐϻʥ˛ʌƹDŽ ǖƹ DŽǂʧ˘ʌʉ˥ʌưǔʉ˒ʩͯω˘ʿˢưdžDŽʉˆDŽǖʉʠ˒ʒˏʉˢƹǓʉ˕Ɏƹʩʎωːʲƹ˛ͯʧ˕ƹ˛ʖʥʉʭ˖

ǖʧʿʌDŽƹǖǂƹǔƹʩͰǝ˒ǔʉʗʬʩǝ

Ͱǜ˒Džƹǖǔʉ˒ʩͯ Ǟʒˏʉˢƹ˔˥˓˜Džƹʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ

ưǦǦLj!ǥǦư˚ǂDŽʉ˝̮ǂDŽǖƴω˒ǂʩ΁ʩͰʰˏƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜ǔʧʯʩ˜ʉʻDžƹʮ˦̍džDŽʉ̍

ǖ(ǥǥdžưǨǤLj!Ǧư˛˕ʧʗʬʩˆω˒‰DžDŽʉʌ–΀˘ʟ˛ʌǔʉ˒ʩͯ˛ʌω˜ʉ̑ʬǖ(ǭdž

ưǥǤdžưǦǪLj!ǧư˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯˑʰʯƻʉʌˈʌʉʹ˒˛ͯƽʉʏǝʖˇ˜ʉʌǔʉ˒ʩͯNJʉʏʓDŽƹDžƹ ʒʭ˦˕ǔʉ˥˒DŽǂω˘ʦʬʒʬƹdžDŽʉ̍DŽǂǖƹɎʉʟ˛ͯ˚ʧʯ˛ʖˇ΁Ǚ

ʉʣˢʩʲ ʪ˥˕ωˢʉˢDŽǂǂDžǂˈǟ˥ʶ˒ǞɎʉ˘ʿ˒ͮˢ?‰˔˓ʯǂ˚ʉ̑ʬư˚ʉ̑ʬ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌA^KƝQγ˓ːͯ .ǥǪ

ω˘˒DŽƹDŽǂ^KƝQʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒Ʊʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ˚ǂʩͯƹʧ˥̍

Ʊʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ƴ^¶\OতVW¶QɎʉʟ˛ʌ(ǥǤdžưǦǬLj! ǥǩưˑʰʯƻʉʌDŽǂ^¶OতVW¶Q.ǥǫ

˚ǂʩͯǖƹ˛ͯωʣ˥ʣʳʓ˛ͯưǨǨǨǧLjưʩ˝ʰ˖ƹʩˤƹư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒˛ʌǂ˟ʯnj˟ʟDŽ ǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒Ʊʒʭ˦˕ǓDžϺʒʬƹ˚ǂʩʎǔʉ˓΁˛ͯ˚Džƹʧ˕ƹǔƴ˛ʌ?ǔʉʗʭ˜ƹʩˤƹω˘ʿˢA ωˢʉʗʬǖDŽ–ˎ΂˥̑ʯƹʡ˥ʣʳʓDžƹǥǭdžưǥǧLj ǦǧưǓ˟ʬǂʩ΁ʩˆưǂƹʧˢʧ˕ǖʧ˕Džʉʌ

‰(]XIUUǀVWƗJFƝJǀQ¶\OতVW¶Qǔʉʗʭ˜ǜʩˤƹǔ˟̮ưʒʭ̎ωˢʉʟDŽǂɎƹ˛˥ʢʉ˕!

P\FZQǒǟǖƹƳʪʟʒʬDŽǂ ƽDŽ˟ʲ(ǥǥdžưǦǬLj!ǥǩưʮʯ^0\þQ\N¶Q.ǥǬ DŽǂ^P\FZQ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˛ʌ˛ǟʟ˟ʓʉʌʉʟǔʉ˓˜ư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒˛ʌǂ˟ʯnj˟ʟDŽƱʒʬƹ ʉʓ ʪ˥˕ DŽʉʌ ˔ˢƹ ?^PFZQA ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ ʡ˥ʣʳʓ ư(ǩdž ưǦǤǬLj˔ʰ˜ʧ˘ʌ ʒʬƹωːʲƹ ƽDŽ˟ʲDžƹDŽǖǂɎƹ˚Džƹʧ˕ƹ γ˥ʢʉ˕ω˘ʿˢư^*ǀ]LKUƗQʉˢ^*ǀFLKUƗQˎʲƹDŽǂǙ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹʉʟǔʉ˓˜ư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ .ǥǭ ǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ʒʬƹDŽ˟ͯʨ˒dž˟˕ʉ˥ͯ˟ˏ˔ˢʩǟ˓ʿ˓ˏƹDŽʉʏʥƹDŽǂ˛ͯω˒ʉ˕˛ʌˈǟ

ːʿʖ˒

.(ǫǨLjưɎʩʏʸư˛ͯʧˏ˟˕ʉʌ ư ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒˛ʌǂ˟ʯnj˟ʟDŽƱDŽϺƹ Ɏʩʏʸ ʤˢDŽʉʓDŽǂư^*XOƗUɎ˟ː˝̍˔ʖ˒DŽǂ .ǦǤ

ư(ǨǪLjưǥǭǩǩ˔˝ͯǔʉʗʬDŽϺưǂ˟ʥʧ˥ˇ˒ƻʉʖͯDŽǂɎDŽƹʧʖˉƹʧ˓ʢƹʉʟǔʉ˓˜

DŽϻǞ΁DŽϻǝ

΁Džƹʒʬƹωˏǟ˟ʣʓɎ˟ˉǒʉ˓ʖʢƹ˛ʌ˛ͯư˚ǂʩͯǂʉˢɎDžǖʩ˒ƹDŽϻǞ΁Džƹ DŽǂǂ˟ʥ˛ͯʒʬƹʽˉƹǖʩ˝ʯʧ˥ʌƻ˟˘ʟωʦʬʩˆˑ˥˕ǖͮˢDŽǂ˛˒ʉ˙ʬDŽʉˆˈʌʉʹ˒

΀˘˜ʩˆˈʌʉʹ˒ƱǔƴDžƹωʦʬʩˆʮʯγːʲʉˆDŽǂưʒʬƹʽˉƹǖˑǝˢ˟΁ωʌʩˁƻ˟˘ʟ ˑǝˢ˟΁DžƹʩʕDŽǖǂʩʖ˒˟ː˥ͯǩǨωˢʉ˥ˆƹʩ˂ʟ DŽǖǂ ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ ʩʼ˕ Džƹ ʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹ ʒͯʩʢ ʒ˝ʟ ˑ˝ˆ Ɏƹʩʎ ˑ˝˒ Ǔʉ˕ ˔ˢƹ .Ǧǥ

ʒʬƹ˚ʧ˕ʉ˒

ˑ˜(^6LFFDQDVʒʬƹDŽ˟ͯʨ˒ω˘˥ː̍dž˟˥˙˥ː̍ƻʉʖͯDŽǂˑ˜ ƽDŽ˟ʲ˔˥˓˜˛ʌ .ǦǦ

ʩʼ˕(ǥǦdžưǬǬLjư˔ʰ˜ʧ˘ʌƱ^VN¶QɎ˟ː˝̍DŽǂˑ˜ǖωʌʩʾɎʉ˜˛ʗʯ˟˕DŽǂ

˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ƱʒʬƹɎʩ΂ˢǂʪ˥̮ǔƴɂDŽʉʌDŽǂ(ǥǫǫLjư΀˕DŽƹǖǂǖʩ˜ǖ ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒

.^:720$6&+(., Küstenfahrt Nearchs6ʉʌǂ˟ʯ

ɱɴɹ

(ǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧ ǟ ˦ʬγ˓ʟ

ʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ

ωˢʉ˜ʮ˜ǖ̓̏

ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ لﺎﺳ ،مﻮﺳ ۀرود (٩٣-٩٢) مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ۀرماﺷ ١٣۹٩ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ [١٤٠١ رﺎﻬﺑ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا]

ωʦːʌ˔ʌƹγ˒ʉ˙ʬDŽʉˆDŽǂ˚DžƹʩʎǂǖDŽʉʌʩʎƹʩʎ(ǬǫdžưǦǧLj!ǥǬ

ʉʓ˛˥ʢʉ˕ǟ

ˎͯưω˕ʉʬʉʬωʖˏʉˢƹƽʉ˓˦ʭˊʓDŽǂ˛ͯˑˢDŽǖʉ˥ʌǂʉˢ˛ʌ ˈǟ

ːʿʓ^Ǧǧ˚ǟʩʥʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹ^ɂDŽ˟ʥɂDŽ˟ͯ˛ʌDŽϺωͰˢǂʪ˗ʉʓǖǏƹʩ˦ʬ ʪͯʩ˒DŽǂʒʬDŽǂư˚DŽ˟ͯ˔ˢƹωʌ˟˘ʟγ˓˥˕ʷʬǖDŽǂʒʬƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ

ǦǨǔƹ˟ǝ

ʖˇ˜Ǔʉ˕˛ʌȱDŽʪʎω˜ǂDžǖʩ˒ƹưǓʩ˝ʟDŽϺǏƹʩ˦ʬʘǟ ːʜ˒

ƽʉʏʖˇ˜ɂʩʸʉʥʧˢǂʩʕωʌǔƴǓʉ˕DŽǂ˛ͯʒʬƹʽˉƹǖ^Ǧǩǔƹ˟ǜ ʖˇ˜

ʱǟ

ʦʰ˒ƻ˟ʥɎʉ˜˛ʰˊ˕γ˓˜DŽǂ˚ǂ˔ˢƹʒʬƹ˚ʧ˕ʉ˒ωˉʉʌ DŽǂư˚ǂ˟ʏ˕ʽˉƹǖǖDŽǔƹǖDŽʉͯɎʉ˜˚ƹDŽʩ˦ʭ˒DŽǂǔ˟̮ωˏǖ^ǦǪưʒʬƹ ʒʬƹ˚ʧʰ˖ɎʩͯǃǔƴDžƹˑˢʧˉʽʌʉ˘˒

ʉʓǂ˟ʌǓDžϺǔʉʗʬƹǂɎʉ˜Ǔʉ˕Ɏʉʟǖʉ˥ˆƹʩ˂ʟ˛ʌʩʼ˕˔ˢƹ ʋʐʬǙ

ʉʬʉʬƹʉˢưƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇǜ˜ǞɎƹʩʟʉ˒ʧʢDžƹʮ˦ʌˎ˥ʳˇʓʋʐʬǟ ɂDŽʉ˘ͯDŽǂ˛ͯ˚ǂ˟ʌǔƴʋʐʬʒˆʉˢDŽǂǔƹ˟ʖʌƹDŽưǖƹɎƹʩʟʉ˒ʩͯǃ ʮʔƴư˛ʗʯƹǂɎǟʩˆǖǟʩͯǔƴDŽǂƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜˛ͯɎƹ˛˥ʢʉ˕ωˏʉ˓ʯ ǔƹ˟ʓω˒ʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌʽˉƹǖưˀʏ˕ʩˆDŽǃƴưω˕ʉʬʉʬγːʭːʬdžʧˊ˒ǟ Džƹω˂˒ǂʉˢDžǒʉ˓ʖʢƹ˛ʌ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˅ǟ

ˏʁ˒˛ͯǂʩͯljʩˆ˔˥˘̮

ʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌωʗʯǂDŽDžʒǟ˦˕ʉʢǖDŽ ǞȱDŽʪʎʮʔƴ˔ˢƹǔʉ˂˒DŽʉ˓ʯ ʧ˘˕ʉ˒ωʌωˢʉ˙ʯƴɎƹʩʎǔƹ˟ʓω˒˛ͯʒʬƹ˛ʹʬƹǖ˔ˢƹ˛ʌʉ˝˘ʓ γʹʬƹǖϻʌǔʉ΂ˢʉʭ˓˜ʉʌǎʽʌʉ˘˒ʩ΂ˢǂʉʌdžʉ˥ˉDŽǂǎ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ

ƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜ʉʌ΀˘ʟωʏ˜ʨ˒ʩʳ˘ʾǖˎ˒ʉʾǖʒˆʉˢω˝ʟǖǔʉ˕ƴ ωʢƹ˟˕ʉʌƽʉʸʉʏʓDŽƹγʹʬƹǖ˛ʌưǖƹǖʩ˓ːˉDŽǂ˛ͯʒʥʉ˙ʯDžʉʌƹDŽ

(^1ƗJD˛΁ʉ˕ʮʗʬʩ̏ʮ˦ͯͮˢɎ˟ˉǟ

˔ʻ˛ʌưʧ˘˜ωːʢʉʬ DŽǂɎDŽʉʥǔ˟̯˓˜˛ʖʏˏƹʮ˦ͯ˔ˢƹǖưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ˚ǂʩͯǃ˟ˇ˕

ʧˢ˟΁ω˒˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˛ͯʒʭ˦˕ʒ˝ʟωʌʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌǔʉ˂˒ˑʰ̮

ʒʭ˖ƹ˟ʓ˛ͯǔƴǂǟʩʠ˒˛ʌưǂ˟ʥ˚ƹDŽDžʉˁƴDŽǂʒʬDŽǂưʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹ˛ͯ

˛ʌ˛ʠ˥ʗ˕DŽǂǖưDŽʉʌʉˢDŽǂ˛ʌǖǂʪˤʩ΂ʌω˕ʉͰʯƹ˚ʉʯʒʬǂDžƹ ʒʟʉʢ ǖƹ Džƹ ǖ ʧʯ ˀʏ˕ʩˆ DŽǃƴ ‰ǞDŽǂ–˛ʌ^ɲɷưʧʬʩʎ ưʒ˦˘˒ƹ

ɲɸǂ˟ʯDŽƹǂDŽ˟ʥʩʎǔƴɎDŽʉˢ Ǟʒʏ˜˟˒Džƹ˛ͯʒʬƹ˟ʥ ʽˉƹǖDŽǂưǔʉˢDŽʉͯ˚ǂω˘ʿˢưdžǟ

ʧˊ˒ʮʔƴ˔ˢƹǟ

ˎʣ˒ɂDŽʉʌDŽǂ

˚ǂ˟ʌǓDžϺƹDŽ˛̮ǔƴưˎʏˉǒʉʬʞ˘̍ǖǂʉʗʰ˜ưǔʉ˓ˆ˟˜ȱDŽ˟ʇ΁

ưωʬʧˊ˒γʖˇ΁˛ʌưʒʬʉʟʩʎʪ˥˕Džǖʩ˒ƹ˛ͯư˚ǂǔƴ^Ǧǭʒʬƹ˛ʖˇ΁

΀˘˜ʩˆγʖˇ΁˛ʌǖʒʬƹʽˉƹǖˑǝˢ˟΁DžƹDžǖDŽͮˢγːʲʉˆDŽǂ

DŽǂʧˢʉʯωʌʩˁƻ˟˘ʟɎʩʖ˒˟ː˥ͯǖǂǖˎ˝̮DŽǂưωˢʉ˥ˆƹʩ˂ʟ Ǟǔƹ˟ʖˇ˜ʉʌˎʣ˒˔ˢƹγːʲʉˆˑǝˢ˟΁ƻʩˁǒʉ˓ʯǖƻʩˁ˔˥ʌωˢʉʟ ωˢƹ˟˜γːʲʉˆ˛ʌʩʖ˒˟ː˥ͯǂʉʖˇ˜Džƹʮ˦ʌʒʬƹʧ˥ʿʌʩͯʨˏƹˈʌʉʬ

˔ˢƹωʿˉƹǖˎͰʰ˒ʉ˝˘ʓǟ

ˎʢʩͰˆDŽǂωʖʢǔʉ˓ˆ˟˜^ǧǤʧʯʉʌ Ɏʧ˘˜ ˔ʰ˜ʧ˘ʌɎʉʾǟǂƹ ǔƴ ǖ ʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ωʗʬDŽǂ˛ʌ ʪ˥˕ ˚ʩˊˆ ǔ˟˘ͯƹ– ǖ ǂʩʎ ˎʌʉͯ ˛ʌ ƹDŽ ʮʔƴ ̌ʬʉʗʰ΁ ˛ͯ ʒʬƹ ˎ˒ʉͯ ʩˤʩʣʓ ǔʧ˒ƴ ʒʬǂ˛ʌ Džƹ ʧʿʌ ʉ˒ƹ ^ǧǥ‰ʒʬʉʟǔƹʧʌ

˛ͯ ʧʯ Ǔ˟ːʿ˒ (ǧǦdž ưǥǦǩLj ưȱDŽʪʎ ʮ˜ʧ˘ʌ˔ʰ˜ʧ˘ʌ ưʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌʒʬDŽǂʉ˕ʷʏʵưǒǝǖʉͯ˔˥˒Džʩʬω˘ʿˢưǔʉʗʭˏǖʉͯ

ǔƹ˟ʓω˓˕ǔʉʬƴ˛ͯʒʬƹωˢʉ˜ʷʏʵʪ˥˕˚Džʉʓʩˤʩʣʓ˔ˢƹDŽǂωˏǖ

ƾDŽ˟˓˝ʓ γʦʭ˖džʉʬƹ γʦʭ˖ ʷˊˆ ^ǧǦʧ˘ʗʭ˦̮ ˛ͯ ʒˆʉˢDŽǂ ǂDŽƹǂƹDŽʒʬDŽǂʷʏʵ^ǧǧ(7'!ʉˢDŽʉʭːͰ˕ƹ˚ʉʰ˙ˢǂ

ǂ˟ʳˊ˒˛ͯ˛ʖˆʉˢDŽǂ ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ʒʬƹ˚ʧʯ˛ʗʯ˟˕^*ZE¶Oˬ*ZEOɎʉʟ˛ʌʷːˁ˛ʌ .Ǧǧ Ǔʉ˕˔ˢƹɎƹʩʎɎʩ΂ˢǂ˛ʟǖ˛ͯʒʬƹ˚ʧ˦ʯ˟ͯωˏǖư(ǥǨǪLjưǔʉ˓˜ʒʬƹ˚ǟʩʥʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹ Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌư^GaßrˎʲƹDžƹǂ˟ʥưʒʬƹ^*ǀU ǞʒʬDŽǂɎϻ˒ƹǠ

ǒǟǖƹɎϻ˒ƹʧʌʉ˥ʌ ωːʲƹɎʉ˘ʿ˒Ʊ˛˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆ˛ʌɎ˟˕ʉ˒ǔ˟ʖ˒DŽǂ^JEUʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒‰ǏDŽȚɂDŽǂ–

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˛˓ːͯʩǟ ʥʀʖ˒ʺǟ

ˇːʓʩ˥ʙʀʓʒʣʓʒʬƹʩǟ

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ʉ˜ǔƴʪʟǖǔʉ˜ʉʰ˖ʉ˒ʩͯ

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˛ͯǂ˟ʌ˚ʧʯωˢ˟΁ʮ˦̍ʒʰ΁ǔƴǒʉʏ˕ǂ˛ʌdžDŽʉ̍ɎʉˢDŽǂˎʢʉʬʩʎʧˢʉʌǙ ʉʿʏʸ˛ͯ

Ǔʉ˕˔ˢƹʧ˦ʬDŽʧ˜ƹ˟ʦ˕ǖƹ˛ʌʩ΂ˢǂǔʉ˥˕ʉͰʯƹʒʬǂưʧʖˇ˥ʌʉˢDŽǂ˛ʌʩ˦ʯǂDŽƹˑʰ̮ʩ΁ƹ Ɏʉ˜Ǔʉ˕ʩ΂ˢǂʧ˘˕ʉ˒Ǔʉ˕˔ˢƹ˛ͯǔƴʉʌưʒʬƹɎDžǖʩ˒ƹʩ˝ʯ˟ʌǓʉ˕ˎʲƹʧˢǂʩʕωʌ (ǨǦLjưʩ˝ʰ˖ƹʩˤƹ ƽDŽƹ˟ͯDŽʉ˒ʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ʉ˥˕ʩʕˑˢʧˉʽʌʉ˘˒DŽǂ(˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDŽǂDŽ˟ͯʨ˒

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˔˥˘̮ʪ˓ˢʉʓʫːʸƹʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯˎˊʖ˘˒ƻ˟˘ʟ˛ʌƹDŽǔƴɎʉʟǒʉʢ˔˥ʾDŽǂǖǒ˟ʸ˔ˢƹ ǖǂǖ˛ʟDŽǂǩǨưωˏʉ˓ʯljʩʾγˊ˥ˉǂǧǖ˛ʟDŽǂǦǬʒʬƹ˚ǂʩͯʧ˥ˉɎʪ˥̮

DŽǂ˛ͯǓDŽʉ˜ʽˉ˟˒ʉ˒ƹưʒʬƹ˚ʧʰ˖ʱǟ

ʦʰ˒˛ʰˊ˕DŽǂǔʉˢDŽʉͯωˉʩʯǒ˟ʸγˊ˥ˉǂ Ǩǧǖ˛ʟDŽǂǩǧưωˏʉ˓ʯljʩʾγˊ˥ˉǂǥǧǖ˛ʟDŽǂǦǬʒʬƹ˔˥˘̮ʒʬƹǔƴωͰˢǂʪ˗

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‰˛˕ʉʥǖʉ΁–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌưʒʬƹ

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ɱɵɰ

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ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

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ͯʩ˒ ƽʉ˓ːͯ DŽǂ ȫƹǖωʌ

˔˒ γ˕ʉ˥˒ ω˕ƹʩˤƹ γˏʉʬDŽ ʉʌ ǂ˟ʯ ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ ^N¶O¶QɎʉʟ˛ʌ ¶QG\P¶QJ¶O¶Q 0DVDEDWƝVLjʉʥǓʉ˕Ɏϻ˒ƹʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒Ʊ(^HENNING, Mitteliranisch6

ǒ˟ˊ˘˒˔˒ʋːʹ˒ʉʌǂ˟ʯ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ω˒ƹDŽƴǂʉ˙ʬƹ^0VSWʩʎƹʩʎDŽǂω˕ʉ˕˟ˢǂʉ˙ʬƹDŽǂ .(ǬǥLjưDŽ˟ˢƹDŽǂʩͯʨˏƹˈʌʉʬƻʉʖͯDŽǂ ωʖ˒ʉʲγʯ˟ʥǔʧʯ˚ǂʉʬγʹʬƹǖ˛ʌǙ

ϻʜ˒ .ǧǭ Ǚ

ϻʜ˒Džƹ˛ͯǔʉ˘̮ư‰ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌưɎ˟ː˝̍(^KDIWnjWDNʉˢ^KDIWǀWDNDŽǂ .ǨǤ Ƴʪʟͮˢ^tak-ʧ˕˟ʭ̎ưʧˢƴω˒ʩʎωˢʉʗʬǖƹ^ԧULãYDʉʌ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒DŽǂ^VULãǀWDN ǒʧʌɎ˟ː˝̍DŽǂωˢʉʗʬǖƹ^KDSWDKYDǞɎ˟ː˝̍Ǟǒǂʉʿ˒ư˔ˢƹʩʎʉ˘ʌʒʬƹɎ˟˕ʉʙ ǖ ‰ˑʠ˘̍ͮˢ– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ ^SDQMǀWDNʉʌ ǂ˟ʯ ˛ʭˣʉˊ˒ Ʊ^KDSWǀ˛ʌ ǂ˟ʯω˒

˔ˢƹ˛ʌǂ˟ʯ˛ǟʟ˟ʓưɎ˟ː˝̍ʧ˜ƹ˟ʯDžƹǔǖʩ˥ʌ‰ˑʗʰ˜ͮˢ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^DãWǀWDN Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ SDQMǀJ SQMZJʧ˕ƹ˚ʧʯ ˛ʖʥʉʬ ^ka–ʧ˕˟ʭ̎ ʉʌ ˛ͯ ƽʉ˓ːͯ

ǖ(JRAS65HFWR=Ɏ˟˕ʉ˒γ˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆDŽǂ‰ˑʠ˘̍ͮˢ–

(^Sogdica6ƱǦǧdžưʒʰ̎ȱʩʎưǔʉ˓˜‰ǓDŽʉ˝̮ͮˢ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^WDVVǀJ ǔƹ˟ʓω˓˕ͮˢ̭˥˜DŽǂǔƴʪʟǖ˟ʭʔωʬDŽʉˆDŽǂʒʬƹƿ˟ʭʸǔƴƻǟʩʿ˒˛ͯ

ǔʉʗʬʉʌωʬDŽʉˆDžƹ˚ʧ˕ʉ˒Džʉʌʧ˜ƹ˟ʯDŽǂ˛ͯʒˆʉˢǔʉʗʬʉʌω˕ƹʩˤƹ^[KDžƹɎʩʛƹ

˛ʠ˥ʗ˕ʧˢʉʌǙ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹư˔ˢƹʩʎʉ˘ʌǖʒʭ˦˕ǔƴDžƹω˕ʉʰ˖ʪ˥˕ω˒ϻ˥ʾǂʉ˙ʬƹDŽǂʉ˝˘ʓ

ZK\ãW¶Zʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ˚ʧʯ Ǐʨʢ džDŽʉ̍ Ɏʉ˜˛ʠ˝ˏ Džƹ ωͰˢ DŽǂ ˛ͯ ʒˆʩ΁

ǖ˚ʧʯ˛ʗʯ˟˕^ZK\ãWZɎϻ˒ƹ˛ʌƽDŽʧ˕˛ʌ˚ʉ΁˛ͯư‰ʒʰ˝ʌ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ˛˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆ DŽǂʒʬƹ˛˕ʉ΁ƹʧʟ˛ǟʟ˟ʓʧ˘˒Džʉ˥˕ư‰ǁDžǖǂ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^GZãZ[ʉʌʒʬƹˎʌʉˊʓDŽǂ ʧ˜ƹ˟ʯ˛ʌưʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯǔʉʗʬʉʌωʬDŽʉˆDŽǂɎʩʭͯǂƹʧʾƹɂDŽʉʌDŽǂǙ

ƹʩ˥ʥƹ˛ͯωʜʢʉʏ˒

ʒʬƹ˚ʧʰ˖˛ǟʟ˟ʓ˛˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆ

26=(0(5e1<,, Stud. Indo-Eur. Num.6$QP.+OFFMANN, KZ6II*&AMERONXQG,*(56+(9,7&+, JNES 6II

ʒʬƹʩʎƹʩʎ^ãDLãPDNDãω˒ϻ˥ʾ ƽDŽ˟ʲưˑ˥˘ͯɎDŽǖƹǂ^WVZJɎǖDŽDžƹʩ΁ƹ ω˒ϻ˥ʾ ƽDŽ˟ʲ ʉʌ ʒʬƹ ʩʎƹʩʎ ^SQMZJƱ(^FDãX˛˕ ǖ ^FƗoXYDNDʉʌ

.^SDQVXNDã˛˕ǖSDQVXPD>NDã@

ωʓʉ˓ːͯ Džƹ ˛ͯ ʧ˕ƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ˎˢʉ˒ ωʢƹ˟˕ ǖ ƽϺʉˢƹ ǔʉ˥ˏƹǖ ˔ˢǖʉ˘ʾ ƻʉʦʖ˕ƹ DŽǂ .Ǩǥ

˛ʖʥʉʬ ‰ǔʧ˥ˢʉ̍ ưǔǂʩͯ ʒʼˆʉʣ˒– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^SƗγʰˣDŽ ʉʌ ˛ͯ ʧ˘˘ͯ ˚ǂʉˇʗʬƹ Ǚʉʼˇˏ‰ƻʩ˝ʯ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ[ãDԧUDSƗYDQǔƹ˟˘ʾDžƹǙϻʜ˒˛ͯǔʉ˘̮ưʧ˕ƹ˚ʧʯ

5ǀãQNǀIƯJSDG.¶OQ\N¶Q^ǧǨGHK

‰ʒʬƹǔʉͰ˥˕DŽʉͯǞ˚ǂ˛ʌ˛ͯ^ɳɵ˔ʯǖDŽǞ˚˟ͯ–

ƳƹDŽ ʧˢʧʰʔ ˛ʌ ư^.ƗUUL\ƗQˎʲƹ DŽǂ Ǚ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹǔʉˢDŽʉͯ ˛ͯ˔ˢƹ DŽǂ ʒʬƹƲ‰ǔDŽʉͯ˛ʌƻ˟ʭ˙˒–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^.ƗUQƯNƗQǞʩʕʧˢʧʟ ǞƽDŽ˟ʲ ʒʭ˦˕Ɏʧˢǂʩʕ ǖω˒ƹDŽƴ^+SWতSW¶˛˕˟΂̮˛ͯǂʩͯˈ˥ˊʣʓǔƹ˟ʓω˒ǒʉʢ Ǔʪː˒˛ʖʏˏƹưǓǖǂγ˓ːͯǂDŽ˟˒DŽǂʧ˘ʹʏʓʩ˒ʩ΂ˢʧͰˢʉʌƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜

ʩ΁ƹǖƹ˛ͯƹʩˤDžưˑ˥˘ͯǂʉ˓ʖʾƹ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˅ǟ

ˏʁ˒ʩʼ˕˛ʌ˛ͯˑ˥ʗʭ˦˕

ͮˢDžƹϻ˒ƹDŽǂDžʉʌưʧʯʉʌ˚ǂ˟ʌʽːǟ

ʹ˒˛˓ːͯʒʬDŽǂʺǟ

ˇːʓDžƹˑ˜

˛ͯ ˚ǂʩͯ Ɏǖʩ˥̍ ˛ʗʯƹǂ DŽƹʩ˓ʗʬƹ ʉ˜ǔʩˉ ˛ͯ ωʏʖͰ˒ LJDŽʉ΂˕

˔ˢƹ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯ˅ǟ

ˏʁ˒Ʊʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʏ˕Ǔ˟ːʿ˒ǖƹɎƹʩʎǔƴ˚ʉ΂ʗʬʉʥ ʉʌ˛ʖʏˏƹʉ˒ωˏǖư˚ǂʩͯω˒ωǟ

ˊːʓ?˅ˏƹʉʌA^তSW¶ZE¶WƹDŽ˛˓ːͯ

ϻ˒ƹ˔ˢƹDžƹǂ˟ʳˊ˒˛ͯˑ˥˘ͯljʩˆˑ˥˕ƹ˟ʓω˒ʩʸʉʥǔʉ˘˥˓ʸƹ ʉ˒ʩ˥ʥƹˎͰʯ˔ˢƹʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ?˅ˏƹɎʉʟ˛ʌ^তʉʌA^{তSWতZE¶W} Džƹʒʬƹʋǟ

ͯʩ˒ǂ˟ʥ˛ͯω˒ƹDŽƴγ˓ːͯǔƴ˛ʌʧ˘ͯω˒ˎʲǖƹDŽ

ωˢʉʗʬǖƹ^KDSWDKYDʉʌʩʎƹʩʎ‰ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ–Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ^KDIWD[XZD ʒʬƹǂʩˇ˒ωːʾʉˆǏʩʲ˛ͯư^SƗWƗǖǔʉʗʬʉʌωʬDŽʉˆ^KDIWDXYDǖ

˔ˢƹ Džƹ ^ǧǪ‰ʋˉƹʩ˒ ǖ ʺˆʉʢ– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒˛ʌ ^SƗWDU Džƹ

KDIWD[ZSƗWƹʧʖʌƹ˛˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆ˛ʌǒʉˊʖ˕ƹDŽǂKDIWD[XZDSƗWƗ

ǖ ^ǧǬư˚ʧʯ DŽƹʧͯƹǖ ǂǖDž ωː˥ʥ ǔƴ ^S˛ͯ ^ǧǫư˚ʧ˒ƴ ǂ˟ʟǖ ˛ʌ ʒʬƹɎʪ˥̮ǔʉ˓˜˔ˢƹǖư˚ʧʯ^{KDIWD[ZEƗ৬}˛ʌǒʧʌ˔ˢƹʩʎʉ˘ʌ

ƽDŽ˟ʲ˔ˢƹDžƹ˛ͯ˔ˢƹʒʬƹǔƴDŽƹǂ˟˓˕˛˓ːͯɎ˟ː˝̍Ɏϻ˒ƹ˛ͯ

KDIWǀEƗWǓʉʠ˕ƹʩʬǖ^KDIWDXEƗWʺǟ

ˇːʓưʧʿʌDŽƹǖǂƹDŽǂư˛˓ːͯ

ˎʌʉˉˎͰʯʧ˘̮˛ʌ˛ʖʏˏƹʧʯʉʌ˚ʧ˒ƴǔǖʩ˥ʌ˔ˢƹʧ˘˕ʉ˒Ɏʪ˥̮ʉˢ ǂƹʧʾƹ˛ͯ˔ˢƹʉʌʒʬƹDŽʉ΁Džʉʬǒʉʢʩ˜DŽǂǖ^ǧǭʒʬƹ˔˥˦ʏʓ Ǚ

ʉˆʩʲưǔʉʗʬʉʌǞω˕ƹʩˤƹ^D[XZDǏϻʥ˛ʌư˛˕ʉ˥˒ωʬDŽʉˆɎʩʭͯ

ǨǤʧ˕ƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ^njʉˢ^ǀʧ˕˟ʭ̎ɎƹDŽƹǂ ʺˆʉʢ–ǔƹ˟˘ʾǔʉ˦ʰ˙˒ʉʦ˜ƽϺʉˢƹǞωʢƹ˟˕ʫ˦ʄDŽʩ΁ƹǒʉʢ

˛ͯ ˑ˥˘ͯ ljʩˆ ʩ΁ƹ ʒʬƹ ǒ˟ˊʿ˒ ʫ̎ ư˛ʗʯƹǂ ‰ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ ωǟ

ˊːʓǒ˟˓ʿ˒ǖωʿ˥ʏʸɎʩ˒ƹ˛˥ʢʉ˕ʒˇ˜˛ʌƽϺʉˢƹˑ˦ʭˊʓ ƹDŽω˓˦ʭˊʓ˔˥˘̮ˈʰ˒ʩʬǔƹ˟ʖʌʒʬƹ˔Ͱ˓˒Ʊʒʬƹ˚ʧʯω˒

ʒˇ˜˛ʌǔʉ˝ʟǔƴˈˆǖʩʎ˛ͯưʒˆʉˢω˕ƹʩˤƹωʬʉ˙ʯǔʉ˝˥΁DŽǂ

˔ˢƹ˛ʌʉʰ˒ʒʬDŽǂʒʬƹ˚ʧʯω˒ʮʦʌ(^NDUãYDU‰DŽ˟ʰͯ–

˛ʌ ω˕ʉʬʉʬ ɂDŽǖǂ DŽǂ ǔƹʩˤƹ ω˜ʉʰ˙˜ʉʯ ǟ

ˎͯ ˑ˦ʭˊʓ ưˑ˦ʭˊʓ ƹDŽ ǔƴ Ǟˑͯʉʢ ˛ͯ ʒʬƹ ^{dž˟΁ǂʉ̍ ƱSƗGJǀV}‰ʒ˝ʟ– DŽʉ˝̮

ʉʌˈʌʉʹ˒ǖ^Ǩǥʧ˕ƹ˚ʧ˥˒ʉ˕ω˒ǔʉʐʬǖǂʉ̍ưǔʉʐʬ˟΁ǂʉ̍^SƗGJǀVEƗQ

ɱɵɱ

(ǥǦƲʧ˘ͯω˒˛̮džʉ˙ʯ˛ʰˣDŽ ω˒ʉˊ˒ˑʄʉˉʉʵDŽʧ˓ʢƹʧ ǟ ˦ʬγ˓ʟ

ʩʕƱ΀˘˦˘˜˟˕ǖʩʎʩʖˏƹǖ

ωˢʉ˜ʮ˜ǖ̓̏

ˈ˥ˊʣʓƻʉʌDŽǂ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ لﺎﺳ ،مﻮﺳ ۀرود (٩٣-٩٢) مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ۀرماﺷ ١٣۹٩ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ [١٤٠١ رﺎﻬﺑ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا]

˛ͯʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯω˒ʮʦʌɎƹωʢƹ˟˕˛ʌƹDŽʒˏʉˢƹʩ˜ưˈʰ˒ʩʬǔƴ ưʒʬƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ‰ʽʌDŽưǓDŽʉ˝̮ͮˢ–ω˘ʿˢư^WDVVǀJǓʉ˕ͮˢʩ˜

ɎDŽƹʨ΁Ǔʉ˕Ǐϻʥ˛ͯ˚ǂ˟ʌǔʉ˘̮Ǚ

ʉʏˏʉˁʉ˜ǔƴDŽʉ˓ʯ˛ʖʏˏƹʉ˒ƹ Džƹ˔˥˒Džʩʬǔƴ˔ʗʬDŽDžʉʌDžƹʫ̎ưdžDŽʉ̍DŽǂɎDŽʉʌ^ǨǦʒʬƹ˚ǂ˟ʌ ʒˆʉˢ˛˒ƹǂƹǔʉ˦ʰ˙˒ʉʦ˜ʒ˙ʬưǔʉ˥˕ǖ ʧˊ˒ǖǔʉ˥˕ʉ˕˟ˢγʹːʬ ˑˢʧˉ˔˙ʬDžƹʒʼˆʉʣ˒ȚǂǔƴDŽǂưdžDŽʉ̍DŽǂ˛ͯʒʬʉʟ˔ˢƹDžƹ ƹDŽ+DIWD[XZDSƗWƗǖ^Fratarakaʋˊˏǖǂưωʬʉ˦ʬǖω˘ˢǂ ɎʉʟDŽǂʉ˥ːʾʩʳ˒ ǞǏǖʩʿ˒ωʰ˙˒ʉʦ˜ǂʉ˙ʬƹʪʟ˛ͯˑ˥ʌʉˢω˒

ưǔʉ˥˕ʉͰʯƹʩʳʾDŽǂƹDŽǖǂʩ˜ǖưʒʭ˦˕ʉ˜ǔƴDžƹω˕ʉʰ˖ʩ΂ˢǂ ω˕ʉˢʉ̍Ɏʉ˜DžǖDŽDŽǂƹDŽɎʩ΂ˢǂǖǔƴDžʉˁƴDŽǂʒʬDŽǂƹDŽωͰˢ

Ǩǧǔʉ˒ǂǖǂǔƴω˜ʉʯǂʉ̍

Ɏƹ˚DŽʉ˒ƹ ǖ ˛˘ˢʩˉ ˛ʗʯ˟˕ ˔ˢƹ ǔʉˢʉ̍ DŽǂ Ǔʉ˓ʓ NJʉ˥ʖʢƹ ʉʌ Dž˟˘˜ʪ˥˕Ɏǂϻ˥˒ˑʰʯǔʩˉDŽǂǙ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹ˛ͯ˔ˢƹDžƹˑˢDŽǖƴω˒

ƹDŽ ‰ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ– Ɏʉ˘ʿ˒ ǔʉ˓˜ ƽʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜γ˓ːͯ ǒǟǖƹ Ƴʪʟ Džƹ ǔʉʥǟDŽ˟˒˛ͯʒʬƹωʿʏ˘˒Džƹ˛ʖʏˏƹ˛˘ˢʩˉ˔ˢƹʧ˕ƹ˛ʖˆʉˢω˒DŽǂ DŽǂʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʯƹǂǂʉ˓ʖʾƹǖ˛ǟʟ˟ʓǔƴ˛ʌ˛˒ʉ˕DŽʉͯDžƹʩʖ˓ͯǙ

ʉʿʏʸ ư˛˘˒ǂǖ˛ː˥ːͯƻʉʖͯDŽǂ˚ʧʯ˚ʧ˥˕ʉʠ˘΁Ɏʉ˜ǔʉʗʬƹǂDžƹωͰˢ ǔʉʌDž˛ʌˎʲƹDŽǂ^ǨǨ˛ʗʯƹǂǓ˟ːʿ˒˛ͯʧˏ˟˕DŽǖǂ˟ʇʓ˛ͯǔʉ˘̮˛ͯ

ǂʉʏʸ˟ǜ

˜ Ǔʉ˕˛ʌ ω˜ʉʯ ʩͯǃ ư˚ǂ˟ʌ ˚ʧʯ ˛ʗʯ˟˕ Ɏ˟ː˝̍

ǂDŽ˟˒ ǂʉʏǝ

ʖˇ˜ ˔ʖʥʉ˙ʯDžʉʌ ǔƴ Ǔʉ˕ DŽǂ ˛ͯ ˚ʧʯ ^Ǩǩ(^+DZ৬D‰ƗG

Ǔʉ˕˛ʌʒʬƹω˜˟ͯʩʎ˚ʉʯ˔ˢƹǁʉͯʒʭ˦˕DŽƹ˟ʯǂʉ˒ʘʣʌ ǖʒʬƹωʥƹDŽ˟ʬ˚˟ͯǔƴɎʉ̍DŽǂǖ(^$QǀãDJEƗGǂʉʌ΀ʯ˟˕ƹ

DŽǂ^SDWLDžƹʒʬƹʩʕˎ˓ʖʣ˒^SƗWDUʪ˥˕ʋʐʬ˔ˢƹ˛ʌʧˢƴω˒ʩʎ‰ͮːǝ˒ʺˆʉʢ–

.^+SWতSW¶γ˓ːͯǓǖǂƳʪʟ

˛ʭˣʉˊ˒Ʊ‰ʽʌDŽ–˛ʬʉ˝˘ʓ˚ʉ΁ǖʧ˕ƹ˛ʗʯƹǂ‰ʽʌǝDŽ–ʒʰ˜ʉʓƽϺʉˢƹưǙϻʜ˒ưˎʌʉʌDŽǂ .ǨǦ ʉʌǂ˟ʯ

0675(&., Die alte Landschaft Babylonien,6II

˚ʧʯω˒ ˑ˦ʭˊʓ ˔˦ʰ˖˅ˊʬƹ ʒˇ˜ ˛ʌ džDŽʉ̍ ˔˦ʰ˖ωʣ˦ʭ˒ ωʢƹ˟˕ ˛ͯ˔ˢƹ .Ǩǧ ɂDŽʉʌDŽǂω˕ʉʬʉʬǔƹDŽǖǂˎˢƹǖƹγ˕ʉ΁ʒˇ˜ˑ˦ʭˊʓDžƹʒʬƹωʬʉͰʿ˕ƹǙ

Ϻʉ˓ʖʢƹ

˛ʌǂ˟ʯnj˟ʟDŽʉ˜˔˦ʰ˖˅ˊʬƹ˔ˢƹ

(6$&+$8, Zur Ausbreitung des Christentums in Asien6 44.7K1g/'(.(, Die Erzählung vom Mäusekönig und seinen Ministern,

Ʊʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ƴ(^KZ৬E¶G ǂʉʏʸ˟˜ˎͰʯ˛ʌ˛˘˒ǂǖ˛ː˥ːͯǞω˕ʉˢʩʬˑˢʧˉγ˓ʟʩʕDŽǂ .Ǩǩ nj˟ʟDŽƱ^KZ৬¶E¶G, ^KZ৬¶EW¶, ^KZ৬¶EG ʧʌʉʸ˟˜ǖʉʖʌʉʸ˟˜ưǂʉʌʉʸ˟˜ǒʉͰʯƹ˛ʌʪ˥˕

˛ͯưDŽʉʏʸ˟˜ .(ǪǦǬʒʯƹǂǂʉˢưǦǨǥLjưǦƿưʫǞʗˏ˟ʯȀʉ̮ư˛˘˒ǂǖ˛ː˥ːͯ˛ʌǂ˟ʯ γʹʬƹǖ˛ʌưǬLjư˛ͯʧˏ˟˕ǖ˚ʧ˒ƴǔʉʗʬƹǂωʌʩʾʩˤʩʣʓγʦʭ˖ͮˢDŽǂʉ˝˘ʓǙ

ƹʩ˜ʉʻ DŽʉʏʖʾƹ ˔˒ ʩʼ˕ ˛ʌ ư˚ǂ˟ʌ ư˚ǂƹ̓˗ ω˘ʿˢ ưDŽʉʏʓ˟˜Ǔʉ˕ ˔ˢƹ ˎʲƹ ˛ͯ ˚ǂDž džʧʢ ǔƴ ʒʬƹω˕ʉˢʩʬ ƽDŽ˟ʲǔʉ˓˜ˎˊ˕Ɏ˟ˉ˔ʻ˛ʌǖǂDŽƹʧ˕ǂ˟ʥɎƹʩʎɎƹ˛˕ʉ΁ƹʧʟǟ

ωʌʩʾǟ ʷʥ˛ʌ

˛ǟʟ˟ʖ˒ưʧʯˎˊ˕ʉʟ˔ˢƹDŽǂ(ǦǨLjω˕ʉˢʩʬ˔ʖ˒Džƹǖƹγ˓ʟʩʕ˛ͯư˛ͯʧˏ˟˕ .ǨǪ ʒˇ˜–ʩʎʒʬƹˎ˓ʗʰ˒ˎͯDŽǂ˛ͯưƹDŽǔʉ˝ʟǞˑ˥˕ʉ˝˘ʓ˚ʧ˙ʭˣ˟˕

Ǚƹʩ˜ʉʻ˛ͯ˚ʧʯ ʒʬƹ˚ʧ˒ƴ˔˥˘̮˔ʖ˒ǞωʌʩʾʩˤʩʣʓDŽǂʒʬƹ˛ʗʭ˖ƹǂω˒ǔ˟Ͱʭ˒ư‰DŽ˟ʰͯ

‰ǂDžǖω˒ǔʉ˝ʟγ˥ʢʉ˕ˑ˥˕ǖ˛ʬDŽǂʉ˜ǂʉʌγ˓˜Ǟˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ–

ǨǪʧˢƴω˒ǁƹDŽ˟ʬǔƴDžƹ˛˥ʢʉ˕ˑ˥˕ǖ˛ʬ˔ˢƹǞǂʉʌǞˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ ʋ˥ʠʾǖDŽǂʉ˕Ǟǔʉʗʬƹǂ˔ˢƹ˛ʌʩʕʮ˦ʌǔƹ˟ʓω˓˕ʉʟ˔ˢƹDŽǂ ǐʉˊʗʯƹɎǖDŽDžƹƹDŽǔƴ˛ͯǂDždžʧʢǔƹ˟ʓω˒ωˏǖưʒʥƹǂʩ̏

Ɏ˟ː˝̍‰ǂʉʌ–‰ˑʖˇ˜ͮˢ–ω˘ʿˢưʧ˕ƹ˛ʖʥʉʬ˚ʉʯǞǓʉ˕γ˕ʉ˥˒ʉʾ ƹDŽωʠ˕DŽ˛̮ǔʉ˥˕ƹʩˤƹʧ˥˘ͯDŽǟ˟ʳʓ(^ZƗGǔƴǞʩʕʩǟ

ʥʀʖ˒ ƽDŽ˟ʲƱ^ZƗW

ω˘ʿ˒ωʌǔʉ˕ƴɎƹʩʎ˛ͯωʼˇˏ˔˥˘̮˛ʌʉʓʧ˕ƹ˚ǂʩͯDŽƹ˟˓˜ǂ˟ʥʩʎ ʧ˙ʰʦʏʌωˢʉ˘ʿ˒˚ǂ˟ʌ

Editorial

Why Do We Neglect the Importance of Translation? ... 3-4

Articles

A Treatise on Aristotle’s Biography and Works / Marvan RASHED; Translated by Hoseyn MASOUMI HAMEDANI ... 5-8 An Unexpected Romance: Reevaluating the Authorship of the .KRVURZQƗPD / Austin O’MALLEY; Translated by Shokoofe MAYBODI ... 9-33

$EnjƮVতƗTL.Ɨ਌LUnjQƯDQGƮVতƗTƯ'HUYLVKHVLQ$QDWROLDFuat KÖPRÜLÜ; Translated to German by Paul WITTEK; Translated toTurkish by Jemal KÖPRÜLÜ; Translated to Persian by Hojat FAKHRI ... 34-40 A Newly-Found Manuscript of +L]ƗU+LNƗ\DWL܇nj¿\ƗQ $7KRXVDQG1DUUDWLYHVRIWKH6X¿V / Hamed KHATAMIPOUR ... 41-50 The Friendship of Aunt Bear 'RLQJ6RPHRQHDQ8QLQWHQGHG'LVVHUYLFH / Seyyed AhmadReza QAEMMAQAMI ... 51-55

%D\ƗܲL܇ƗҴLE $Q$QWKRORJ\RI3HUVLDQ3RHPV&RPSLOHGE\ৡƗގLE / Seyyed Jafar HOSEYNI ESHKEVARI ... 56-59 Some Remarks on the Introduction of the Facsimile Edition of 7ƗUƯ[L6ƯVWƗQ/ HamidReza (Babak) SALMANI ... 60-66 1HZ,QIRUPDWLRQ$ERXWWKH3RHWRI³6HHN.QRZOHGJHIURPWKH&UDGOHWRWKH*UDYH´(=L*DKZƗUDWƗ*njU'ƗQLVK%LMnj\

and His Family / HamidReza FAHNDEJ SADI ... 67-72 ,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKH3RHPVRI7ZR'LIIHUHQW6KDPVLণƗMƯVLQ0DMPXҵL\L/DܒƗ\LIZD6D¿QL\LܱDUƗ\LI (A Handbook on 5KHWRULFDQGDQ$QWKRORJ\RI3HUVLDQ3RHPV / Mohsen SHARIFI SAHI ... 73-75 0DNWnjEƗWL4DGƯP or 0DNWnjEƗWL܇DGƯ? (DUO\/HWWHUVRU&HQWHVLPDO/HWWHUV" / MohamadSadegh KHATAMI ... 76-78 ,QYHVWLJDWLQJ D 3RVVLELOLW\ 7KH $EVHQFH RI WKH 7LWOH ³8UnjVK DO'LQ´ LQ/XEƗE DO$OEƗE / Sara SOLEYMANI

KASHKOULI ... 79-80 ,QYHVWLJDWLQJD1XPEHURI)DUUXNKƯ\L6ƯVWƗQƯ¶V&RXSOHWVWKURXJK<Dত\Ɨ7DZIƯT¶V$QWKRORJ\RI3HUVLDQ3RHPV

Kiamehr NAMVAR ... 81-87 8QGHUWKH$XVSLFHVRI2ULHQWDOLVWV([SORUDWRU\5RDGVWRWKH0DQXVFULSWVRI,EQL%D৬৬nj৬D¶V7UDYHORJXHReyhaneh BEHBOUDI ... 88-95

Reviews and Critiques

The Importance of 7KH/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&DWDORJXHRI3HUVLDQ0DQXVFULSWV to Indian Sub-Continental Studies /

Arif NAUSHAHI ... 96-98 A Few Notes on the New Edition of WKH6PDOO)DUƗPDU]QƗPD, Its Composer and Date of Composition/ Sajjad AYDENLOO ... 99-113 Translation or Distortion? ( A Few Comments on $6WXG\2IܑDEƗҴLҵDOۉD\DZƗQ / Yousuf AL-HADI; Translated by Salman SAKET ... 114-123 Some Considerations on the Edited Text of ҵ$MƗ\LEDO'XQ\Ɨ:RQGHUVRIWKH:RUOG / Seyyed Reza MOUSAVI HAFTADOR; Radman RASOULI MEHRABANI ...124-145

Essays on Research

What Does an Etymologist Do? / Walter BRUNO HENNING; Translated by Seyyed AhmadReza QAEMMAQAMI ... 146-151

Iran in Ottoman Texts and Sources (22)

Works of Ahmed Cevdet Pasha / Nasrollah SALEHI ... 152-154

On the Previous Articles

On 6KLQL=D\L and 6LQL=D\LWKH)DUVL3KRQHPHVVKDQGV5HDOLVHGDV] / Ali Ashraf SADEGHI ...155-156

&KDQG - &KDQGH / Masoud RASTIPOUR ...157-159

Table of Contents

Gozaresh-e Miras

92 - 93

Quarterly Journal of Textual Criticism, Codicology and Iranology

Third Series, vol. 5, no. 3 - 4, Autumn 2020 - Winter 2021 [Pub. Spring 2022]

Properietor:

The WRITTEN HERITAGE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Managing Director & Editor-in-Chief:

Akbar Irani

General Editor:

Masoud Rastipour Managing Editor:

<RXQHV7DVOLPL3DN Cover:

0DKPRRG.KDQL

Print:

Miras

No. 1182, Enghelab Ave., Between Daneshgah St. & Abureyhan St.,

Tehran, Iran Postal Code: 1315693519 Tel: 66490612, Fax: 66406258 Website: www. mirasmaktoob.ir E-mail: gozaresh@mirasmaktoob.ir