Happiness and Associated Demographic Factors among Medical Students of Mazandaran University of
Medical Sciences, 2010
Fatemeh Sheikhmoonesi1, Mehran Zarghami1, Mohammad Khademloo2, Mohammad Mehdi Alimohammadi3
1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
2 Department of Cemunity Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
3 Student of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
(Received July 23, 2012 ; Accepted January 13, 2013)
Abstract
Background and purpose: Happiness is comprised of at least three components: emotional, social and cognitive. The emotional aspect results in positive expressions, the social aspect leads to expanded positive relationships with others and cognitive component creates a thinking which optimistically interprets daily events. This study evaluated the level of happiness and some influencing factors in medical students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in all medical students (n= 356) who were consent to fill the questionnaire. The "Oxford Happiness Questionnaire" with a demographic questionnaire were completed by the students. The scores were analyzed by calculating mean scores of different groups and t-test and ANOVA using SPSS ver.17.
Results: From the total of 356 medical students 208 handed the questionnaires. The mean score of happiness of medical students was 41.23. The mean score of happiness was significantly high (42.87) among students of medicine aged 18-22 years while it was lower (38.79) among those aged 22-31 years (P= 0.027). The mean score of happiness for medical students with physical disease was (35.06) which was lower than that of the healthy students (41.9) (P= 0.039). Findings from the study of five inventory factors showed different levels of self-esteem among male and female students of medicine (P= 0.005).
Conclusion: The findings showed no relationship between sex, marital status, residential status and happiness among medical students but age and physical health influenced their level of happiness.
Keywords: Happiness, medical, students
J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2013; 23(97): 132-137 (Persian).
هرود مود و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ 97 ﻦﻤﻬﺑ لﺎﺳ 1391 ) 137 - 132 (
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ نآ طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ
1389
ﻲﺴﻧﻮﻣ ﺦﻴﺷ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ 1
ﻲﻣﺎﻏﺮﺿ ناﺮﻬﻣ 1
ﻮﻠﻣدﺎﺧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 2
يﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ يﺪﻬﻣﺪﻤﺤﻣ
3
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
و ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ فﺪﻫ رد: مﻮﻬﻔﻣ دﺎﺷ ي ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺳ ءﺰﺟ ﺳﺎﺳا ﻲ ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ و ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ دﻮﺟو دراد . ءﺰـﺟ ﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ﻲ ﺚـﻋﺎﺑ
تﻻﺎﺣ ﻫ ﻴ ﻧﺎـﺠ ﻲ
،ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ءﺰـﺟ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻂـﺑاور ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ هدﺮﺘـﺴﮔ و ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺎـﺑ د ﻳ ناﺮـﮕ و ءﺰـﺟ ﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻲ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ
رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ي
زا ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ي ﻣ ﻲ دﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻗو ﻳ ﻊ هﺮﻣزور ار ﺎﺑ شﻮﺧ ﺑﻴ ﻨ ﻲ ﺒﻌﺗ ـﻴ ﺮ و ـﺴﻔﺗ ﻴ ﺮ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪـﻨﻛ . فﺪـﻫ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳا ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ
اد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ و نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧ
ﺄ ﻲﻣ نآ ﺮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﻴﺛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
: رد ﻦﻳا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ زا عﻮﻧ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ - دﻮﺑ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ،
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ
) 356 ﺮﻔﻧ ( ﻪـﻛ ﺖﻳﺎـﺿر ﻪـﺑ
يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ رد ﺮﭘ ندﺮﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد درﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ . ﻚﻳ ﺮﭘ زا ﻪﺨـﺴﻧ
ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳ هاﺮـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ درﻮﻔـﺴﻛآ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رﺎﻴﺘﺧا رد ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .
زا شور يﺎﻫ ﺟ يرﺎﻣآ ﺖﻬ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : زا 356 ،ﺮﻔﻧ 208 ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻧداد ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ ار دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ .
ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد ﺎﻫ
232 / 41 دﻮﺑ . ﻴﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎ هوﺮﮔ رد
ﻲﻨﺳ 22 - 18 لﺎـﺳ 87 / 42
ﻲﻨـﺳ هوﺮـﮔ رد و 31
- 22 لﺎـﺳ 79 / 38 توﺎـﻔﺗ ﻪـﻛ دﻮـﺑ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار يراد داد
) 027 / 0 .(p=
ﻲﻤـﺴﺟ يرﺎـﻤﻴﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻼﺘـﺒﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ رد توﺎﻔﺗ )
06 / 35 ( ﻢﻟﺎـﺳ و ) 9 / 41 (
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ دﻮﺑ راد ) 039 / 0 .(p=
هراﺰﮔ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ يﺎﻫ
،ﻪﻧﺎﮔ داد نﺎﺸﻧ
هراﺰـﮔ ﻪـﻛ )
دﻮـﺧ ﺖـﻣﺮﺣ (
ود رد ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﺘـﺷر رد
ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺲﻨﺟ )
005 / 0
= (p
.
جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا
،ﺲﻨﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ار ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ: ﺄﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
،ﻞﻫ
،ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ
،ﺪـﻧاد
ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﻤﺴﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ و ﻦﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ:
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ،
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ز دﺎــﺷ ﻳ ﺘــﺴ ﻲ ﺚــﺤﺑ هزﺎــﺗ ا ي ﻧﻴ ﺖــﺴ و ﻪﻘﺑﺎــﺳ نآ ﻪــﺑ
ﻳ نﺎــﻧﻮ ﺪــﻗ ﻳ ﻢ ﺮــﺑ ــﻣ ﻲ ددﺮــﮔ و ﻪﺘــﺷﻮﻧ رد ﺎــﻫ ي طاﺮﻘــﺳ و نﻮﻃﻼﻓا
و ﺺﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﻮﻄﺳرا ﺚﺤﺑ ﻠـﺼﻔﻣ ﻲ درﻮـﻣ رد دﺎـﺷ
ز ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ د ﻳ هﺪ ﻣ ﻲ ﻮﺷ د
) 1
.(
ﻒﻟﺆﻣ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ : ﻲﺴﻧﻮﻣ ﺦﻴﺷ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ يرﺎﺳ-
: نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
، تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناور
ﭘ ﻜﺷﺰ ﻲ يرﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ و
E-mail: fmoonesi@mazums.ac.ir
1 . تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناور
ﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ يرﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ و ،
هوﺮﮔ ناور ﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ
، ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
2 . ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
،ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ ت نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
3 . تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناور
ﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ يرﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ و ،ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻛ ، نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
2 / 5 / 91 تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﺖﻬﺟ عﺎﺟرا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
7 / 8 / 91 ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
24 / 10 / 91
ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
و ﻲﺴﻧﻮﻣ ﺦﻴﺷ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ
رد ﺮﺧاوا نﺮـﻗ ﺑﻴ ﻢﺘـﺴ ﻠـﺳ ﻴ ﻦﻤﮕ
(Seligman)
ﺚـﺤﺑ
ز دﺎﺷ ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ار ﻮﺤﻧ ﺪﺟ ي ﺮﺗ ي ﻣ ـﻴ نﺎ دروآ . وا حﻼﻄـﺻا
ناور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﮕﻧ
(Positive Psychology)
ار اﺮﺑ ي
ــﻟوا ﻴ ﻦ رﺎــﺑ ﻪــﺑ رﺎــﻛ دﺮــﺑ و ﻟﺎﺤــﺷﻮﺧ ﻲ ار ﺮــﻣا ي ﻞــﺑﺎﻗ
هزاﺪﻧا ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ي ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲ دﺮﻛ . ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻦ شور ﺎﻫ ي هزاﺪﻧا ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ي
ار درﻮـــﻣ ـــﺷزرا ﻴ ﺑﺎ ﻲ و ﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ـــﺴ ﻪ راﺮـــﻗ داد
) 2
. ( Argyle
&Crossland
ضﺮــﻓ ﺪــﻧدﺮﻛ ﻪــﻛ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ﻲ اراد ي ﻪــﺳ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻠﺻا ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ : ﻪـﺟرد ا ي زا ﻖـﻠﺧ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ـﻳ ﺎ
،تﺬـﻟ
ﻦﺘــﺷاد ﺎــﺿر ﻳ ﺖ ﻓﺎــﻛ ﻲ رد ــﻳ ﻚ تﺪــﻣ ﺺﺨــﺸﻣ و دﻮــﺒﻧ
تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﻔﻨﻣ
ﻲ ﻞﺜﻣ ﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﻲ و باﺮﻄﺿا
) 3
. (
توﺎﻔﺗ يﺎـﻫ
توﺎـﻔﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ سﺎـﺴﺣا رد يدﺮﻓ ﻲﺘﻴـﺼﺨﺷ يﺎـﻫ
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺗ ؛ توﺎﻔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧژ
) 4
ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ،ﺮـﮕﻳد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ(
ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ سﺎـﺳا ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ
Ayzenk
ﻲـﻣ ، ناﻮـﺗ
ياﺮﺑ ﺖـﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺴﻳز ﻪﻳﺎﭘ نآ
) 5
. (
،ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ
هﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ
ﻚـﻳ دراو ار عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳا ﻪﻛ ددﺮﮔ
ﻢﻴـﻨﻛ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ بﻮﭼرﺎﻬﭼ .
ﻮﻋ نﺎـﻴﻣ زا و نﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﻞـﻣا
نآ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶـﻘﻧ ،ﻲﺘـﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ و يدﺎـﺷ رد ﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
) 6
.(
ﻤﻫا ﻴ ﺖ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻲ زا نآ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ
اﺰﻓا ﻳ ﺶ ﻛ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺖ رﺎﻛ ي داﺮﻓا ﻣ ﻲ ددﺮـﮔ .
ًﻼﺜـﻣ رد ـﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲ
ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ نآ ﻳ ﻚ هوﺮﮔ ﻚـﺷﺰﭘ
،ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺮـﮕﻧ ي و
لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ ندﻮﺑ
نآ ﺎﻫ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺨﺸﺗ ﻴ ﺺ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻟﺎﺴﻛ ﺎـﻫ ي
ﺑﻴ ﺎﻤ نار و نﺎﻣرد ﻗد ﻴ ﻖ ﺮﺗ هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا
) 7
.(
رد ـﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻢـﺸﭼ
ﺎﻫزاﺪﻧا ي ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺑ اﻳ ﻦ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻣ ﻲ رﻮـﺧ ﻳ ﻢ ﻪـﻛ رد
ﻪﺘــﺷﺬﮔ ﻟﻮﺗ ــﻴ ﺪ ﺺﻟﺎــﺧﺎﻧ ــﻠﻣ
ﻲ ﻪــﺑ ناﻮــﻨﻋ ﺮــﻬﻈﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ــﻴ ﺖ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي و ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻠﺻا ﻲ ﺪﺷر حﺮﻄﻣ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪـﺷ
، ـﻟو ﻲ ﻢـﻫ
نﻮــــﻨﻛا ﺎﺗ ﻳ ﺪــــﻨﻠ ي ﺎــــﻫ » ﻪــــﺟرد ﻟﺎﺤــــﺷﻮﺧ ﻲ
ــــﻠﻣ ﻲ
«
(Gross National Happiness(GNH)
ار ﺮــــﻄﻣ ح
ﺮﻛ د ه ﺪﻧا و نآ ار زا ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻳ ﻦ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ﭘﻴ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ
) 8
.(
نآ ﺎﻫ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪـﻛ ارادGNH
ي رﺎـﻬﭼ ﻪـﺟو
ﺪﺷر دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
، ﻆﻔﺣ ـﺤﻣ ﻴ ﻂ ز ﻳ
،ﺖـﺴ ﺎـﻘﺗرا ء ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ و
ﻪﺟرد ﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ و رﺎﻌﺷ » ﭘﻴ ﺶ ﻪﺑ فﺮـﻃ
ﺳ ﻴ هرﺎ لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ
« ار حﺮﻄﻣ هدﺮﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا ﺪﺟاو ﻪـﺒﻨﺟ ﻮـﻗ ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا
ﻲ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . رد ﺎﻫرﻮـﺸﻛ ي د ﻳ ﺮـﮕ زا ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ
هﺮﻛ ﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻲ
، ا ﺮﻣ ﻳ ﺎﻜ و نﺎﺘـﺴﻠﮕﻧا ﻧ
ـﻴ ﺰ ﺎـﻫرﺎﻛ ي ز ـﻳ دﺎ ي رد
ﻣز ﻴ ﻪﻨ هزاﺪﻧا ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ي ﻣﻴ ناﺰ ﻟﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ ﻲ رد ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ و هار ﺎـﻫ ي
ءﺎﻘﺗرا نآ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪـﺷ ﺖـﺳا
) 9
.(
ﻧ ﺎـﺘ ﻳ ﺞ نﺎـﺸﻧ هداد ﻪـﻛ رد
ﺪﻨﭼ رﻮﺸﻛ ي ﻪﻛ رد ﺪـﻣآ ﻪﻧﻻﺎـﺳ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷاد ﺪـﻧا
، ﻪـﺟرد
ﻟﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ ﻲ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ نآ
ﺎﻫ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﺑﻴ ﺶ ﺮـﺗ هدﻮـﺑ ﺖـﺳا
، ـﺜﻣ ﻞ
،ﺪﻨﻠﻫ
،ادﺎﻧﺎﻛ اﻳ ﺪﻨﻟﺮ و ﺋﻮﺳ ﻴ ﺲ . ﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺳ ﺐ ﺎﺑ ﻪـﺟرد ﻟﺎﺤـﺷﻮﺧ ﻲ
داﺮﻓا ﺮﻫ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ ي ﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﻴﺎ ﻲﻳ ﮓﻧر ﻣآ ﻴ ﺰ ي هﺪﺷ
دﻮﺟو دراد . د ﻳ ﻤ ﻴ ﺮﺘ ي سﻻﺎـﺑ
(Ballas)
دﺎﺘـﺳا ﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ـﻴ ﺎ ي
د هﺎﮕﺸﻧا ﻔﺷ ﻴ ﺪﻠ نﺎﺘـﺴﻠﮕﻧا ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺟرد لﺎﺤـﺷﻮﺧ
ندﻮﺑ اراد ﻳ ي ﻚ ﻮﮕﻟا ي زﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻊ ﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﻴﺎ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 1
.(
ﻀﻌﺑ ﻲ نﺎﻜﺷﺰﭘ رد ﮔﺪﻧز ﻲ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ا ي دﻮـﺧ لﺎﺤـﺷﻮﺧ
ﻧﻴ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ ﻪـﻛ ا ـﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﺑ ﻞﻜـﺷ سﺮﺘـﺳا ـﻳ ﺎ ﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﻲ نﺎـﺸﻧ هداد
ﻣ ﻲ دﻮﺷ . سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎـﻫ ي ﺪـﺷ ﻳ ﺮﺗﺪ و ﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﻲ رد نﺎﻜـﺷﺰﭘ ﺎـﺑ
ﺼﺨﺷ ﻴ ﺖ ﺒﺼﻋ ﻲ و ﻖﻠﺧ ﻔﻨﻣ ﻲ نآ ﺎﻫ رد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖـﺳا
) 10 (.
ﻻد ــﻳ ﻞ ﻢــﻬﻣ دﺪــﻌﺘﻣ ي اﺮــﺑ ي هوﺮــﮔ رد ﻲﺑادﺎــﺷ ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ دﻮﺟو دراد : لوا اﻳ ﻦ
،ﻪﻛ داﺮﻓا دﺎﺷ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
و ﮔﺪﻧز ﻲ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻲ ﺮﺗ ي ﺪﻧراد
) 11
، 12
. (
،مود اﻮﻓ ﻳ ﺪ د ﻳ ﺮـﮕ ي
زا ﻪــﻠﻤﺟ ــﻓا ﺰ اﻳ ﺶ فﺎــﻄﻌﻧا ﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﻲ
، ﻗﻼﺧ ــﻴ ﺖ و ﺎــﺷ ﻳ ﺪ
لﺮﺘﻨﻛ دﺮﻓ ي هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ دﻮـﺟو دراد
) 13
،
14
ﻦﻴــﻨﭽﻤﻫ(
ــﻳ ﻚ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ــﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲ ﺺﺨــﺸﻣ ﺪــﺷ
ﻪــﻛ
نﺎﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻴ ﻞ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ي رد ﺨـﺸﺗ ﻴ ﺺ ﺮـﺘﻬﺑ
ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻛ اﻳ ﻦ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺑﻴ نارﺎﻤ ﺖﺳا
) 15
.(
داﺮﻓا دﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ هﺪﻧزرا زﺎﺳ ي ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي
،دﻮﺧ ﺑﻴ ﺶ ﺮـﺗ
ﺎﺑ ور ﻳ ﺎﻫداﺪ ي ﺖﺒﺜﻣ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ اﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﻛ دﻮـﺧ ار ﺎـﺑ
ور ﻳ ﺎﻫداﺪ ي ﻔﻨﻣ ﻲ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . آ ن ﺎﻫ رد ﻤﺼﺗ ﻴ ﻢ ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ي ﺎﻫ ي
طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ آ ﻳ هﺪﻨ ﮔﺪﻧز ﻲ ﺧ دﻮ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ نﻮـﭼ زا
ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﻲﻳ ﻈﻧ ـﻴ ﺮ ﻮﺠﺘـﺴﺟ ي تﺎـﻋﻼﻃا ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ
ﺎـﺑ ﺮـﻄﺧ
ﻨﻣا ﻴ ﺖ دﻮﺳ ﻣ ﻲ ﻮﺟ ﻳ ﺪﻨ
) 16
، 17
. (
ﻠﻋ ﻲ ﻢﻏر ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ي دﺪـﻌﺘﻣ
رد ﻣز ﻴ ﻪﻨ ﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﻲ
، تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ـﺴﺑ
ﻴ رﺎ دوﺪـﻌﻣ ي رد ﻣز ﻴ ﻪـﻨ
ﻌﺿو ﻴ ﺖ ﺑادﺎﺷ ﻲ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻳ نﺎ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ و ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺮ ي ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ
نآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ اﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﻛ ﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻳ نﺎ ﺮـﻫ
رﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻣ ﮔﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﻲ و ﺑ ﮔﺪﻨﻟﺎ ﻲ ادﺮﻓ ي نآ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
و ﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ﻲ نﺎــﻧآ رد ﺘﻣﻼــﺳ ﻲ ﻢــﺴﺟ و ناور نﺎــﻧآ ــﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ
ــﺑ ﻪ اﺰــﺳ ﻲﻳ دراد
) 20 - 18
و(
ﺎــﺑ ﻪــﺟﻮﺗ ﻪــﺑ اﺮــﺷ ﻳ ﻂ صﺎــﺧ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ - دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻳ نﺎ ﻜـﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ زا ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ز ـﻳ دﺎ
ندﻮـﺑ لﻮــﻃ تﺪــﻣ ــﺼﺤﺗ ﻴ
،ﻞ ــﺠﺣ ﻴ ﻢ ندﻮــﺑ ــﺑ ﻴ ﺶ زا ﺪــﺣ
ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺳرد ﻲ
، رﺎﻛ ﮕﻨﺳ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑﻴ ﻧﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤ ﻲ
، دﻮﺒﻧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻣآرد
ﻟﺎﻣ ﻲ
، آ ﻳ هﺪﻨ مﻮﻠﻌﻣﺎﻧ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ اﺮﺷ ﻳ ﻂ ﻧﻮـﻨﻛ ﻲ و
ﻐﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺮ رد ﻮﮕﻟا ي ﮔﺪـﻧز ﻲ دﺮـﻓ ي و ـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻦ مﺪـﻋ دﻮـﺟو
رﺎﻣآ ي رد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺎﺑ ـﺷ ﻴ عﻮ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ﻲ
، نآ ﺮـﺑ ﺪـﺷ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎـﺗ ﺎـﺑ
اﺮﺟا ي اﻳ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻴ ﻖ ﻣﻴ ناﺰ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻲ ار رد ﻊﻃﺎـﻘﻣ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺼﺤﺗ ﻴﻠ ﻲ ﻢﻋا زا مﻮﻠﻋ ﺎﭘ ﻳ
،ﻪ ﻓﻴ ﺰ ﻳ ژﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘﻮ ي زﻮﻣآرﺎـﻛ،
ي و
زرورﺎﻛ ي ﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻳ نﺎ ﻜـﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ هﺎﮕـﺸﻧاد مﻮـﻠﻋ ﻜـﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﻦ ﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻢ .
و داﻮﻣ شور
ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ عﻮـﻧ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا -
دﻮـﺑ ﻲـﻌﻄﻘﻣ و
ﺖـﻬﺟ
،ﻪــﻳﺎﭘ مﻮــﻠﻋ ﻊﻃﺎــﻘﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ناﺰــﻴﻣ ﻦﻴــﻴﻌﺗ يژﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ،
هﺪﻜـﺸﻧاد يزرورﺎﻛ و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ يزﻮﻣآرﺎﻛ
يرﺎـــﺳ ﻲﻜـــﺷﺰﭘ لﺎـــﺳ رد
1389 ﺪـــﺷ مﺎـــﺠﻧا .
داﺪـــﻌﺗ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 356
ﺮﻔﻧ دﻮﺑ . ﻦﻳا داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ داﺮﻓا
فاﺪـﻫا درﻮـﻣ رد بﻮـﺘﻜﻣ تﺎﺤﻴـﺿﻮﺗ يوﺎـﺣ ﻲﻗاروا و
تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ و حﺮﻃ ﻲﻗﻼﺧا
يا 2 و ﻪـﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﺘﻤـﺴﻗ
نآ ﻪﺑ ﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ ﻪﺋارا ﺎﻫ .
ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻗﻼﺧا تﺎـﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺖﻤـﺴﻗ رد
ﻪـﻧﺎﻣﺮﺤﻣ تﺎـﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣ ﻲﻟو ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ يزﺎﻴﻧ لﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻋ رد و ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ دﻮﺧ مﺎﻧ ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ
ترﻮﺻ رد ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺖﻳﺎﺿر
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﻞـﻴﻤﻜﺗ ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺳو ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻪﻠ ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ نازرورﺎـﻛ زا ﺮﻔﻧ ود
سﻼﻛ رد ﻞـﻳﻮﺤﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ هداد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻢﻴﻧ زا ﺪﻌﺑ و
ًادﺪﺠﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ .
ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ لوا ﺖﻤــﺴﻗ رد ﺖﻴﻌــﺿو ﻪــﺑ طﻮــﺑﺮﻣ يﺎــﻫ
ﻮﻣد ﻊﻄﻘﻣ و ﻪﺘﺷر ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ و ﻚﻴﻓاﺮﮔ
،ﻲﻠﻴــﺼﺤﺗ
،يدورو لﺎــﺳ ﺲﻨــﺟ ،ﻦــﺳ
، ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ﻊــﺿو
و ﻲﻤــﺴﺟ يرﺎــﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﻘﺑﺎــﺳ
نآ ﻲــﻧاور ﺪــﺷ هدروآ ﺎــﻫ
. رد
ﺖﻤــﺴﻗ مود ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ 29
ﻟاﺆــﺳ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ﻲ درﻮﻔــﺴﻛآ
) (OHI (Oxford Happiness Inventory)
هدروآ ﺪـﺷ .
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺧا
ﻴ ﺮ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻲ درﻮﻔﺴﻛآ ﺪﺠﺗ
ـﻳ ﺪ ﺮـﻈﻧ هﺪﺷ
Argyle
ﺎﺑ 29 هراﺰﮔ 4 ﺰﮔ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ا ي ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺗﺮﺗ ﻴ ﺐ
زا 0 ﺎﺗ 3 هﺮﻤﻧ راﺬﮔ ي ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و ﻊﻤﺟ هﺮـﻤﻧ هراﺰـﮔ ﺎـﻫ ي
29
،ﻪﻧﺎﮔ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻞﻛ ﻘﻣ ﻴ سﺎ ار ﻜﺸﺗ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻫد ﻪﻛ ﻪـﻨﻣاد نآ
زا ﺮﻔﺻ ﺎﺗ 87 ﺖﺳا . ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳا ﻖﺒﻃ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار يﺮﺗ
ياﺮـﺑ ﻲـﺷﺮﺑ ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ و ﺪﻫد
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺸﻧ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ رد تاﺮﻤﻧ .
ﺮـﺑ سﺎـﺳا ﺎـﻤﻨﻫار ي
ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا
ﻧدﻮــﻣزآ ﻲ ﺎــﻫ ﻪﺘــﺳاﻮﺧ ﺪــﺷ ﺎــﺗ ﺮــﻫ ــﻳ ﻚ ا ز
هراﺰﮔ ﺎﻫ ي نﻮﻣزآ ار ﺎﺑ ﺖـﻗد ﺪـﻨﻧاﻮﺨﺑ و ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ا ي ار ﻪـﻛ
ﺮﺘﻬﺑ زا ﻪﻤﻫ ﺑﻴ ﺮﮕﻧﺎ سﺎﺴﺣا نآ ﺎﻫ رد ﺎﻫزور ي ﺧا ﻴ ﺮ ﺖـﺳا
،
بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺞﻨﭘ زا ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳا
ﺪـﺷ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ
ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻪـﻛ ه :
1 -
ﻲﮔﺪـﻧز زا ﺖﻳﺎـﺿر
)
satisfaction with life
(
، 2 - دﻮﺧ ﺖﻣﺮﺣ )
self esteem
(
،
3 - ﻲﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ )
subjective well-being
(
، 4 - ﺖﻳﺎﺿر
ﺮﻃﺎﺧ )
satisfaction
( و 5 -
ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻖـﻠﺧ )
positive mood
(
ﺖﺳا . رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي دﺪﻌﺘﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪـﺷ ﺮـﺿ ﻳ ﺐ ﺎـﻔﻟآ ي
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺑﻴ ﻦ 87 / 0 ﺎﺗ 92 / 0 و ﺎﭘ ﻳﺎ ﻲﻳ ﺎـﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﻲﻳ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺲﭘ
زا 4 هﺎﻣ 78 / 0 ﺎﺗ 81 / 0 ﺖـﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺪـﻣآ
) 21
. (
يﺎــﻔﻟآ و ﺪــﺷ ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ نﻮــﻣزآ ﻦــﻳا ﻲﻳﺎــﻳﺎﭘ ﺰــﻴﻧ ناﺮــﻳا رد خﺎــﺒﻧوﺮﻛ 91
/ 0
ﺪــﺷ ﻪﺒــﺳﺎﺤﻣ
) 22
.(
دﻮـــﺟﻮﻣ تﺎــﻋﻼﻃا
ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد راﺰــﻓا مﺮــﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘــﺳا ﺎــﺑ ﺎــﻫ
SPSS17
ﺎــﺑ
و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ نﻮــﻣزآ
-test
وt
ANOVA
درﻮــﻣ ﻪــﻳﺰﺠﺗ و
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .
ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد داﺪﻌﺗ 356
ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ 208
ﺮـﻔﻧ
) 62 دﺮﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ) 1 / 30 ﺪﺻرد ( و 144 نز ﺮﻔﻧ ) 9 / 69 ﺪﺻرد (
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﺮﭘ ار ﺎﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ـﻫد ﻲ دوﺪـﺣ 60
ﺖـﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺪﺻ رد .
195 ) 8 / 93 ﺪـﺻرد (
و دﺮـﺠﻣ ﺮـﻔﻧ 13
) 2 / 6 ( ﺘﻣ ﺮــﻔﻧ ﺄ
؛ﺪــﻧدﻮﺑ ﻞــﻫ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﺘــﺷر رد
87 رد ﺮــﻔﻧ
،ﻪﻳﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ 36
،يژﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ رد ﺮﻔﻧ 49
ﺮـﻔﻧ
و يزﻮﻣآرﺎﻛ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ رد 36
؛ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ يزرورﺎﻛ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ رد ﺮﻔﻧ
16
،نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻲﻤﺴﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ رﺎﭼد
. ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ
درﻮﻔـﺴﻛا ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ زﺎﻴﺘﻣا )
695 / 12 233±
/ 41 (
دﻮﺑ . ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ هوﺮـﮔ
ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
و ﻲﺴﻧﻮﻣ ﺦﻴﺷ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ
ﺮﻳز ﻲﻨﺳ 22 يﻻﺎـﺑ ﻲﻨـﺳ هوﺮـﮔ زا ﺮﺗدﺎـﺷ لﺎـﺳ 22
لﺎـﺳ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ) لوﺪﺟ هرﺎﻤﺷ 1 .(
لوﺪﺟ هرﺎﻤﺷ 1
ﻲـﻧاواﺮﻓ:
ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ تاﺮـﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ و نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
ﻪﺘﺷر ﻲﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ ) ﺪﺻرد ( رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ± ﺢﻄﺳ يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ 22 - 18 130 ) 1 / 63 ( 191 /
±13 13 / 027 42 / 0
38/79±11/659 ( 36/9 )78 23 -31
ﻪــﻛ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ هﺮــﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻲﻤﺴﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ رﺎﭼد )
06 / 35 (
ـﻨﻌﻣ توﺎـﻔﺗ ﻲ
يراد
ﻢﻟﺎــﺳ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ناﺰــﻴﻣ ﺎــﺑ )
9 / 41 (
ﺖـــﺷاد ) 039 / 0
= .(p
رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـــﺷ هﺮـــﻤﻧ دورو
ي ﺎـــﻫ ي
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ) توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ (
ـﻔﺗ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ يرﺎـﻣآ توﺎ
ﺪﻨﺘــﺷاﺪﻧ ﻲــﻤﻬﻣ )
05 / 0
>
.(p
لوﺪــﺟ هرﺎﻤــﺷ 2 ﻣ ــﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﻦ و
فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻌﻣ ﻴ رﺎ ﺘﻣا ﻴ زﺎ ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﻚ زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ
درﻮﻔﺴﻛآ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ار
رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﺘﺷر
نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﺪـﻫد .
هراﺰـﮔ زﺎـﻴﺘﻣا ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﺎـﻫ
، ﺖـﻣﺮﺣ رد دﻮـﺧ
ﻢﻛ نﺎﻧز رد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد دﻮﺑ نادﺮﻣ زا ﺮﺗ
) 005 / 0
= .(p
سﺎــﺳا ﺮــﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ تازﺎــﻴﺘﻣا ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ ﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻲ
يراد ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ ) 05 / 0
>
.(p
ﺚﺤﺑ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ 232 / 41 دﻮﺑ . رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣ زا تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳا
ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﻪــﻛ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد
Argyle
شرﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و )
1990 (
6 / 35 و
Francis
42 / 38
دﻮــﺑ هﺪــﺷ شراﺰــﮔ
، ﺶﻴــﺑ ﺮــﺗ
ﺖﺳا
) 23
، 24
.(
زا ﺎﺟ نآ ﻲﻳ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ درﻮـﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻲــﻣ ﻲــﻘﻠﺗ شزرا ﺎــﻣ ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﺶﺠﻨــﺳ ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ
) ﺪــﻨﻧﺎﻣ
هراﺰــﮔ يﺎــﻫ
) 4
، 8
، 17
، 21
، 23
، 25
ﻲــﻣ ﻲﻌــﺳ داﺮــﻓا و(
ﺪــﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﻦـﻳا ﺪـﺟاو ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ دﻮﻤﻧاو ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ دراد لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ
شزرا ﺎـﺑ ﻞـﻴﻟد
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﻦـﻳا ندﻮـﺑ
نآ زا يرادرﻮـﺧﺮﺑ نوﺪـﺑ و ﺎـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هداد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .
ﻦﻳا ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ هراﺰﮔ ﻪﻛ
دﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ
،ﻲﮔﺪـﻧز زا ﺖﻳﺎﺿر ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺮﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ يﺎﻫ
،ﺖﻗو ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ،ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻴﻤﺻ ﺗﺄ
ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛ
دراد هرﺎﺷا ﺪﻬﻌﺗ سﺎﺴﺣا و .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻣآ
ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ
ﺗ ﺲﻨﺟ هﺪﻣآ ﺄ
ﺮﻴﺛ ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺖـﺷاﺪﻧ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ رد يراد ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻻﺎﺑرﻮﻧ و رﻮﭘ ﻲﻠﻋ
) 1378 ( يﻮـﻠﻋ ،
) 1386 ( ،
Francis
نارﺎــــــﻜﻤﻫ و )
1998 ( و
Parkerson
) 1990 ( ﺖﺳا ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ
) 5
، 20
، 24
، 25
.(
ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻪــﻛ داد نﺎــﺸﻧ ﻖــﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎــﻫ نﺎﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد رد
ﺮــﻳز ﻲﻨــﺳ هوﺮــﮔ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ 22
ﺎــﺳ ل ) هﺮــﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ ﺎــﺑ
ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــــﺷ 65
/ 42 ( يﻻﺎــــﺑ ﻲﻨــــﺳ هوﺮــــﮔ زا ﺮﺗدﺎــــﺷ
22 لﺎــﺳ ) ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ هﺮــﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ ﺎــﺑ 69
/ 38 ( ،ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻫ
Bradburn
) 1969 ( ﺖــﻓﺎﻳرد ﻲــﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ سﺎــﺳا ﺮــﺑ ﺰــﻴﻧ 38
رد داﺮﻓا ﺪﺻرد 20
ﻒﻴـﺻﻮﺗ دﺎـﺷ رﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ،ﻲﮕﻟﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ﺪﻨﻨﻛ 31
رد داﺮـﻓا ﺪـﺻرد 30
و ﻲﮕﻟﺎـﺳ
30 ﺪﺻرد ﻧﺎﺴﻛ رد ﻪﻛ ﻲ 45
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﻟﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
هدﺮﻛ نﺎﻴﺑ ار ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﺪﻧا
. ﺎﻬﻨﺗ 8 رد ﻪﻛ يداﺮﻓا ﺪﺻرد 20
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﻟﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ دﺎﺷ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
. ﺮـﻫ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا 10
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﻛ يداﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ و ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
50 ﻲﮕﻟﺎﺳ ﻪـﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ 17 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺳر
) 16
. (
رﺎـﻛ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
ﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ
ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣز و يﺮﻜﻓ يﺮﻴﮔرد هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧ و ﺮـﺗ
نﺎﻣز ﺶﻫﺎﻛ لﺎﺳ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد باﻮﺧ
ﻢﻈﻨﻣﺎـﻧ و ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
باﻮﺧ نﺪﺷ صﻮـﺼﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﻦﻴـﻋ رد و يزرورﺎـﻛ هرود رد
دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ لﺎﺣ ﻦﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ،ﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺒﻨﻣ
لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻲﻟﺎﻣ
ﺑﺎﻳ ـ
،ﺪ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
رد
ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ رد ﻲﺑادﺎﺷ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رد
لوﺪﺟ هرﺎﻤﺷ 2
ﻣﻴ:
ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﻦ و فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻌﻣ ﻴ رﺎ ﺘﻣا ﻴ زﺎ ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﻚ زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻧﺎﮕﺠﻨﭘ درﻮﻔﺴﻛآ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد
ﻪﺘﺷر ﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﺲﻨﺟ
ﻪﺘﺷر ﺲﻨﺟ
ﺎﺿر ﻳ ﺖ زا ﮔﺪﻧز ﻲ ﺖﻣﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ﺰﻬﺑ
ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻲ ﺎﺿر ﻳ ﺖ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻖﻠﺧ
ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ دﺮﻣ
ﻣﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ
±ﻦ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻌﻣ ﻴ رﺎ 02 /
±5 58 / 10 67 /
±3 34 / 10 66 /
±2 17 / 7 07 /
±2 52 / 6 93 /
±1 12 / 5
نز ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا± ﻌﻣ ﻴ رﺎ 02 /
±5 86 / 9 67 /
±3 84 / 8 66 /
±2 71 / 7 07 /
±2 01 / 6 93 /
±1 7 / 4
ﺢﻄﺳ يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ 288
/ 0 005
/ 0 177
/ 0 074
/ 0 123
/ 0
داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﻞﻫﺄﺘﻣ
ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻣآ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا دﺮﺠﻣ و
ﻔﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎ ﺘﻣ هوﺮﮔ ود ﻦﻴﺑ يراد
ﺄ دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو دﺮﺠﻣ و ﻞﻫ
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ
ﺮـﮕﻳد تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا هﺪـﻣآ
نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و نﺎﻴﻣﺎﻴــﺻ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪــﻨﻧﺎﻣ )
1391 ( ناﻮــﺨﻤﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 26
. (
ﻪـﺑ جاودزا ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﻲﺘﺨﺳ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﺮﭙﺳ ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ و يﺎـﻫ
تﻻﺎـﺣ دﺎـﺠﻳا ﻪـﻛ يدﺎـﺼﺘﻗا و ﻲﻧﺎـﺠﻴﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋارا ار ﺪﻨﻛ ﺪﻫد
. يﻮﻗ جاودزا ﺮـﺑ ار ﺮﺛا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺖـﻴﻣوﺮﺤﻣ و دراد ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ و ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﺖﺳا زﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﻔﺷآ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ نآ زا
) 25
و(
نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد ﻦﻴﺑ رد ﻦﻜﻴﻟ
،ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ يﺎﻫرﻮـﺳﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﻣآرد ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﺄﺗ ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛا ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﻞﻫ ﻞـﻴﻟد ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻜﻧ ﺎﻔﻳا ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ رد
ﻦﻴــﺑ رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎــﺷ ﻞــﻫﺄﺘﻣ داﺮــﻓا
دﺮﺠﻣ زا ﺶﻴــﺑ ﺎــﻫ
هدﻮــﺒﻧ
ﺖﺳا . هراﺰﮔ زﺎﻴﺘﻣا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﺲﻨـﺟ سﺎـﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ يﺎﻫ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﻲ
يﺎـﻫ هراﺰـﮔ زﺎـﻴﺘﻣا رد راد
ﻞــﻣﺎﻋ 2 ) دﻮــﺧ ﺖــﻣﺮﺣ (
هﺮــﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ ﻪــﻛ دراد دﻮــﺟو نادﺮﻣ
33 / 10 نﺎـﻧز هﺮـﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ و 83
/ 8 ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪـﻛ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺴﭘ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا هﺪﻨﻫد
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺘﺧد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ا و ـﻳ ﻦ درﻮـﻣ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ي ﻲـﻧاﺮﻳا ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
،ﺲﻨـﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ار ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎﺷ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺗ ﺖﻴﻌــﺿو ﺄ
،ﻞــﻫ
،ﺖﻧﻮﻜــﺳ ﺖﻴﻌــﺿو ﻲﻠﻴــﺼﺤﺗ ﻊــﻄﻘﻣ
ﻲﻤﻧ د
،ﺪﻧا نﺎﻳﻮﺠـﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﻤﺴﺟ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ و ﻦﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ
ﺖـﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ .
و ﺖـﺳا ﻲـﻧورد ﻲﺘﻟﺎـﺣ ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ
ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ دﺮـﻓ رد ﻲﻣﺎﻛدﺎـﺷ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو دﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻪـﺑ
لﺎﺒﻧد ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ رد دﻮـﺒﻬﺑ دﺎـﺠﻳا ياﺮـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ذﺎـﺨﺗا
دﻮﺑ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ناور .
يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ
يﺎـﻗآ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻚـﺷﺰﭘ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ نﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻲـﻠﻋ يﺪﻬﻣﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا هدﻮـﺑ يﺪـﻤﺤﻣ
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﻧوﺎﻌﻣ .
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