Object Omission in Persian: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis Faezeh Salimi 1 , Vali Rezai 2
1. Department of Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. [email protected]
2. Department of Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected]
Cite this The Author(s): Salimi, F., Rezai, V., 2022-2023: Object Omission in Persian: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, Journal of Language Researches, No. 2, Vol.13, Serial No. 25, Aautumn & Winter 2022-2023. (55-82)- DOI:
10.22059/JOLR.2022.328325.666733.
Publisheder: Unversity of Tehran Prees 1.ntroduction
Object omission can be treated as a valency-reduction process and is defined as a non-overt internal argument of any verb that also may take an overt pronominal internal argument with the same semantic role though may not have the same semantic interpretation. The difference between object
Article Info Abstract
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
4, August, 2021
In Revised Form:
27, November, 2021
Accepted:
23, January, 2022
Published onlin:
20,March, 2023
Keywords:
The aim of this research is to investigate object omission based on Role and Reference Grammar. Object omission is a valency-reduction process in which a verb which is transitive in nature, appears without its object. This study, will indicate semantic, syntactic and pragmatic representation of the aforementioned construction with respect to the presented concepts in Role and Reference Grammar including the layered structure of the clause, logical structure, semantic macroroles, information structure, activation status of the referents and linking algorithm. Explaining object omission in the framework of RRG, indicates one of the advantages of this grammar. Although RRG attends to the interaction between form and function, it declines the abstract layers or elements in the syntactic analysis. Accordingly, in this grammar the syntactic structure of the clause is represented based on what is explicitly applicable. Therefore, RRG is not faced with any restriction in explaining object omission and regarding what is explicitly presented in the sentence, it behaves with transitive verbs which omit their objects as intransitive ones. The most specific attainments of investigating object omission in the framework of RRG are as follows: In the layered structure of a clause with omitted object, one of the arguments of the core will be reduced and the syntactic representation will be like an intransitive verb with just one argument (subject) in the core. The logical structure of such verbs, likewise, will be represent with just one argument (x), unlike transitive verbs which has two arguments (x, y) in logical structure. Regarding the aktionsart type of the verbs, the findings indicate that activities are the most frequent verbs in object omission construction. the reason is that the second argument of activity verbs is not a macrorole and therefore can be omitted.
Describing object omission with regard to information structure and activation status of the referents in RRG shows that as in the aforementioned construction the object is omitted, it cannot be a focal or topical element and its referent can be considered as an accessible one. Since it is the hearer’s knowledge of the world that makes it possible to understand the notion of the omitted object. Moreover, in this study, regarding object omission construction, linking algorithm from semantic to syntax and from syntax to semantics has been provided. The bidirectional diagrams show that the linking principles of selecting and linking undergoer in both directions will not exist in the objectless sentences.
object omission, valency-reduction,transitivity alternation, information structure, linking .
omission and other valency-reduction processes such as interrogatives and passives is that, in object omission construction, the object is not null or displaced and it cannot be found elsewhere in the sentence. The difference between null or displaced objects and object omission cases in this study can be explained in terms of context-dependency. Context-dependent object omission occurs when the object has been mentioned in the previous discourse or when the general context provides some clues for the listener to be able to identify the referent of the omitted object. In comparison, in the case of context-independent object omission, it is not necessary for the hearer to identify the specific referent of the omitted object. The aim of this research is to investigate object omission construction in Persian, in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar. As Role and Reference Grammar attends the discourse and pragmatic aspects in explaining syntactic phenomena, and attempts to discover typological tendencies in grammatical constructions between the languages, it seems to be an appropriate framework to explain object omission construction as well.
2. Methodology
The theoretical framework adopted is Role and Reference Grammar which focuses on the interaction between form and function, and declines the abstract layers or elements in the syntactic analysis. After selecting the appropriate cases of context-independent object omission in Persian from different sources with different styles such as novels, movies, series and daily conversations, semantic, syntactic and pragmatic representations of the aforementioned construction with respect to the presented concepts in Role and Reference Grammar including the layered structure of the clause, logical structure, semantic macroroles, information structure, activation status of the referents and linking algorithm were presented.
3. Discussion
Explaining object omission in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar, indicates one of the advantages of this grammar. Although this grammar attends to the interaction between form and function, it declines the abstract layers or elements in the syntactic analysis. Accordingly, in this grammar the syntactic structure of the clause is represented based on what is explicitly applicable.
Therefore, Role and Reference Grammar is not faced with any restriction in explaining object omission and regarding what is explicitly presented in the sentence, it behaves with transitive verbs which omit their objects as intransitive ones. The most specific attainments of investigating object omission in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar are presented below:
Although there are two arguments in the core of transitive clauses, but in the layered structure of a clause with the omitted object, one of the arguments of the core will be reduced and the syntactic representation will be like an intransitive verb with just one argument (subject) in the core. The logical structure of such verbs, likewise, will be represented with just one argument (x), unlike transitive verbs which has two arguments (x, y) in logical structure.
In Role and Reference Grammar verbs are classified into four categories: state, achievement, activity and accomplishment. Among these four classes, the findings indicate that activities are the most frequent verbs in object omission construction. There are three reasons behind the higher frequency of activity verbs in the aforementioned construction:
1. The second argument of activity verbs is not a macrorole.
2. The second argument of activity verbs is not referential.
3. The second argument of activity verbs is not specific.
These are the distinctive features of the kind of object activity verbs generally take, because the second argument of other types of aktionsart including state, achievement and accomplishment, is a macrorole. Hence it is referential and specific and accordingly cannot be omitted.
Transitivity has traditionally been explained based on the number of syntactic arguments a verb takes.
However, Role and Reference Grammar by adopting a new approach defines transitivity in terms of macroroles which play a crucial role in the linking system. Actor and undergoer are two macroroles that are motivated by the fact that in grammatical constructions groups of thematic relations are treated
alike. The number of macroroles that a verb takes is generally predictable from its logical structure. A transitive verb normally has two arguments in its logical structure. But in object omission construction in which a transitive verb omits one of its arguments, it takes just one macrorole. As the default choice for privileged syntactic argument in accusative languages such as Persian is actor, it can be concluded that in object omission construction, the omitted macrorole is undergoer and the existing macrorole in the sentence is actor.
Describing object omission with regard to information structure and activation status of the referents in Role and Reference Grammar shows that while focal and topical referents are noticeable constituents in the sentence, they cannot be omitted. However, as the object is omitted in object omission construction, it cannot be a focal or topical element. On the other hand, as the hearer is able to understand the meaning of an objectless sentence, the referent of an omitted object can be considered as an identifiable one; and among three subsets of identifiable referents, it will be accessible inferentially, because it is the hearer’s knowledge of the world that makes it possible to understand the notion of the omitted object.
4. Conclusion
A transitive verb normally has two arguments in its logical structure. But in object omission construction in which a transitive verb omits one of its arguments, it takes just one macrorole. As the default choice for privileged syntactic argument in accusative languages such as Persian is actor, it can be concluded that in object omission construction, the omitted macrorole is undergoer and the existing macrorole in the sentence is actor.
In this study, regarding object omission construction, linking algorithm from semantic to syntax and from syntax to semantics has been provided. The bidirectional diagrams show that the linking principles of selecting and linking undergoer in both directions will not exist in the cases of object omission construction. accordingly, linking in the aforementioned construction, will be represented like the linking of an intransitive sentence, as well as representing the layered structure and logical structure of object omission construction in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar.
ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽ
د زا ﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد
ﻠﺳ هﺰﺋﺎﻓ ﯿ ﻤ
1ﯽ
، ﻟاو ﯽ ﺎﺿر ﯽﯾ
2
1.
نﺎﺑز هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﯾا ،
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
2 . ،لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ نﺎﺑز هوﺮﮔ
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯾ
ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 13 / 05 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 06 / 09 / 1400
:شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 04 / 11 / 1400
:رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 29 / 12 / 1401
هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ :
و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،يرﻮﺘﺳد ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ
هﺪﯾﺪﭘ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ .ﺖﺳا عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ يرﻮﺘﺳد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ يا
هﺎﮐ ﺖﺳا ًﺎﺘﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ نآ رد ﻪﮐ
ﻞﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ،دﻮﺧ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ،دراد زﺎﯿﻧ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و ﻞﻋﺎﻓ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ مزﻻ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ كرد لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺷ
هﺪﺷ فﺬﺣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ و هدﻮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ زا
نﺎﮑﻣا وا ياﺮﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﺖﺳا نآ زا . ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺟ ترﻮﺻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد رد يرﻮﺘﺳد يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻋاﺰﺘﻧا حﻮﻄﺳ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد نوﺪﺑ و ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺮﻫ ﯽﻌﻗاو سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،دﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﻪﭽﻧآ ارﺎﮑﺷآ
ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ دراد رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد و يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد ،ور ﻦﯾا زا .دﻮﺷ
ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺘﻓر ،در و ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻤﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نوﺪﺑ و هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﭻﯿﻫ ﺎﺑ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد ﻢﻬﻣ زا .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ مزﻻ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ،دراد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻮﺗ
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ رد ﯽﺘﯿﻓﺮﻇ ود لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ،ﺪﻨﺑ يا
يﺪﻌﺘﻣ لﺎﻌﻓا ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ و لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ نﺎﯿﻣ زا ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا يﻻﺎﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ياراد ﻪﮐ (x,y)
ﯽﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد .دﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا (x)
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نآ زا داد ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ نﺎﺸﻧ عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺟ
هدﻮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ يﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ و اﺪﺘﺒﻣ و
نآ فﺬﺣ نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
، لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﯽﻤﻧ ار فوﺬﺤﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ و ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺒﻣ يﺮﺼﻨﻋ ناﻮﺗ
لﺎﻌﻓ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ يزﺎﺳ
ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ رد ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﻨﯿﺑ
ﺟﺮﻣ ناﻮﺗ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻊ
ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ار فوﺬﺤﻣ ﻪﺳ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ نﺎﯿﻣ زا و ،ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﮥﻧﺎﮔ طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار نآ ،ﺎﻫ
سﺮﺘﺳد رد
فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺤﻧ زا و ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ زا ﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ دﺎﺠﯾا ةﻮﺤﻧ ،رﻮﮐﺬﻣ دراﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻪﺋارا لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺮﻇ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،يﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،ﺖﯿﻓ
:دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﻠﺳ ﯿ ﻤ ،ﯽ
،هﺰﺋﺎﻓ ﺎﺿر
،ﯽﯾ ﻟاو ﯽ : ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽ
د زا ﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد :
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ لﺎﺳ ،
14 ةرﺎﻤﺷ ، 2،
ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ
،نﺎﺘﺴﻣز و 1401
- ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ 25 - ) 82 - 55 (.
DOI: 10.22059/JOLR.2022.328325.666733
ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ
59
ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽ
د زا ﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد
1 ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ .
ﻞﻌﻓ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ةﺪﻨﻫﺎﮐ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽﮑﯾ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ةﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﺖﺳاﻪﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .
ﮑﺗ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ارﺬﮔ ًﺎﺘﯿﻫﺎﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ،دراد زﺎﯿﻧ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و ﻞﻋﺎﻓ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﯿﻤ
ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا ﯽﮑﯾ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ و هداد ﺖﺳد زا ار ﺎﻫ
مزﻻ ﻞﻌﻓ ترﻮﺻ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺲﻧ .دور
1
(Nᴂss, 2007: 124-125)
ﯽﻣ نﺎﻋذا نﺎﺑز زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ دراد
ﯽﻣ زﺎﺠﻣ ار ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﻫ
فﺬﺣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزﺎﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ زا نآ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧاد ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ يﺪﯿﻘﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ
ﯽﻣ خر ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ؛ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ نﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﭘ ،ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
ﺦﻧﺮﺳ ﯽﻠﮐ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻫ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
زا ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﺎﯾ و ﺪﻫد
ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﯽﻧﺎﺑزﺮﯿﻏ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد .ددﺮﮔ
لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﯾ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ دازآ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ
زﺮﭘ .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو هﺪﻧﻮﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزﺎﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ -
،ﺲﮐوﺮﻟ
گﺮﺑار و ﻮﮑﺴﻟوﺮﯿﭘ
(Pérez-Leroux, Pirvulescu & Roberge, 2017: 31)2
رد ﺰﯿﻧ
يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﯾد و دازآ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ نﺎﯿﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﺮﯿﻈﻧ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﻋذا لﻮﻬﺠﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻬﺗ يﺮﺼﻨﻋ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ،ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﭘ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد
ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﻤﻧ و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ هﺪﺷ هداد .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﻦﺘﻣ رد يﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﺟ ار نآ در ناﻮﺗ
1 - 1.
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور كﻼﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻊﻤﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
هداد يروآ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓﺎﺑ دازآ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ نآ زا ﻪﮐ ﺮﮐذ ،فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ كرد رد ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﺶﯿﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﺟ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ نﺪﺸﻧ ﯽﻠﮐ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ كرد زا ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و نﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ رد ﺮﺗ
.دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ داﺪﺧر ﺮﺑ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز ﮥﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ مﺪﻋ زا نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
هداد ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ
،نﺎﻣر و نﺎﺘﺳاد ،لﺎﯾﺮﺳ ،ﻢﻠﯿﻓ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻋ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧزور ،ﯽﻧﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻠﺗ يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺸﮔ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا هﺮﻣزور تﺎﻤﻟﺎﮑﻣ و تﻼﺠﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ هداد زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ار :ﺪﻨﻫد
1
.
؟ﺖﺳﺎﺠﮐ تردﺎﻣ -
هراد
ُا ﻪﻨﮑﯿﻣ ﻮﺗ (سﺎﺒﻟ) / .
) هرﺎﻤﺷ ،هﺎﺗﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳاد 1
، 300 (.
2.
ﻪﺴﯿﮐ زا ﻪﻔﯿﻠﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺸﺨﺑ ) / لﺎﻣ (
،ﮏﻤﻧ و ﺪﻨﻗ) 57
(.
3.
بﻮﺧ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﭘ ﯽﻣ بﻮﺧ ، (هدز ﮓﻧز ﮏﭼﻮﮐ يﺎﻫﺰﻐﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﯿﺳ) .(سﺎﺒﻟ)/؟ﻪﺘﭼ ،يدﺮﮔ
1. Nᴂss. A
2. Pérez-Leroux. A, Pirvulescu. M and Roberge. Y
4.
ﯽﻣ ،مراد ﯽﺑﻮﺧ نﺎﻣﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻧﻮﺧ يﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﺷ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﻓﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ ،ﻪﻧود ﻪﻧود ﯽﻣ ﻞﮕﺷﻮﺧ ﻢﺷﻮﭘ
ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﯾ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻢﺷ
ﻞﮔ ﯽﻣ ﻢﺷ (سﺎﺒﻟ)/
(ﻪﻧﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﺮﻌﺷ) .
5.
ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ ،هرﻮﺧ ﺑ
ﯽﮑﯾ ،هﺮ ﯽﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺸﮐ هرﺎﯿﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ ، (لﺎﻣ)/
(ﺪﮐرﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﯿﺳ) .
1 - 2 ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ و فاﺪﻫا. ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ
و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ رﻮﺘﺳد رد .ﺖﺳا عﺎﺟرا ﺮﻫ ﯽﻌﻗاو ترﻮﺻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ يرﻮﺘﺳد يﺎﻫ
ﺘﻧا حﻮﻄﺳ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد نوﺪﺑ و ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻋاﺰ
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و دﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﻪﭽﻧآ ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ دراد رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد ارﺎﮑﺷآ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ور ﻦﯾا زا .دﻮﺷ
رﻮﺘﺳد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳر
ﯽﺘﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﭻﯿﻫ ﺎﺑ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺘﻓر ،در و ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻤﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نوﺪﺑ و هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ مزﻻ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
2 يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ . يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا
نﺎﺑز زا ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺮﯿﻏ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
گﺮﺑﺪﻠﮔ) (Goldberg, 2001) 1
زﻮﻧﻮﻣ و ﻮﮑﺳﻻو ؛
2
(Velasco & Munoz, 2002)
ﻟ ؛ ﯽﮔارﻮ
(Luraghi, 2004) 3
ﻮﻟﻮﭘودﺎﭘﺎﭘ و ﯽﻠﭙﻤﯿﺴﺗ ؛
4
(Tsimpli & Papadopoulou, 2005)
ﮏﯾﺰﯾز ؛ (Zyzik, 2006) 5
؛ ﺲﻧ (Nᴂss, 2007) ؛
ﻮﻠﺳﺎﻣﻮﺗ و نﻮﯿﻟ ،نﻮﺘﺳا ﮏﯿﺗ ،فاﺮﮔ
(Graf, Theakstone, Lieven & Tomasello, 6
2015) سﻼﮔ ؛ (Glass, 2020)7
د راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ار عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا (
هدا نآ زا .ﺪﻧا
نﺎﯿﻣ ﺲﻧ
(Nᴂss, 2007: 134)
يﻮﺤﻧ رﺎﮐ و زﺎﺳ ﯽﻋﻮﻧ ار لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ،
يﺪﻌﺗ رد ﯽﯾادز
ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ دﺮﯿﮔ يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ زا ﻪﮐ مزﻻ ﺪﻨﺑ ﮏﯾ رد يﺰﯿﭼ نﺎﯿﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا يراﺰﺑا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾارﺬﮔ
هدﺮﮐ لوﺪﻋ ﯽﻧﻮﻤﻧﺮﺳ و
ﯽﻣ زﺎﺠﻣ ار لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻓا ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺪﻨﻧاد
ﯽﯾارﺬﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻣ كاﺮﺘﺷا ﻪﺑ ار .ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ
زﻮﻧﻮﻣ و ﻮﮑﺳﻻو
(Velasco & Munoz, 2002)
رﻮﺘﺳد بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ
اﺮﮔ و ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ .دراد دﻮﺟو توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﺛا و هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ود ﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ عﻮﻧ ود نﺎﺑز ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد
1. Goldberg. A
2. Velasco. D. G and Munoz. C. P 3. Luraghi. S
4. Tsimpli. I. M and Papadopoulou. D 5.Zyzik. E. C
6. Graf. E, Theakstone. A, Lieven. E and Tomasello. M 7. Glass. L
ﯾﺪﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ًﺎﺗاذ لوا عﻮﻧ ﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻞﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ ﻞ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ 1
عﻮﻧ رد .دور
ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ مﺎﯿﭘ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺑز ،ﺰﯿﻧ مود ﯽﻣ فﺬﺣ ار ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑﺎﯾدر ﻞﺑﺎﻗ .ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﮔارﻮﻟ (Luraghi, 2004)
رد ار لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ
هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا و هداد راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ يﺮﺗ
ﺮﮕﯾد عاﻮﻧا ﺎﺑ ار
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ لﻼﺧ رد يو .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﻤﺿ هدر يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ فﺬﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
هﺪﯾﺪﭘ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ نﺎﺑز نﺎﯿﻣ رد لواﺪﺘﻣ يا
ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ يﻮﺤﻧ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺑز نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﻪﭼ ،ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ نﺎﺑز ﺮﮕﯾد نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﻪﭼ ،ﯽﯾﺎﭘوراوﺪﻨﻫ يﺎﻫ
طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
هدر ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﺑز ﺮﻫ صﺎﺧ يﺮﯿﻤﺿ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ داﺪﺧر و ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﺎﺑ يا
،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ داﺪﺧر ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﮔارﻮﻟ .دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ نآ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧ ،دﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻓ فﺬﺣ داﺪﺧر ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ار ﺎﻫ
،اﺰﺠﻣ ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻓ) ﯽﻬﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ةﺪﯾﺪﭘ دور
يﻮﺤﻧ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ (ﯽﻬﺗ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و ﻞﻋﺎ
.ﺪﻨﺑﺎﯿﺑ عﻮﻗو نﺎﮑﻣا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
ﻮﻣﺎﻨﺳ (Cennamo, 2017) 2
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ
عﻮﻨﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ،سﺎﯿﻗ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻟﺎﺘﯾا نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺑز ﻦﯾا رد فﺬﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ةﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻮﮔزﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻞﻌﻓ يداﺪﯾور رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و (لﺎﻌﻓا يدﻮﻤﻧ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ﻢﮐ ﮥﺟرد ﺮﯿﻈﻧ) نﻮﭽﻤﻫ) لﺎﻌﻓا رد هﺪﺷ
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ يداﺪﯾور ﺮﯿﻏ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﻢﻫ نآ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ (هﺪﺷ يراﺬﮔﺰﻣر ﺮﺛا عﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرد ﯽﻧﺎﺑز ﻦﯿﺑ سﺎﯿﻗ هار زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ يو .ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا و ﯽﮕﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،يراﺪﻧﺎﺟ وﺪﺤﻣ ﺖﯾد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﻪﺳ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ،ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻟﺎﺘﯾا نﺎﺑز رد هﺮﮑﻧ فوﺬﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﻧاژ و دﻮﻤﻧ ،يراﺪﻧﺎﺟ سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧراد ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﮥﺼﺨﺸﻣ ياراد ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ،هﺮﮑﻧ فوﺬﺤﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ،نﺎﺑز ود ﺮﻫ رد ﻪﮐ - ]
راﺪﻧﺎﺟ ﺖﺳا [ ﻪﺑ و
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ لﺎﻌﻓا هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯾﺎﭘ و يا
راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺎ ﺖﺳا
ﯽﻤﻧ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ، .دور
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﻓﺮﻌﻣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ يﺎﻫ
،ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ،يراﺪﻧﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو و دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو زا ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ تﺎﺟرد ،ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ِصﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺸﻧ ار هﮋﯾو نﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻫد
1. accomplishment
2. Cennamo. M
ﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ يرﻮﺘﺳد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد دازآ ﺖﻓ
عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻫد ﻞﯾاوا رد عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد .ﺖﺳا1
ي 80 نو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يدﻼﯿﻣ و ﻦﯿﻟو
2ﯽﻟﻮﻓ
(Van Valin & Foley, 1984)
ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ نو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣادا رد و ﻦﯿﻟو
(VanValin,
1997, 2005)
ﺶﻨﮐ زا ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ نﺎﺑز ،رﻮﺘﺳد ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﺷ لﺪﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺟا ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ يرﻮﺘﺳد ﺖﺧﺎﺳ كرد و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘ و ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﺴﯿﻣ نﺎﺑز ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﻟو نو ددﺮﮔ
(Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997: 13) .
ترﻮﺻ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ و رﻮﺘﺳد ﯽﻠﮐ لﻮﺻا زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻓﺮﺻ يﺎﻫ
- يﻮﺤﻧ
نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﻦﯾا زا و ﺪﻧور نﺎﯿﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ
ﯽﻣ مﻼﮐ ياﺰﺟا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺶﻘﻧ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رﻮﺘﺳد ﻦﯾا رد .دزادﺮﭘ
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ و يﻮﺤﻧ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟود ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ زا يا
ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ يﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ نﺎﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻞﮑﺷ رد ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ )
1 ﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﻞ
ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺮﺑ يﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
.ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﻮﺤﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ
) ﻞﮑﺷ 1 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ( نو عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد ﯽﻫد ﻦﯿﻟو
(Van Valin, 2005: 2)
فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،يرﻮﺘﺳد ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ
ﻢﻬﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ و عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ يرﻮﺘﺳد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯾا رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا و عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﻞﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺑ يا
.ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ
1.Role and Reference Grammar
2. Van Valin. R. D and Foley. W. A
3 . ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ياراد يﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑ يا
ﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد رد ود يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮ
ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ .دﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﯽﻟﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ و ﯽﻟﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ نﺎﯿﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﺰﯿﻧ و
ﺮﯿﻏ و لﻮﻤﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ رد .ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺑ يا
ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ،ﯽﺘﯿﻓﺮﻇ ود لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ود
هوﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻤﺳا يﺎﻫ
لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﮐ يا راد هﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ار
لﺎﻐﺷا ﺪﻧ
ﯽﻣ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﭽﻧآ ﯽﻤﻧ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺷ
ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ راﺮﻗ يا
هدوﺰﻓا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .ﺖﺳا ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
) يﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ 1
) و ( 2 ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ (
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يا
رد يا نﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ و
ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ار :ﺪﻨﻫد
) رادﻮﻤﻧ 1 ( ﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﺑ يا
رادﻮﻤﻧ ) 2 ( ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﺑ يا
ﯽﻣ خر لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﻪﮐ يدراﻮﻣ رد ﺪﯾد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ لﺎﺣ ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺪﻫد
ترﻮﺻ ﻪﭼ ﻪﺑ يا
ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ رﺎﮑﺷآ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ و هدﻮﺑ يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ رد .ﺪﺷ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد مود عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ اﺰﺠﻣ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ ،ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد رﻮﻀﺣ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ياﺮﺑ ،لﻮﻤﺤﻣ فﺬﺣ ترﻮﺻ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺷ
يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻌﻓ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻋﺎﻓ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ مزﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و
ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺷاد
ﯾﻻ رد ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻓا ﻪ
ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﻦﯾا .دﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﻞﻋﺎﻓ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ مزﻻ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﮏﯾ زا ﻞﻌﻓ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﯾﻻ ﯽﻣ ار رﻮﮐﺬﻣ رﻮﺘﺳد ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد رد ﺪﻨﺑ يا ﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ
.ﺪﻧ
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد ترﻮﺻ و ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد يﺎﻫ
ﭻﯿﻫ يرﻮﺘﺳد ﻪﯾﻻ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮔ
ﺮﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ار ﺪﻨﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﯽﻋاﺰﺘﻧا ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و ﺎﻫ
سﺎﺳا ﻪﭽﻧآ ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ دراد دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ نﺎﺑز رد ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ
ا رد ﺪﻨﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﯾﻻ ﮏﺗ هراﻮﻤﻫ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯾ
ﯽﻌﻗاو ترﻮﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ و يا
ﺖﺳا ؛ ﻪﯾﻻ و ﯽﻋاﺰﺘﻧا ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ،ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ،در زا ﯽﻨﺨﺳ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﻣاﺮﻬﺑ
.(Bahrami, 2014: 122)
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺣ ﺪﻨﺑ يا
ﺮﯾز تﻼﻤﺟ رد ﯽﻣ
ﻢﯾزادﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ
ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ و لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ياراد
ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﯽﻣ نآ :ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
6 . .درﻮﺧ ور اﺬﻏ ﯽﻠﻋ
7 . ﯽﻣ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﯽﻠﻋ .هرﻮﺧ
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻠﻤﺟ يا
ﻪ ي ﻤﻠﮐ نآ رد ﻪﮐ لوا ﻪ
اﺬﻏ
ي دراد رﻮﻀﺣ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑﺮﯾز ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا
:
) رادﻮﻤﻧ 3 ( ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻠﻤﺟ يا
ﻪ ي لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ياراد
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻠﻤﺟ يا
ﻪ ي ﺖﺳا لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ مود ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ ﺮﯾز ترﻮﺻ :ددﺮﮔ
) رادﻮﻤﻧ 4 ( ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ياراد ﺪﻨﺑ يا
نﺎﻤﻫ رد و ﺪﺷ هداد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ رادﻮﻤﻧ
رد ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﻌﻓ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ياراد تﻼﻤﺟ ﻓﺮﻇ ود
ﯿﺘ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد و هدﻮﺑ
ﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ود رﻮﻀﺣ ﯽ
ﺖﺳا و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﮐ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ زا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﮏﯾ ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا ،
ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ ﯽﺘﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﮏﺗ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ يا
.ددﺮﮔ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ا.گ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ
ا.گ
ور اﺬﻏ ﯽﻣ
هرﻮﺧ ﯽﻠﻋ
ﯽﻣ ﻮﺧ هر
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ا.گ
لﻮﻤﺤﻣ
ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﯽﻠﻋ ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ
4 لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ و ﻞﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ .
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ مﺎﻈﻧ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد رد ﻞﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ لﺎﻌﻓا يﺪﻨﺑﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ1
ﻪﮐ دﺮﯿﮔ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ
(Vendler, 1967) 2
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﯾا ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا
لﺎﻌﻓا زا ﺖﺳا ﻞﮑﺸﺘﻣ ﺎﺘﺴﯾا
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ،ﯽﺸﻨﮐ ، و يا
ﺎﯾﺎﭘ ياراد ﻪﺘﺳد رﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﯾا زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺒﺒﺳ عﻮﻧ يﻮﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
(Pavey, 2010: 94) 3
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .
ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ لﺎﻌﻓا زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﻦﯿﻟو نو ﺖﺳا ﺮﯾز راﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻘﺒﻃ
(Van Valin, 2005: 32) :
ﺎﺘﺴﯾا
،ندﻮﺑ ﺾﯾﺮﻣ : .ﻦﺘﺷاد روﺎﺑ ،ﻦﺘﺴﻧاد ،ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳود ،ندﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ
،ندﺮﻣ ،نﺪﯿﮐﺮﺗ :يا نﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻔﻨﻣ
.
ﺎﯾﺎﭘ .ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ دﺎﯾ ،نﺪﺷ ﮏﺸﺧ ،ندز ﺦﯾ ،نﺪﺷ بوذ :
هدﺎﯿﭘ :ﯽﺸﻨﮐ .نﺪﯿﺷﻮﻧ ،ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ ،ندﺮﮐ ﺮﮑﻓ ،ندﺮﮐ ﺎﻨﺷ ،ﻦﺘﻓر هار ،ندﺮﮐ يور
رﻮﮐﺬﻣ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻠﯿﺳو ﻪﺑ
ﻪ ي ﯽﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧا :زا ] ﺎﺘﺴﯾا ± ،[
] ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ± ،[ ] ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ± و [ ] ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ± يا ﺎﯾ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ شزرا ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ،ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ و [
ﯽﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ زا ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﺮﯾز ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﻦﯿﻟو نو (Van Valin, 2005: 32)
:
:ﺎﺘﺴﯾا [ﺎﺘﺴﯾا +]
]- [ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ]-
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ [ ]- ﻪﻈﺤﻟ [يا
ﯽﺸﻨﮐ : ]-
[ﺎﺘﺴﯾا [ﺎﯾﻮﭘ +]
]- [ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ]-
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ [يا
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ يا : ]-
[ﺎﺘﺴﯾا ]-
[ﺎﯾﻮﭘ [ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ +]
ﻪﻈﺤﻟ +]
[يا
:ﺎﯾﺎﭘ ]-
[ﺎﺘﺴﯾا ]-
[ﺎﯾﻮﭘ [ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ +]
]- ﻪﻈﺤﻟ [يا
ﻪﺘﺳد و ﻞﻌﻓ عاﻮﻧا ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد نآ يﺪﻨﺑ
نﻮﻣزآ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﺷ ﻧﺎﮔ ﻪ ي رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد
ﻦﯿﻟو نو
(Van Valin, 2005: 35)
ترﻮﺻ
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد
ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ زﻮﻧﻮﻣ و ﻮﮑﺳﻻو
(Velasco & Munoz,
2002: 3)
ﯽﻣ نﺎﻋذا ﮥﻄﻘﻧ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد
و ﺖﺳا ﺶﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ
ﭘ ﮥﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا رد رد ار ﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﯾﺎ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻣواﺪﺗ تارﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد .ﺪﻫد
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا
for-
1. aktionsart
2. Vendler. Z 3. Pavey. E. L
phrases
نﺎﺑز ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﯾﺎﭘ لﺎﻌﻓا و
in-phrases
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد
.
ﺪﻨﻨﮐنآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ار ﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﺶﯾﻮﺧ يﺎﻋدا ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ رد :ﺪﻨﻫد
8. John was eating for an hour/*in an hour (activity)
9. John ate the apple *for an hour/in an hour (accomplishment)
نﻮﻣزآ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد ﻞﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ يﺎﻫ
نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻫد ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺎﻫ
نﺎﺑز نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد .ﺪﻧراد ار نﺎﺑز ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ رد مزﻻ ،ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا
...ياﺮﺑ
ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺎﯾﺎﭘ لﺎﻌﻓا و) رد
...(ﻮﺗ
رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ :ﺪﻧور10 ﯽﻣ ﺖﺷاد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻪﯾ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﻋ . .درﻮﺧ
11 .درﻮﺧ ﺐﯿﺳ ﻪﯾ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻪﯾ ﻮﺗ ﯽﻠﻋ .
نﺎﺑز زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
) چوﻮﺘﯿﻣ (Mittwoch, 1982) 1
نﻮﺗﺮﻟآ ؛ (Allerton, 1985) 2
؛
رﻮﻤﻠﯿﻓ (Fillmore, 1986) 3
؛ ﻮﻣ و ﻮﮑﺳﻻو زﻮﻧ
(Velasco & Munoz, 2002)
؛ ﺮﻠﺴﭼو
4
(Wechsler, 2015) ﺲﻧ ؛
(Nᴂss, 2007) ﻮﯿﻟ ؛
(Liu, 2008) 5
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
هداد نﺎﺸﻧ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
ندرﻮﺧ نﺪﯿﺷﻮﻧ
وﺮﺗدﺮﺑرﺎﮐﺮﭘ ﯾ
ﻦ رد لﺎﻌﻓا
رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ود ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﮥﺘﮑﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا زا
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﮥﻘﺒﻃ .ﺪﻨﯾآ
هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد لﺎﻌﻓا ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
ﯽﺸﻨﮐ تﺮﺜﮐ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ زا يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد ،ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺑز ﯽﻧﺎﻧﻮﯾ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﮔارﻮﻟ (Luraghi, 2004) ﻦﻤﻬﯾو ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻧﻮﺘﺳا ،
(Vihman, 2004) 6
،
ﻮﺒﻣﺎﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﺨﯾآ 7 8ﺪﻟاو (Aikhenvald, 2009) ﻦﻣﻮﯿﻧ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ،
(Newman, 2009) 9
يژوﺮﻧ ،
درﺎﮕﯿﻧ (Nygard, 2013)10
ﮏﺘﺴﮑﯿﻣ و ﮓﻧﻮﺳ11
(Song, 2018)12
ﯽﻫﺎﮔ و ًﺎﺤﯾﻮﻠﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﺰﯿﻧ
1.Mittwoch. A
2. Allerton. D. J 3. Fillmore. C. J 4. Wechsler. S 5. Liu. D 6.Vihman. V 7. Manambu 8. Aikhenvald. A. Y 9. Newman. J 10. Nygard. M 11. Mixtec 12. Song. J. J
ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﺑ ًﺎﺘﺣاﺮﺻ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺪﯾد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،لﺎﺣ
ﻪﭼ ﺪﻧﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﯽﻣ فﺬﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ار نآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳاراد ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ؟ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو زا ﯽﮑﯾ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ود ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ،يﺪﻌﺘﻣ لﺎﻌﻓا يﺎﻫ
ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و 1
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد2
ﻦﯿﻟو نو .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ
(Van Valin, 2005: 53)
نﺎﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ رد
ﯽﻣ ا ﻪﮐ دراد ﺶﻨﮐ زا ﯽﻤﯿﻤﻌﺗ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﺘﺗ ﻂﺑاور زا ﯽﻤﯿﻤﻌﺗ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و راﺬﮔﺮﺛ
،ﺮﮔ
ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ و ﺖﺳا راﺰﺑا و ﺮﮔ رد
ﺶﻨﮐ زا ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤﯿﻤﻌﺗ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ ،ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﻪﺑ .هﺪﻧﺮﯾﺬﭘ و رو
ﺶﻨﮐ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ نﻮﻤﻧﺮﺳ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ،هدﺎﺳ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺶﻨﮐ و ﺮﮔ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ا رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ رﻮﺧرد ﮥﺘﮑﻧ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣود ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗر
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﻊﻗاو رد و هدﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻧﯿ ﺖﺴ و ﻦﯿﻟو نو ﻪﮐ ﯽﺤﯿﺿﻮﺗ .
ﻻﻮﭘﻻ (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997: 149)
ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ هرﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا رد ﺮﮔا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺮﻓ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا ﯽﻠﻌﻓ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣود ﯽﻤﻧ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧا
.دﻮﺷ
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻟﻻد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺸﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ دراد يا
ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا و ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻣا ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣود ﻏﯿ
ﺮ ﻋﺎﺟرا ﯽ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ و هدﻮﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣﺎﻧ و
ﻤﻧ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﯽ
ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ نﺪﺷ فﺬﺣ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ عاﻮﻧا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ زا ﺶﯿﺑ ،دﻮﺷ
.ﺖﺳا لﺎﻌﻓا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ زا ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﮥﻘﺒﻃ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ هﻮﺟو زا ﯽﮑﯾ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ
ﻦﯿﻣود
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد دﻮﺧ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
.ﺖﺳا ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ نآ ﻊﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ و ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا ﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﻣ ،ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﺘﻓﺎﯾرد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﻦﯾاﺮ طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ناﻮﺗ
ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد لﺎﻌﻓا ﻪﺘﺳد ﻦﯾا يﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻣﺎﺴﺑ ﻞﯾﻻد زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ نآ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ عﻮﻧ رد ﺮﯾز ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﻪﺳ دﻮﺟو :ﺖﺳﺎﻫ
ﻒﻟا - .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا مود عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ب - ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا مود عﻮﺿﻮﻣ .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا
ج - .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا مود عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﻦﺷور رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ نﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ
ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﺮﯾز رد ﯽﺸﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و ندرﻮﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ رد ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻓا :ددﺮﮔ
12 . ﺪﺑﻻ ﯾ لﺎﭽﺨ ﻟﺎﺧ ار ﯽ ور ،هدﺮﮐ ي هراد و ﻪﻣﻮﺑ ﺖﺸﭘ ﻣ
ﯽ ﻪﻧﻮﺒﻤﻟ (اﺬﻏ)/
رد) . ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ي ﻌﻗاو ﯿ
،ﺖ 437 (
13 . و ﺪﯾرﻮﺨﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷﺎﯿﺑ ﺪﯿﻨﮑﻧ فاﺮﺳا و
(ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ)/
ﻪﯾآ) . 31 (فاﺮﻋا ﻪﮐرﺎﺒﻣ هرﻮﺳ
1. actor
2. undergoer
14 . ﻪﺘﺨﻠﺷ ﺪﯿﻨﮐ ورد ﺮﯿﮔ يﺰﯿﭼ ﺎﺗ
ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﭼ ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ﺑﯿ ﺎﯾ ﺪ ) .(لﻮﺼﺤﻣ نﻮﺷوﻮﺳ)
، 269 (
15 . نآ رﺪﻗ ﺰﭙﺑ درﻮﺧ ﯽﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ (اﺬﻏ)/
) . لﺎﺜﻣا ﻢﮑﺣو (
5 . لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ و ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
) ﻦﯿﻟو نو 2005
: 45
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ (
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
هدﺮﮐ ﻪﺋارا يا
لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا )
1 ( هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﺳا
:
) لوﺪﺟ 1 لﺎﻌﻓا ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ (
ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻘﺒﻃ
ﻪ ي ﯽﻠﻌﻓ
predicateʹ (x) or (x,y) ﺎﺘﺴﯾا
doʹ (x, [predicateʹ (x) or (x,y)]) ﯽﺸﻨﮐ
INGR predicateʹ (x) or (x,y)
INGR doʹ (x, [predicateʹ (x) or (x,y)]) ﻪﻈﺤﻟ
يا
BECOME predicateʹ (x) or (x,y)
BECOME doʹ (x, [predicateʹ (x) or (x,y)]) ﺎﯾﺎﭘ
doʹ (x, [predicate1ʹ (x,(y))]) & INGR predicate2ʹ (z,x) or (y) ﯽﺸﻨﮐ
ﺎﯾﺎﭘ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻨﯿﺑ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ مزﻻ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿ ياراد
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ياراد يﺪﻌﺘﻣ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ و(x)
(x,y) ﺖﺳا . نآ زا ﺎﺟ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ
ﺮﻫﺎﻇ مزﻻ ﻞﻌﻓ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و هداد ﺖﺳد زا ار دﻮﺧ مود عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﯽﻣ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،دﻮﺷ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،مزﻻ لﻮﻤﺤﻣ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯿﺳﺮﺗ (x) ﯽﻣ ﻢ دﺮﮔ ﻠﻤﺟ ود رد ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ توﺎﻔﺗ .د ﻪ
ي ﺪﻗﺎﻓ و لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ياراد
نآ ﯽﻣ ار ) تﻼﻤﺟ رد ناﻮﺗ 16
) و ( 17 هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ( دﻮﻤﻧ
.
16 . ﯽﻣ زاوآ ﯽﻠﻋ ﻪﻧﻮﺧ
(Ali, avaz)]
doʹ (Ali, [singʹ
17 . ﯽﻣ ﯽﻠﻋ doʹ (Ali, [singʹ (Ali)]) ﻪﻧﻮﺧ
ﻠﻤﺟ رد ﻪ ي ) 16 ﻞﻌﻓ (
نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ
ﺑ ،ﺖﺳا يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ دﻮﺧ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ﺮﻫ ﺎﯽﻠﻋ
ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑزاوآ
وﺰﯿﻧ نآ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺆﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﻞﻌﻓ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد .
نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ
ﻠﻤﺟ رد ﻪ ي ) 17 ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ (
ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﺘﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﮏﯾ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ و
دﻮﺧ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ
ﯽﻠﻋ
ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷﺮﻫﺎﻇ.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻦﺷور ، ﻪﯾﻻ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﺰﯿﻧ و ﺪﻨﺑ يا
مزﻻ ﻞﻌﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﺎﺑ ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ دراﻮﻣ رد ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ .دﺮﯿﮔ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﺷور ار عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺗ
:دزﺎﺳ
18 ﻢﯾﺮﻣ . ﯽﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﻮﻧ . (Maryam, maqale)]
doʹ (Maryam, [writeʹ
19 ﻢﯾﺮﻣ . ﯽﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﻮﻧ doʹ (Maryam, [writeʹ (Maryam)])
20 سﺎﺒﻟ نﺎﻣﺎﻣ . ﯽﻣ ﻮﺗُا ور ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﮐ (mom, clothes)]
doʹ (mom, [ironʹ
21 ﯽﻣ ﻮﺗُا نﺎﻣﺎﻣ . doʹ (mom, [ironʹ (mom)]) ﻪﻨﮐ
6.
ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ و ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﯿﻟوا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و راﺬﮔﺮﺛا يﺎﻫ ﻪ
ي ﺤﻣ يﺪﻌﺘﻣ لﻮﻤ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
نﺎﻤﻫ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،ﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺗ
ﻪﯿﺒﺷ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺶﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﺮﮔ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و
ﺶﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ رﺎﻤﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﻞﻌﻓ ﮏﯾ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ زا ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺮﮔا .دراد دﻮﺟو نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﺳ سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ نآ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ود ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ود زا ﺶﯿﺑ ﺎﯾ ود دﻮﺧ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎ
ﺮﮔا و
ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻓا ،ﺰﯿﻧ مﻮﺳ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد .دﺮﮐ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﮏﯾ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ نو دﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺨﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﯽﺸﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯿﻟو
(Van Valin, 2005: 63)
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭽﻧآ .
ﺖﺳا مود ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،دراد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ
ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﮏﯾ نآ ﻊﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ياراد ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻌﻓ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ نﺎﯿﻣ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻞﻌﻓ ،ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا و راﺬﮔﺮﺛا يﺎﻫ
؟دﺮﮐ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ار ﮏﯾ ماﺪﮐ ﻦﯿﻟو نو روﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
(Van Valin, 2005: 62)
ﺮﮔا ،
ﺶﻨﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ياراد ،ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ﺮﮔ
ﺖﺳا راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺶﻨﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ياراد ﻞﻌﻓ ﺮﮔا و
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﺛا ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا
فﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ،يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ،لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ
ﺶﻨﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ار ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺮﯾﺬﭘ
ﺶﻨﮐ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﮔ
سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،
ﻪﭽﻧآ ﺶﻨﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ،ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻦﯿﻟو نو زا راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ ﺮﮔ
ﻦﯿﻟو نو ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .ﺖﺳا
(Van Valin, 2005: 94)
د ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ر
نﺎﺑز ﯽﻠﻋﺎﻓ يﺎﻫ -
ﺶﯿﭘ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﯽﺤﯿﺟﺮﺗ يﻮﺤﻧ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ضﺮﻓ
راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ،1
ﺖﺳا رد .
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﺎﻋدا ناﻮﺗ
ﯽﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز ﻪﮐ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌ -
مزﻻ ﻪﺑ يﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ زا ﻞﻌﻓ يﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ دﻮﺟو و
1. Privileged syntactic argument
.دﺮﮐ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ار راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻞﻌﻓ ،ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﯾز تﻼﻤﺟ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ زا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا
ﺛا ﺶﻘﻧاﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﮐ راﺬﮔﺮ
نآ رد .دراد رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﻫ
22 . ﺶﺳاو ﻦﻣ رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا مدﺮﮐ ﺶﻣ
مﺪﺷ قﺎﯾا شﺎﻫﺎﺑ دوز ﯽﻠﯿﺧ . (ﺶﯾﺎﻫﻮﻣ)/
ص ،شﺎﺑ ﻦﻣ ﯽﻠﯿﻟ) . 289
(
23 . ﺐﻠﻏا سﺎﺒﻟ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ﯽﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺷ هزﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺐﺗﺮﻣ و مدﺮﮐ ﯽﻣ حﻼﺻا
مدﺮﮐ (ﻢﺗرﻮﺻ)/
ﻪﭽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ) .
ص ،ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز 151
(
24 . زﻮﻨﻫ ﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻣ
ﻪﺴﯾﻮﻧ ؟ - ﺎﭘ ﻪﯾ نﻻا س هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ (بﺎﺘﮐ)/
،نﺎﮔﺪﺷ ﻦﯾﺮﻔﻧ) . ص
39 (
25 . ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ ،هرﻮﺧ ﯽﮑﯾ ،هﺮﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺸﮐ هرﺎﯿﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ ، (لﺎﻣ)/
(ﺪﮐرﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﯿﺳ) .
7 . لﻮﻌﻔﻣ فﺬﺣ و عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ مﺎﮔ ،تﻼﻤﺟ رد عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ،عﺎﺟرا و ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺘﺳد رد
هزﻮﺣ نﺎﯿﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ،ﻮﺤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨ ﺖﺳا
ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺚﺤﺒﻣ .
ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ،تﻼﻤﺟ و ﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑ رد عﻼﻃا ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
نﺎﺑز ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
نﺎﺑز رد ترﻮﺻ و ﺶﻘﻧ طﺎﺒﺗرا نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ
نو ﻦﯿﻟو (Van Valin,
2005: 68)
ﻢﻬﻣ.
ﻈﻧ ﯽﻤﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ عﻼﻃا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺮﯿ
ضﺮﻓ
ﺮﻫ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ و اﺪﺘﺒﻣ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺶﯿﭘ .ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ ﮏﯾ ضﺮﻓ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﯽ
ﺖﮐﺮﺒﻤﻟ روﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ : ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ 1
هراﺰﮔ يا
يرﻮﺘﺳد ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا -
ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ هرﺎﭘ رد ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ضﺮﻓ و دﻮﺷ
نآ هﺪﻧﻮﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﯽﻣ ار نآ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧاد
نآ ﺖﻔﮔ هرﺎﭘ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ رد ﺎﯾ دراد روﺎﺑ
ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﯽﻬﯾﺪﺑ ار
ﯽﻣ ﻦﮐ
(Lambrecht, 1994: 52)
ﺖﺳا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﺑ هراﺰﮔ :ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ.
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻪﮐ ﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد روﺎﺑ نآ ﻪﺑ ،دﻮﺷ هﺎﮔآ نآ ﻪﺑ ،نﺪﯿﻨﺷ زا ﺲﭘ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ دور
ﺪﻨﮐ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﯽﻬﯾﺪﺑ ار نآ ﺖﮐﺮﺒﻤﻟ
(Lambrecht, 1994: 52) .
درﻮﻣ رد ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا هراﺰﮔ ،ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هراﺰﮔ ياﺪﺘﺒﻣ ﯽﻌﺟﺮﻣ :اﺪﺘﺒﻣ هﺪﻧراد ﺮﺑرد و نآ ﺖﮐﺮﺒﻤﻟ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نآ نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﻋﻼﻃا ي
(Lambrecht, 1994: 118) .
نآ رد و هﺪﻣآ ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هراﺰﮔ ﮏﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ :نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ ﺶﯿﭘ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯿﻧ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ضﺮﻓ
(Lambrecht, 1994: 213) .
ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺋارا
هﺪﺷ
، ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ناﻮﺗ نآ زا
ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺟ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ و ضﺮﻓ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ و ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ هرﺎﭘ رد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﯽﻤﻧ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣ ناﻮﺗ
.دﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ود ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﮑﯾ ار ﻪﺘﺸﮔ فﺬﺣ ﺎﮐ و اﺪﺘﺒﻣ
نﻮﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ يﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ
1. Lambrecht. K
