ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ و دوام ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ در زﻧﺒﻮر

(1)

ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد : 10 /4 / 1395 شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ، : 25 / 10 / 1395 .

ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺮﯿﺑد : ﯽﻓﺎﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﻣا دﻮﻌﺴﻣ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

26 - 15 , ) 1 ( 37 , 1396

Journal of entomologIcal SocIety of Iran 2017, 37 (1), 1526

رﻮﺒﻧز رد ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

Venturia canescens

(Hym.: Ichneumonidae)

نوﺮﺑآ ﺎﯾرﻮﭘ ،ﯽﺳﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﯾ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺸﯿﮐ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ

و يرﻮﺷﺎﻋ ﺪﻤﺣا

*

ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﺲﯾدﺮﭘ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﯿﮔ هوﺮﮔ ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

* تﺎﺒﺗﺎﮑﻣ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﺖﺴﭘ ،

: [email protected]

ﭼ هﺪﯿﮑ

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ رد ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز نارﻮﻧﺎﺟ زا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﮏﺗ ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﺎﺗ ناراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺴﭘ ﺑ ﻪ ترﻮﺻ يﺎﻫ خر ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد . تاﺮﺸﺣ لﻮﻃ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻪﺜﺟ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ

،هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺮﻤﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ

قرﺎﺧ هدﺎﻌﻟا يا ار رد يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

، ﺑ ﻪ ندﺮﭙﺳ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ و

ﮔرﺎﮑﺑ يﺮﯿ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺤﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻄﯿ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ اراد ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ رد

ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ و ترﺪﻗ يﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺎﻨﻤﺷد

ن ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﺪﯿ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ رﻮﺒﻧز Venturia canescens ﯽﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

رﻮﺒﻧز V. canescens زا

ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻦﯾ زارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ ﺐﺷ هﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ي هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ Pyralidae ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ا رد ﻦﯾ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﯾ

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ

رﻮﺒﻧز V. canescens ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

ار ود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺤﯾ ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻮﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﯾ

ﺞﻨﺳ ﻪﻫار ود ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷY ﯽ ﺪﺷ . ﺎﺘﻧ ﺞﯾ

نﺎﺸﻧ داد ﻪﮐ رﻮﺒﻧز V. canescens ﻪﺤﯾار ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﺗاذ ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﻮﻤﯿﻟ و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ .

ﺎﻣا ﻃﺮﺷ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﯽ يزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز

،هدﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺤﯾار ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ ) عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﻪﺤﯾار ( و ﻏ ﯽﻃﺮﺷﺮﯿ ) ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﻪﺤﯾار ( ﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽ يراد دﻮﺟو ﺖﺷاد .

ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻦﯿ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود رﻮﺒﻧز

V. canescens ﺎﺗ

27 ﻃﺮﺷ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽ

يزﺎﺳ ﻏ رد و بﺎﯿ ﺎﺑ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺤﯾار

هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ

،

ﻪﻣادا ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ. ﯽﯾ

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺒﻃ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد رد ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود و ﯽﻌﯿ

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا رﻮﺒﻧز V. canescens ﯽﻣ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺗ

ﺎﻫﺪﯿﯾﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ رد

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ تﺎﻓآ ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ ددﺮﮔ .

تﺎﻤﻠﮐ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ماود:

،ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ

،ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ترﺪﻗ

،يﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

،ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ Venturia canescens

Olfactory learning and memory retention in Venturia canescens (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)

Hossein Kishani Farahani, Yasaman Moghaddasi, Pouria Abrun & Ahmad Ashouri*

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

*Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Learning new cues in all branches of biological organisms, ranging from unicellular organisms to mammals, occurs in different ways. In spite of their small size and short life span, insects have an extraordinary ability to learn, memorize and use environmental cues associated with the hosts and their food sources. Having the ability to learn and recalling the cues associated with the presence of prey / host is a key factor that increases the performance and foraging capacity of biocontrol agents including the ichneumonid parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens which is one of the most important parasitoids of the family Pyralidae in the world. In this research the learning ability of V. canescens in presence of peppermint and lemon odors was investigated by Y- Olfactometer. Results showed that the wasp had no significant preference towards peppermint or lemon, but after conditioning the female wasp, a meaningful difference was observed between her response to the conditioned odor (peppermint) and unconditioned odors (lemon). Her memory's lasting period continued for 27 hours after conditioning in the absence of the learned cues. Recognizing the learning ability and memory retention of the biocontrol agent V. canescens helps improve the efficiency of its application in biological control programs.

Keywords: memory retention, performance, experience, searching capacity, olfactory learning Received: 30 June 2016, Accepted: 14 January 2017

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ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺮﺑ فﻼﺧ رﻮﺼﺗ مﻮﻤﻋ ترﺪﻗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ نارﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ

ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ ناراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺴﭘ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ

ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻦﯾا هﺪﯾﺪﭘ

رد ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز زا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﮏﺗ

ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ ) ﺴﻣارﺎﭘ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ( ﺎﺗ ناراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺴﭘ و ﯽﺑ هﺮﻬﻣ نﺎﮔ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

،ﺎﻫﺪﺗﺎﻤﻧ نوﺰﻠﺣ

،ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫدﻮﭘوﺰﯾا و ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻣ خر ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽ

ﺪﻫد )

Drickamer et al., 2002; Smid & Vet, 2006; Segura et al.,

(2007

. ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد ﻪﺘﺳار نﺎﯿﯾﺎﺸﻏ لﺎﺑ

(Hymenoptera)

ور ي ز داﺪﻌﺗ يدﺎﯾ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ زا ﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا و

نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﯾﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ 36 ﻪﻧﻮﮔ زا ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ

هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا )

Begum et al., 2004

.(

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد تاﺮﺸﺣ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ

ﺖﺳا و ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ ﺎﺗ يﺪﺣ رد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر يﺎﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ اﺬﻏ و نﺎﮑﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻔﺟ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

)

van Baaren & Boivin, 1998

.(

يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ

يﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ا ﻦﯾ و ﯽﮔﮋﯾ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ

تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ رﺎﺘﻓر ي نآ رد ﺎﻫ ﺑﻪ ﯽﺘﺣار ﻂﺳﻮﺗ تاﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ رد ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺖﺒﺛ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ هﺪﺷ .

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يدﺎﯾز رد يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر يدﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ

،كﺮﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ رد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و

ﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺪﯿ

ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ كﺮﺤﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ )

Langley & Timlon, 2006; Kishani Farahani et al., 2012b

.(

رﺎﻌﺗ ﻒﯾ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ زا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ دﻮﺟو دراد ﻪﮐ رد مﺎﻤﺗ نآ ﺎﻫ ﺗ ﺠ ﻪﺑﺮ ﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ راﺮﮑﺗ و ﯽ

ﻐﺗ رد تاﺮﯿﯿ رﺎﺘﻓر ي دراد .

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ زا ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ رد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﮏﯾ دﺮﻓ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ زوﺮﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﯾﺪﺟ و ﺎﯾ فﺬﺣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ زا

ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر رد لﻮﻃ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﮏﯾ دﺮﻓ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﺷ )

Kishani Farahani et al., 2013

.(

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد دﺮﻓ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﻣادا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻣادا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ و

رد بﺎﯿﻏ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ شﻮﻣاﺮﻓ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﺷ )

Vet et al., 1995

( . يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ا ﺖﺳ رد ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺪﺷر هﺮﺸﺣ ) ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ

(Pre-imaginal Learning)

غﻮﻠﺑ زا ﺪﻌﺑ و

(Adult

Learning)

( خر ﺪﻫد رد ﻪﮑﯿﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﮏﯾ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ صﺎﺧ زا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز هﺮﺸﺣ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ رد

نآ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ترﺪﻗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ )

Gandolfi et al., 2003

.(

ﺤﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﯽﻄﯿ

، هﺪﻧز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺗاذ و ﯽ يﺮﮕﯾد ﺰﯿﻧ رد ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ﻣ و ناﺰﯿ زارﺎﭘ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ

رد ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﮐا ﻪﮑﻟ

(Patch)

هﺮﻬﺑ و رادﺮﺑ ي نآ زا ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ راد ﻧﺪ

)

van Alphen et al. 2003

.(

ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﺲﻨﺟ

هدﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

،ﻦﺳ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ

،ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﺖﻔﺟ

،يﺮﯿﮔ و رﻮﻀﺣ ﺐﯿﻗر

رد ﭻﭘ زا ﻦﯾا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ راﺬﮔ رد تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز نﺪﻧﺎﻣ رد ﭻﭘ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ )

Goubault et al., 2004; Corley et al., 2010;

Louapre et al., 2011

.(

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽﻠﺒﻗ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ و عﻮﻗو ﻢﺴﯿﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ زا ﻣاﻮﻋ ﻞ ﻢﻬﻣ و

راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ يور نﺎﻣز هﺮﻬﺑ يرادﺮﺑ زا ﭻﭘ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮑﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ

يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رد

ﭻﭘ يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ﺪﯾدزﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هدﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز نﺪﻧﺎﻣ و هﺮﻬﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ زا ﭻﭘ ﯽﻣ

،دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺮﻣا رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ

ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ هﺪﻧز رد ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ )

Keasar et al., 2001; Outreman et al., 2005

.(

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ اﺪﺟ زا ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ دﻮﺷ . تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ هﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ رد ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ

هﺮﯿﺧذ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ يور يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ دﺮﻓ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺪﻧراد . عﻮﻧ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ هﺪﺷ رد ﺰﻐﻣ رﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ راﺮﻗ دراد . عاﻮﻧا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد نارﻮﻧﺎﺟ زا ﺮﻈﻧ فﺮﺼﻣ

،يژﺮﻧا تﺎﺒﺛ و لﻮﻃ تﺪﻣ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺖﺳا

)

Huigens et al., 2010

( . اود م يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﻪﺑ دﺎﯾ ندروآ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺎﻫ رد تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ هﺮﺸﺣ و ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ يا زا

ﯽﮔﺪﻧز دﺮﻓ ) ﻦﺳ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ (

توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺖﺳا و ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ زا ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ زور و ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ )

Huigens et al.,

.(2010

عاﻮﻧا ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ يور رﻮﺒﻧز ﻞﺴﻋ و ﺲﮕﻣ ﻪﮐﺮﺳ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ يﺪﻨﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا

)

Eisenhardt, 2006; Margulies et al., 2005

( ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ.

و ﺖﯿﺒﺜﺗ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ رد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ رﻮﻧﺎﺟ رد لﻮﻃ

ﯽﮔﺪﻧز دﺮﻓ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﺷاد . ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ار

ردﺎﻗ ﯽﻣ دزﺎﺳ ﺎﺗ رد ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﺪﻌﺑ زا درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ

،نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ يﻮﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ

،ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ نﻮﻣﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺴﻨﺟ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ و ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺮﮕﯾد طﻮﺑﺮﻣ

(3)

ﻧ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎ ،ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

) 1 ( ,37 1396 ١٧

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ار رد ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ و ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ دﻮﺧ ار رد تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز

،ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ و ﺖﻗد

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ و ﺎﺑ فﺮﺻ يژﺮﻧا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﮐ )

Kishani Farahani et al., 2013

.(

رﻮﺒﻧز

Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)

زا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ

،يداﺮﻔﻧا زارﺎﭘ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ ﻠﺧاد ﯽ و

Koinobiont

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﮑﯾ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ زا ﻦﯾ زارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ ﺐﺷ

هﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ

Pyralidae

ﻣ ﯽ ور زا و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ي

ﺴﺑ يرﺎﯿ رﺎﺒﻧا تﺎﻓآ زا ي

تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ و ﺑ

ﯽﻏﺎ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻧ ﺰﯿ هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﺖﺳا

)

Kishani Farahani et al., 2012b; Reinke et

al., 2006; Salt, 1975

.(

ود ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﮏﺗ ﯽﺴﻨﺟ و ﯽﺴﻨﺟود زا

ﻦﯾا ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ زا

ناﺮﯾا و نﺎﻬﺟ شراﺰﮔ

هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا )

Kishani Farahani et al., 2012b

( ﯽﻟو رد ﺐﻠﻏا ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﮏﺗ ﯽﺴﻨﺟ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ هدﺮﮐ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ جﺎﺘﻧ

هدﺎﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . لﻮﻃ هرود يﺪﺷر ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ

،هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺲﻨﺟ هدﺎﻣ و مﺪﻋ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻨﺟ

،ﺮﻧ خﺮﻧ ﻢﺴﯿﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ و هﺪﻧز ﯽﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ تﺪﻣ ﻦﯿﻐﻟﺎﺑ

، ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻫ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا نﺎﮑﻣا ار ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽﻣ دزﺎﺳ ﺎﺗ رد

رﺎﻨﮐ شروﺮﭘ

،نﺎﺳآ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ياﺮﺑ شروﺮﭘ و يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر هﻮﺒﻧا

ار ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

)

Kishani Farahani et al., 2012a

( . ﻫ فﺪ ا مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﻦﯾ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﯿ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و د ماو ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ زا

ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻦﯾ و ﯽﮔﮋﯾ يﺎﻫ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا هﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ داﺮﻓا ﮏﺗ ﯽﺴﻨﺟ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ رﻮﺒﻧز

canescens

ﯽﻣV.

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

داﻮﻣ و شور ﺎﻫ

شروﺮﭘ ﺪﯿﺑ درآ Ephestia kuehniella (Lep.: Pyralidae)

درآ ﺪﯿﺑ شروﺮﭘ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

E. kuehniella

ﮏﯾ ﻮﻠﯿﮐ درآ سﻮﺒﺳ راد رد فﺮﻇ يﺎﻫ ﻄﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻠﯿ ﻞﮑﺷ فﺎﻔﺷ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﺑ

10 16×

× 23 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﯾﻮﻬﺗ شﻮﭘرد يور نآ

ﺎﻫ يﺬﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا 14

× 7 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا رﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و ي

دوﺪﺴﻣ

،دﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺨﯾر و ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ ود ﺖﻋﺎﺳ نآ ار رد نوآ رد يﺎﻣد 80 ﻪﺟرد سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ي راﺮﻗ

هداد ﺪﺷ . ﮏﻨﺧ زا ﺲﭘ

ﺮﻤﺨﻣ مﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ نﺪﺷ )

ناﺮﯾا ،سﻼﻣ ناﺮﯾا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ،نﺎﻤﯾﺮﻓ يردﻮﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﻣ ﺮﯿﻤﺧ (

طﻮﻠﺨﻣ بﻮﺧ و ﻪﻓﺎﺿا نآ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

.

ﺲﭙﺳ 3/

0 ﺑ ﻢﺨﺗ مﺮﮔ ﺪﯿ ﻮﺘﺤﻣ فوﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ درآ ي

ﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا درآ .

ﻢﺨﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ درا ﺪﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ و يژﻮﻟﻮﮐا

هﺮﺸﺣ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﺗ ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

. ﺎﻣد رد شروﺮﭘ ي

1 25± ﻪﺟرد

،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر

10 50± و هرود ي يرﻮﻧ 16 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷور و 8 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽﮑﯾرﺎﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﺷ .

ﺮﭘ و شر رﻮﺒﻧز canescens V.

يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز درﻮﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رد ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ زا ﯽﻨﻠﮐ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ رد هﺎﮕﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ يژﻮﻟﻮﮐا و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﺘﻓر ﺶﺨﺑ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ﺪﺷ . ياﺮﺑ شروﺮﭘ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز

،نﺎﺴﻤﻫ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻎﻟﺎﺑ هدﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ 24 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ زا نﺎﺷﺮﻤﻋ

ﯽﻣ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . داﺪﻌﺗ 30 دﺪﻋ ورﻻ ﻦﺳ ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺐﺷ هﺮﭘ درآ تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ 24 رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻞﺧاد

فوﺮﻇ ﻪﻧاﻮﺘﺳا يا

فﺎﻔﺷ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا 8 × 20 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ رد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﺎﻬﻧآ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻞﺴﻋ و بآ ﻪﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ رد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا

ﺎﻬﻧآ راﺮﻗ

،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﺪﻌﺑ زا 24 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ اﺪﺟ هﺪﺷ و ﻓوﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ ﯽ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺎﺑ 3 × 3 × 10 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ و

ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ فﺎﻔﺷ ﮓﻧر ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

.

(4)

ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﺗاذ

ﻪﺑ ﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽ

ﺟﺮﺗ ﺢﯿ ﺗاذ ﯽ

(Innate Preference)

ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ي ﺎﻣزآ درﻮﻣ ﺶﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ رﺎﮑﺑ ﻪﺘﻓر

رد ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ داﺪﻌﺗ 40 دﺪﻋ رﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ ﺎﺑ لﻮﻃ ﺮﻤﻋ ﮏﯾ زور ﻪﮐ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ يدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺞﻨﺳ يﺎﻣد ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد و ﻞﮑﺷY

1 25± ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد

5 70± رد ﺪﺻرد ضﺮﻌﻣ ود ﻪﺤﯾار ﻮﻤﯿﻟ و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ) 97 % ناﺮﯾا ،ﺲﻧﺎﺳا ﺞﯾرﺎﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ،صﻮﻠﺧ (

ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ 5/

0 ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ

ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ 15 ﻪﻘﯿﻗد راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ . ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﮐ

رد ﺮﻫ يوزﺎﺑ ﻞﻧﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ 45 ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ

،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ

ﺑ ﻪ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻦﯾ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﮏﯾ

ار نآ زا ﻪﺤﯾ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﺷ . ا رد ﻦﯾ ﺎﻣزآ ﺶﯾ ار ود ﻪﺤﯾ رد ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ رﻮﻄﺑ

ﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺴﯾ ﻮﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد رد اﻮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ

ﺞﻨﺳ ﻪﮐ رد ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﺎﻫوزﺎﺑ يﻮﺑ عﺎﻨﻌﻧ و رد يوزﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد اﻮﻫ و رد ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﺮﮕﯾد رد ﮏﯾ

وزﺎﺑ يﻮﺑ ﻮﻤﯿﻟ و رد يوزﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد اﻮﻫ نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﺖﺷاد درﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .

ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ

ياﺮﺑ ﮔﻮﻠﺟ يﺮﯿ زا ﺎﻘﻟا اﺮﻓ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾ لﻮﻃ رد نﺪﺷ سﺎﺴﺣ و ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔﻮﺧ ﺎﻣزآ

ﺶﯾ يﺎﻫ

،يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ مزﻻ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا

اﺮﺑ ي زارﺎﭘ ﻢﺴﯿﺘﯾ داﺪﻌﺗ 30 ﺑ ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻦﺳ ورﻻ دﺪﻋ ﺪﯿ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ درآ 40

دﺪﻋ رﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ

canescens

ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﺎﺑV.

ﮏﯾ زور

،

هزاﺪﻧا و ﺖﺒﺛ يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺪﺷ . ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳا ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز رد ﯽﻃ تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز 4 - 5 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ماﺪﻗا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ندﺮﮐ ﻦﯾا داﺪﻌﺗ ورﻻ

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ و ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻞﯿﻟد تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز 5 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ﻮﺒﻧز ر ﺎﻫ رد ﮏﻧﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺪﺷ .

ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻣزآ ﺶﯾ يﺎﻫ ﮔاﺮﻓ يﺮﯿ داﺪﻌﺗ 40 دﺪﻋ رﻮﺒﻧز ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ لﻮﻃ ﺮﻤﻋ 24 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ

ار ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﺷ . ا ﻦﯾ ا رد ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻦﯾ

ﺗ ﺎﺑ تﺪﻣ رﺎﻤﯿ اﺬﻏ ﯽﯾ ﺬﻐﺗ ﻞﺴﻋ و بآ ﻪﯾ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ .ﺗ داﺪﻌ 30 دﺪﻋ ورﻻ ﻦﺳ

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯾ ﻣ ﻦﺳ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ اﺮﺑ ي ا شروﺮﭘ ﻦﯾ ﺖﺳا رﻮﺒﻧز )

(،

نورد ﮏﻧﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ 5 ﺘﺧا رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ رﺎﯿ

ﮏﯾﺮﻫ زا ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .

ا رد ﻦﯾ ﻮﺑ تﺪﻣ ي ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ عﺎﻨﻌﻧ 6

ﺮﺘﻣ ﻧﺎﺛ رد ﻪﯿ ﻪﺑ

ﮏﻧﺎﺗ ﻞﺧاد يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ ) 25

× 25

× 25 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻣ ( ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﭗﻤﭘ دﺎﺑ ﻖﯾرﺰﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷ . ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ

رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺞﻨﺳ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ Y

ﯽ ﺪﺷ . ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺞﻨﺳ ﻞﮑﺷY

رد

يﺎﻣد ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ 1

25± ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد 5

70± رﻮﻧ تﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ زور لﻮﻃ رد و ﺪﺻرد 500

ﺲﮐﻮﻟ

ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺪﺷ . ا ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ 2 ار ﻪﺤﯾ ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ﻮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻧ ي

ﻮﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ ي

ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﻮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ي

ﺪﺟ ﺪﯾ ) ﺮﯿﻏ

ﯽﻃﺮﺷ ( د رد ا ﻞﺧ ﻮﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ﺠﻨﺳ ﯽ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .

ﺎﻣزآ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ ﺶﯾ

15 ﻗد ﻪﻘﯿ ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ و دﻮﺑ ﯽ

ﺮﻫ رد ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﮐ

تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ وزﺎﺑ 45

ﻧﺎﺛ ﻪﯿ ﻣ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﯽ

،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺐﻠﺟ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﮏﯾ زا ﻪﺤﯾار ﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺛ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷ . ﺮﻫ زا ﺪﻌﺑ 4

زﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻪﺒﺗﺮﻣ ي

رﻮﺒﻧز رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ

،ﺞﻨﺳ نﺎﮑﻣ ﻪﺤﯾار ﺎﻫ رد ﻞﺧاد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺾﯾﻮﻌﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷ ﺎﺗ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ يﺎﻄﺧ ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا مﺪﻋ

نرﺎﻘﺗ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ .

ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ

، اﺪﺘﺑا ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﺑ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ هﺪﺷ رد ﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ يﻮﺑ عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﺎﻨﺷآ هﺪﺷ ﺲﭙﺳ زا ﮏﻧﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ جرﺎﺧ و

ﺪﻌﺑ زا تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز 1 ، 2 ، 3 ، 4 ، 5 ، 6 ، 12 ، 24 ، 36 و 72 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ نآ ﺎﻫ رد هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺞﻨﺳ ﺷ ﻪﺑ هﻮﯿ ﺎﻣزآ ﺶﯾ ﻠﺒﻗ ﯽ

ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ . ﺪﺑ ﻦﯾ ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐﯿ ﮏﻧﺎﺗ زا جوﺮﺧ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﮐ فﺮﻇ نورد ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺴﻋ و بآ ﺎﻫ

ﺘﺧا رد رﺎﯿ نآ ﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ ﯽ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ اﺮﺷ رد ﻂﯾ ﺎﻣزآ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﯾ ﺎﻣد ي 1 25± ﻪﺟرد

،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر

10 70± ﺪﺻرد و هرود ي

رﻮﻧ ي 16 ﺎﻨﺷور ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽﯾ

و 8 رﺎﺗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽﮑﯾ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ رد ﺎﻫ

ي راﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ ي

ا رد ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻦﯾ

ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز تﺪﻣ

ﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭽﯿ ﺳﺎﻤﺗ ﯽ ﻣ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ .

(5)

) 1 ( ,37 1396 ١٩

ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺗاذ ﺖﺒﺛ

،هﺪﺷ و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﻮﻣزآ

Chi-Square

زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ راﺰﻓا مﺮﻧ

SAS (ver. 9.1)

ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا

(SAS Institute, 2003)

. ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﯽ ﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽ

يراد

رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﻧآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

،ﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ تﺎﺒﺛا هﺪﺷ ﻘﻠﺗ ﯽ ﺪﺷ . ﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ دروآﺮﺑ ﯽ

) ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ (

ﮑﺘﻣ ﯽ ﺮﺑ

ﮏﯾ ﺮﺳ ي نﺎﻣز رد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ تاﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ﺎﻫ

ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ، t1

،t2 ... tn

زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ،نﺎﻣز ﺮﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ

nt

ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﮏﯾ ﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ نﻮﻣزآ يﺮﯿ

رد ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽ

دﻮﺷ ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺳ عﻮﻧ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ) ﺶﻨﮐاو ( ﯽﻬﺘﻨﻣ دﻮﺷ :

، a b

و ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐc

ﺐﯿ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا )

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ هﺪﺷ ( بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ، ﺎﻫ ي ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ) ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ هﺪﺸﻧ ( و ، نوﺪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

) مﺪﻋ ﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ يﺮﯿ ( ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ نﺎﻣز ﯽ

ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ ﺷﺎﻧ ﯽ زا ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻄﺳ ﻮ ﻻﺎﺑ ح ي ) داﺪﻌﺗ دﺎﯾز (

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻮ

ﺎﭘ ح ﻦﯿﯾ ) داﺪﻌﺗ ﻢﮐ ( ، و ﺎﯾ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻮ ﺎﭘ ح ﻦﯿﯾ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ زا ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺜﻨﺧ ، ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ حﻮﻄﺳزا ﺴﺑ رﺎﯿ ﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﯾ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ رﻮﻄﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ خر ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد

)

( .

ﻦﯾا هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﺮﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺳ ار ﻦﯾا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻣ دزﺎﺳ :

na + nb + nc = nt

ﺪﻧور ا ﻦﯾ ﻣ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺳ ﯽ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ 2 ﺘﺴﺠﻟ ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﮏﯿ

ﻪﻄﻘﻧ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ

ﺿﻮﺗ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺢﯿ

دﻮﺷ هداد :

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ داﺪﺧر لﺎﻤﺘﺣا

pa, pb, pc

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

pa + pb + pc = 1

ﻣ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ

دﻮﺷ : (1) p = k − k − a

1 + e ⁽ ⁾ + a

(2) p = k − a

1 + e ⁽ ⁾ + a

(3) Pb=1-ba-bc

:K

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳآ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ يﺎﻫ

:آ a

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﻨﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ يﺎﻫ

:t

ﻞﮐ نﺎﻣز

:t0

ﯽﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ نﺎﻣز ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ نﺎﻣز ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ t0

ﯽ ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽ

،دﻮﺷ ﺑاﻮﺗ ﻒﻄﻋ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻊ

ﺘﺴﺠﻟ ﮏﯿ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ رد ،هﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﺪﯾ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . هداد رد ﺎﻫ ﮏﯾ ﻂﺧ ﺮﯿﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ 3 لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻧا :

Vt= nat, nbt, nct

داﺪﻌﺗ

داﺮﻓا ي ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ يﺎﻫ

، a

وb

نﺎﻣز رد ارc

هداد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ زاt

ﺪﻧا )

( . اﺮﺑ ي ﻤﺨﺗ ﻦﯿ نﺎﻣز

ﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ ﯽ ا ﻦﯾ مﺮﻧ رد تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ راﺰﻓا

R (ver. 3.2.1)

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ .

(6)

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ

ﻪﺑ رﻮﺒﻧز ﯽﺗاذ ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺤﯾار

ﻮﻤﯿﻟ و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ يﻮﺑ

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز

ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﭻﯿﻫ ﮏﯾ زا ﻪﺤﯾار يﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﺑ ﻪﺘﻓر رد ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﺗاذ

ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ . ﻦﯿﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ اﻮﻫ

و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ يراد ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

(χ2= 0.168 , P= 0.683)

. ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز رد رﺎﻤﯿﺗ يﺎﻫ اﻮﻫ و ﻪﺤﯾار ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﺰﯿﻧ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ يراد

هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻧ ﺪﺸ

(χ2= 0.421 , P= 0.51)

. نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ رد ﻞﮑﺷ 1 ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ رد مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﺗاذ ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز

ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫﻮﺑ ﻮﻤﯿﻟ و عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ يراد ﻦﯿﺑ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺐﻠﺟ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﮏﯾ زا يﺎﻫﻮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﺸﻧ

(χ2= 0.334, P=0.8469)

.

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ رﻮﺒﻧز canescens ﻪﺑV.

يﺎﻫﻮﺑ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ و ﯽﻃﺮﺷﺮﯿﻏ

ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

يﺎﻫ ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ رﻮﺒﻧز

canescens

ﺖﺒﺴﻧV.

ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫﻮﺑ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ ) عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﻪﺤﯾار (

و

ﯽﻃﺮﺷﺮﯿﻏ هﺪﺷ ) ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﻪﺤﯾار ( ﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ، ﯽ

يراد دراد دﻮﺟو )

ﻞﮑﺷ 2 ( ا ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ دﻮﺟو هﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﻣا ﯽﯾ

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

ﺎﻫﻮﺑ رد ي ﻃﺮﺷ ﯽ رد هﺪﺷ رﻮﺒﻧز

canescens

ﺖﺳاV.

(χ2=9.098, P= 0.0026)

. ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ هﺪﻣآ نﺎﺸﻧ داد ﻪﮐ

ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رﻮﺒﻧز يﺎﻫ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ هﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ

،نﺎﻣز ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻣادا ﯽﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﯾ .

ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ رﻮﺒﻧز رد ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود

canescens

ا ردV.

ﻦﯾ ﻘﺤﺗ

،ﻖﯿ 27 دﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﯾ

(χ2=8.696, P= 0.0129)

و

زا ﺪﻌﺑ 27 ﻃﺮﺷ زا ﺲﭘ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽ

يزﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ يراد ﻦﯿﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﯽﻃﺮﺷ

هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺤﯾار يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ

،ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﯾدﺮﮕﻧ . رادﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻧور ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺛ هﺪﺷ رد ﻞﮑﺷ 3 نﺎﺸﻧ هداد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا .

ﻞﮑﺷ 1 - ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺗاذ رﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ Venturia canescens ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺤﯾار يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ

Fig. 1. Innate responses by Venturia canescens to tested odors

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) 1 ( ,37 1396 ٢١

ﺚﺤﺑ

ﺢﯾﺎﺘﻧ ا رد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻦﯾ

ﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﯿ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ رﻮﺒﻧز

canescens

ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗV.

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ار

دراد . ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ي ﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ

ﻣ و ﺖﺳا ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ

نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ ﺎﺗ ار هﺪﺷ 27

ﻧ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺰﯿ هﺮﯿﺧذ ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ . ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ بﺎﺴﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ 15

رد زور ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ي ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ

canescens V.

)

( و ﺎﻬﻨﺗ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا رﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ

،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﯾا تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ار

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ تﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ دﺮﮐ .

يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ

،ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ

،ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ و

يرﺎﺘﻓر رد بﺎﺨﺘﻧا نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﻞﯿﺧد

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

(Doutt, 1959; Vinson, 1976)

. ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

(Associative Learning)

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﯿﺳو هدﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﯽﮑﯾ

زا ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ ﺖﺳا . نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد ﻪﮐ

رﻮﺒﻧز

(Say) Itoplectis conquisitor

زا هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ

Ichneumonidae

ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ

،ﮓﻧر هزاﺪﻧا و ﻞﮑﺷ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾز رد رﻮﻀﺣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ار دراد

(Arthur, 1966;1967)

. ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺶﻘﻧ

ﯽﻤﻬﻣ رد ار بﺎﺨﺘﻧا نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﺒﻧز ژﺎﻓﻮﮕﯿﻟا

Nemeristis canescens (Gravenhorst)

دراد )

Taylor, 1974

.(

رد

هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ زا ﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز

Ichneumonidae

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺰﯿﻧ .

نﺎﺸﻧ لﺎﺜﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد

رﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﮐ

(Smith) Pimple luctuosa

) ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﯽﻠﺧاد

هﺮﯿﻔﺷ ناراﺪﮑﻟﻮﭘ لﺎﺑ (

ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺲﭘ زا ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻢﺨﺗ يراﺬﮔ

رد رﻮﻀﺣ يﺎﻫﻮﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻞﯿﻧاو و تﻮﺗ ﺮﻓ ﺎﻫﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﻧ ﺶﻨﮐاو

نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد )

lizuka & Takasu, 1998

( .

يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ تاﺮﺸﺣ رد نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ

ﮔرﺎﮑﺑ ﺎﺑ يﺮﯿ ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﻪﺤﺷﺮﺘﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ و ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﯽ

دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ رد

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ دراﻮﻣ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ يﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﯽﻣ

ﺖﺤﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫرﻮﺘﮐﺎﻓ و ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ

ﻞﮑﺷ 2 - ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺛ هﺪﺷ رﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ Venturia canescens ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺤﯾار يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ درﻮﻣ

ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يﻮﺑ ﯽﻃﺮﺷ ) عﺎﻨﻌﻧ ﻪﺤﯾار ( و ﯽﻃﺮﺷﺮﯿﻏ ) ﻮﻤﯿﻟ ﻪﺤﯾار ( ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ

Fig. 2. Recorded responses by Venturia canescens to tested odors, peppermint (CS) and lemon (US), after conditioning

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راﺮﻗ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ دﺮﯿﮔ

)

Geervleit et al., 1998

.(

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺳﺎﺴﺣ رد ﺖﯿ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﺑ رد

ﮏﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ تاﺮﺸﺣ دﻮﺷ )

Papaj & lewis, 1993; Wajnberg & Colazza, 2013

.(

ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ نﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ياراد

شادﺎﭘ ) رﻮﻀﺣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ( و ﮏﯾ ﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻧ نوﺪﺑ شادﺎﭘ ) نوﺪﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ( ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ هزﺎﺟا

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ،ﺎﻫ

دﻮﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ توﺎﻔﺗ )

Meineres et al., 2003; Kruidhof et al., 2012,

( ﮔرﺎﮑﺑ ، يﺮﯿ

Associative Learning

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

زارﺎﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ ﺳر ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ نﺪﯿ

ارﺎﮐ ﯽﯾ ﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ي نآ ﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽ دﻮﺷ )

Smid et el., 2007

.(

سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ

هﺪﻣآ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ رﻮﺒﻧز

canescens

راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗV.

ي ﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا نﺎﺑﺰﯿ

ﺪﺟ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ و ﺪﯾ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ و هدﻮﺑ

ﺪﺟ ﻪﺗﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﯾ ﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ

ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

ﺪﻫد .ا ﻦﯾ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ ﻣ ردﺎﻗ ار هدﺎﻣ رﻮﺒﻧز ﯽ

دزﺎﺳ ﺒﻃ رد ﺎﺗ ﺖﻌﯿ زا ﺪﻌﺑ

ﻣ ﺎﺑ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ

،نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻧ ﺎﻫ ي ﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮ ﻣ رﻮﻀﺟ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ

ﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ي ﮔ هﺎﯿ ﻣ

،نﺎﺑﺰﯿ نﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﺴﻨﺟ ﯽ ﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ﺤﻣ رد ار ﻂﯿ

ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾ

ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ﺑ ﺖﻗد و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺘﻤﮐ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ رد ار دﻮﺧ ﺮﺘﺸﯿ

ﺎﺑ و فﺮﺻ يژﺮﻧا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ

اﺪﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﮐ .

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ

داد ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﮏﺗ

ﯽﺴﻨﺟ ياز

canescens

زا ﺪﻌﺑ V.

ﮏﯾ ﻪﺒﺗﺮﻣ

ﻃﺮﺷ ﯽ يزﺎﺳ 27 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ لﻮﻃ ﺪﯿﺸﮐ . ﺎﻣا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

،ﯽﻠﺒﻗ ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ﯽﺴﻨﺟود ياز ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ 24

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ ﻪﻣادا ﯽﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﯾ و ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ شادﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ هﺪﺷ رد لﻼﺧ

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺎﯾ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﯽﮔ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﺑﺎﯾ

(Theil et al., 2013)

. رد تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ماود ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ر

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻮﺑ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ رﻮﺒﻧز رد

bicolor (Hym.: Braconidae) Pholetesor

ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ

ورﻻ

Phyllonorycter spp.

ﺎﺗ 14 زور رد بﺎﯿﻏ ﻪﻣادا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ

ﺖﻓﺎﯾ )

Dutton et al., 2000

.(

رد رﻮﺒﻧز

P. luctuosa

ﻞﮑﺷ 3 نﺎﻣز- ﯽﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ ) t0

( دروآﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﻃﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ رﻮﺒﻧز V. canescens ،

ﻂﺧ هﺎﯿﺳ ﮓﻧر نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﻨﻫد

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ

،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻂﺧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﯿﭼ - ﻊﻄﻘﻨﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﻨﻫد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ﻂﺧ ﻊﻄﻘﻨﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﻨﻫد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺜﻨﺧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

Fig. 3. Calculated time forgot after conditioning parasitoid wasp V.canescens. The dotted line indicates positive responses, the gray line negative responses, and the dot-dashed line the neutral responses over time.

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) 1 ( ,37 1396 ٢٣

60 ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﮐ هدﺎﻣ داﺮﻓا ﺪﺻرد ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧراد ار نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻧاو يﻮﺑ 7

ﯽﻃﺮﺷ زا ﺲﭘ زور زا ﯽﻤﯿﻧ و يزﺎﺳ

زا ﺲﭘ هدﺎﻣ داﺮﻓا 15

نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻨﮐاو ﻞﯿﻧاو يﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ زور ﺪﻧداد

)

Dutton et al., 2000

.(

ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود

لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ

ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ

ﮔﻮﻠﺟ و ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ يﺎﻫﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﻦﺘﻓر ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﯿ

دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ يژﺮﻧا و نﺎﻣز فﺮﺻ زا يﺮ .

تﺪﻣ

نﺎﻣز ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ رد ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ

ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ و

راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ دﺮﯿﮔ

.

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ار

ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﺒﻗ زا يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻫد ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺮﻣا رد ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ

ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ﻢﻬﻣ

ﺖﺳا )

Hatings & godfray, 1999; Meiners et al., 2003; Stireman, 2002

(.

زا ﯽﻓﺮﻃ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ

ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ رﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

ﻪﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ

)

.(

ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ار رد يرﻮﺌﺗ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ يﺮﮕﺷوﺎﮐ ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ

ﺑ ﻪ دﻮﺧ

صﺎﺼﺘﺧا هداد

ﺖﺳا اﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ

،يرﺎﺘﻓر يور شور يﺎﻫ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻣﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ دراﺬﮔ . دﻮﺟو ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻫ

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد ﺚﻋﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ

ﯽﺑﺎﯾ رد ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ تاﺰﺛا و ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ

يدﺮﻓ و

يﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ )

.(

يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ

ار ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ

ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑﻮﻧ دﻮﺧ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا خﺮﻧ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ )

Muller et al., 2006; Dutton et al., 2000

.(

عﻮﻗو هﺪﯾﺪﭘ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻪﮐ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺎﺑ فﺮﺻ نﺎﻣز ﺮﺘﻤﮐ دﻮﺷ . ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﻤﺳ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺮﻣا ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا خﺮﻧ ﻢﺨﺗ يراﺬﮔ و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻓر ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻠﺜﻣﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ردﺎﻣ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ

ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ )

Turlings et al., 1993

.(

ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ي زارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾ

ﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﺗ ﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿ ار ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻔﯿ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ و ﺎﺑ

ژﺮﻧا فﺮﺻ ي

نﺎﻣز و اﺪﯿﭘ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ هﺮﻬﺑ درﻮﻣ و هدﺮﮐ رادﺮﺑ

ي ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ . ﯽﻗﺎﺑ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺲﻨﺟ هدﺎﻣ رد ﭻﭘ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ دراد . يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ

ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ نﺎﻣز نﺪﻧﺎﻣ دﻮﺧ ار رد ﭻﭘ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ )

Theil & Hoffmeister, 2009

.(

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ رﻮﺒﻧز ﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ

ﭻﭘ يﺎﻫ

،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ نﺎﻣز

هﺮﻬﺑ يرادﺮﺑ زا ﭻﭘ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز هدﺎﻣ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ فﺮﺻ نﺎﻣز يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رد ﻦﯾا ﭻﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧراد )

Wajnberg et al.,1999

.(

ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ زا

ﮐ ترﺪﻗ نﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ ﺎﻫﺪﯿﯾﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ و ﺎﻫﺮﮔرﺎﮑﺷ يﺮﮕﺷوﺎ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ رد ار ﺎﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ

لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻓآ نداد راﺮﻗ فﺪﻫ رد ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ .

ﺎﺑ

ﯽﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ دراﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ماود رﻮﻄﻨﻤﯿﻫ و يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ناﻮﺗ

ﺪﯿﯾﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﯾد رﺎﻨﮐ رد ار

نآ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ يرﺎﮑﻧا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﯿﻏ و ﻢﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ود ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎﻫ

ار ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ

ﻢﯿﺴﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ،يﺮﮔﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ

ﺪﻧراد ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﯿﻏ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻖﻓو و ﻖﻓﻮﻣ .

ﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ﺰ يرا

ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﯿﮔ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد

يزروﺎﺸﮐ جﺮﮐ

- هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ و ﺎﺑ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺐﻄﻗ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ تﺎﻓآ

و يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﺎﻫ و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ

ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯿﺑ تﺎﻓآ

و يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد .

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ زا يﺎﻗآ ﺮﺘﮐد ﻬﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﺘﺳر ﯽ

ﺮﻃﺎﺨﺑ

تﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ نﺎﺸﯾﺎﻫ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﻧآ هداد ﺎﻫ و تاﺮﻈﻧ نﺎﺷﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ

ﯽﻣ ددﺮﮔ .

(10)

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