240
Relationship between Mental Health, Demographic Variables and Academic Achievement of Medical Sciences Students
Peyman Parvizrad1, Jamshid Yazdani Charati2, Mohammad Reza Sadeghi3,
Akbar Mohammadi4, Hadi Hosseini4
1 PhD of Healthcare Management, Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran and Researcher, Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, Facualty of Health, Mazandaran Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
3 Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
4 BS Student in Public Health, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
(Received May 21, 2013 ; Accepted October 20, 2013)
Abstract
Background and purpose: The importance of studying mental health at universities is precious, because of expressed linkage to the students' educational progress. The main goal of the current research has been the study of effects of mental health on educational progress among students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, in the year 2012.
Materials and methods: This research is a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study. The subjects included 334 students, 153 males and 181 females of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences which were selected through stratified random sampling. In order to gather the research data, the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used.
Results: %45.8 of students had good mental health status, while %54.2 of them was suspected to have mental health disorders. Between age, gender, faculty, birth order, parental status, university entrance semester, and mental health of students, there were not significant differences (P≥ 0.05), but the variable "marital status" (P=0.034), the variable "average monthly earnings" (P≤0.001), and average grade points of students (P≤0.001) were related to their mental health. Another finding of the research showed that most of students had some degree of disorders linked to the four dimensions of questionnaires' queries, most disorders were social function.
Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, including the mutual correlation between mental health and academic performance, the high rate of mental problems and suspect cases of mental disorders among the students, the serious attention to this issue is of high importance to resolve the mental health problems of students and activating Students Consultancy Centers. Hence, the assistance of consultants, professors and specialists, comprehensive planning, and interventions towards the promotion of mental health to prevent and treat psychological disorders, will be effective for students' educational progress.
Keywords: Mental Health, Academic Achievement, Students
J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2014; 24(109): 241-246 (Persian).
هرود مﻮﺳ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ 109 ﻦﻤﻬﺑ لﺎﺳ 1392 ) 246 - 241 (
طﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ
ﻚﻴﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
دارﺰﻳوﺮﭘ نﺎﻤﻴﭘ 1
ﻲﺗاﺮﭼ ﻲﻧادﺰﻳ ﺪﻴﺸﻤﺟ 2
ﻲﻗدﺎﺻ ﺎﺿر ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 3
يﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﺒﻛا 4
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ يدﺎﻫ 4
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
فﺪﻫ و ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ :
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا
ـﻣ طﺎـﺒﺗرا ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﻦـﻳا زا ﺎﻫ ﻲﻠﻴﺼـﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸـﻴﭘ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد دراد
ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﺖﺳا
. ﺄﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻠﻛ فﺪﻫ ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﻴﺛ
ﻚﻴﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸـﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ
لﺎﺳ رد نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ 1391
ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ .
شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
:
ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ -
يا و ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﺖﺳا . ﻰﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ىﺎﻫ 350
ﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد
هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد رد
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا ﻰﻓدﺎﺼـﺗ هﺪـﺷ يﺪـﻨﺑ ﻪـﻘﺒﻃ ىﺮﻴﮔ .
هداد يروآدﺮﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ زا ﺎﻫ
گﺮﺑﺪﻠﮔ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
(GHQ-28)
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ : 334
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
اد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻧد
153 ﺮـﻔﻧ ) 8 / 45
ﺪـﺻرد ( و دﺮـﻣ 181 ﺮـﻔﻧ ) 2 / 54
ﺪـﺻرد (
ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ نز .
8 / 45 و بﻮـﺧ ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ياراد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺪﺻرد 2
/ 54
ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ رد لﻼﺘـﺧا ﻪـﺑ كﻮﻜﺸـﻣ ﺪـﺻرد .
ﻦﻴـﺑ
اد ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ يدورو لﺎﺴﻤﻴﻧ و ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ،ﺪﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺒﺗر ،هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺲﻨﺟ ،ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ توﺎـﻔﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻳد يراد )
05 /
p>0 (
جاودزا ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣا ، )
034 / 0
p= ( ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻣآرد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ و )
001 /
p>0 ( و
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ لﺪﻌﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ )
001 /
p>0 ( ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺑ يراد
ﻪ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
ﻢﻫ تﻻﻼﺘـﺧا زا ﻲﺗﺎـﺟرد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﺜﻛا ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﺪﻌﺑ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ تﻻاﻮﺳ
دﻮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ .
جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا : ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ
ﻲـﻧاور و ،ﻲﻠﻴﺼـﺤﺗدﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﻧاور لﻼﺘﺧا ﻪﺑ كﻮﻜﺸﻣ دراﻮﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ و ﻲﻧاور تﻼﻜﺸﻣ تﻼﻜﺸـﻣ ﻞـﺣ ﺖـﻬﺟ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ يﺪﺟ
لﺎﻌﻓ و نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻧاور ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ
ﺖـﺳا يروﺮـﺿ يﺮـﻣا ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ يزﺎﺳ .
و ﺪﻴﺗﺎـﺳا و ﻦﻳروﺎﺸـﻣ ﻚـﻤﻛ اﺬـﻟ
ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ
، مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﻣ و ،ﻊﻣﺎﺟ يﺰﻳر
ناور تﻻﻼﺘﺧا نﺎﻣرد و يﺮﻴﮕﺸﻴﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ءﺎﻘﺗرا ﺮﻣا رد ﻪﻠﺧاﺪ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ
ﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻠ
ﺆ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺮﺛ .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو :
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ،ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
كﻼﻣ زا ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ هﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ يﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ
و هﺪﺷ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ و ندﻮـﺑ بﻮـﺧ سﺎﺴـﺣا مﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻪـﺑ
ﺖــﻴﻓﺮﻇ ،دﻮــﺧ ﻪــﺑ ءﺎــﻜﺗا ،دﻮــﺧ يﺪــﻣآرﺎﻛ زا نﺎــﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﻗر ـ
،ﺖﺑﺎ ﻌﺗ ـ ﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻖﻠ ـ ﺧ و ﻲﻠ ـ ﻜﺷدﻮ ـ ﺎﻓﻮ ﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻳ ـ ﻲﻳﺎ ﻫ ـ يﺎ
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻒﻟﻮﻣ :
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ يدﺎﻫ -
يرﺎﺳ : هرﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ناﺪﻴﻣ 2
،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ، ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻛ
E-mail:hadi [email protected]
1 .
،ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد و ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ياﺮﺘﻛد ،ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هوﺮﮔ
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
ﺪﻬﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﻲﺘـﺷا
ﺖـﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هﺪﻜﺸـﻧاد
،
يرﺎـﺳ ،نارﺪـﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ مﻮـﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸـﻧاد
،ﺮﮕﺸـﻫوﮋﭘ و
ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناﺮﻳا ،
2 . رﺎﻣآ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ياﺮﺘﻛد ،ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ
،ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ
ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد
، ناﺮﻳا ،يرﺎﺳ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
3 . ﺮﻣ هوﺮﮔ ،ﻲﺑ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ناﺮﻳا ،يرﺎﺳ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
4 . يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻲ ،ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻛ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ناﺮﻳا ،يرﺎﺳ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
31 / 2 / 1392 تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﺖﻬﺟ عﺎﺟرا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
2 / 4 / 1392 ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
28 / 7 / 1392
ﺳ ﺖﻣﻼ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ و ناور
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
هرود
مﻮﺳ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،
109 ، ﻦﻤﻬﺑ
1392 242
هﺮﻴﻏو ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ،يﺮﻜﻓ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا
) 1
.( Caplan
نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و
ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ )
،ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﺎـﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا
ﺖﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ و ﻲﻌﻗاو قﺎﺒﻄﻧا ،ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻫذ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا
دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳد و (
ﻲﻣ هرﺎﺷا ، ﺪـﻨﻛ
) 2
.(
،ﺮـﮕﻳد فﺮـﻃ زا
ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸــﻧاد تﻼﻴﺼــﺤﺗ هرود ناﺮــﻳا رد
ﻞــﻴﻟد ﻪــﺑ ﻲﻠﻣاﻮــﻋ
ﺮـﻴﻈﻧ ﻞﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ﻂﻳاﺮــﺷ ﺎــﺑ يرﺎﮔزﺎــﺳ ،هداﻮﻧﺎــﺧ زا يرود
،
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و ﻲﻫﺎـﮕﺑاﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ ...
ﻲـﻧاور يازرﺎﺸـﻓ هرود ﻚـﻳ
و هدﻮﺑ
) 3
ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﺎـﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد زا يرﺎﻴﺴـﺑ ندﻮـﺒﻧ ﺎﻨـﺷآ(
ﻲﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نآ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ددﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ
) 4
.(
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺪﻋ ﺰﻴﻧ
و يدﺮـﻓ تﻼﻜﺸـﻣ زﺎـﺳ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز
ﻢﺘﺴـﻴﺳ فاﺪـﻫا ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳد زا فاﺮﺤﻧا و دﺎﻳز ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﺳا ﻲــﺷزﻮﻣآ
) 5
.(
نآ زا زا ﻲﻠﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸــﻴﭘ ﻪــﻛ ﺎــﺟ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ يﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد
ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻲـﻣ رﺎﻤـﺷ ﻪﺑ دور
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و
ﻲﺗﺎـﻴﺣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا
ـﺷ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮـﺑ مزﻻ ﻂﻳاﺮ
داﺮﻓا ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻪﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ
ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ،ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ مﻮـﻠﻋ رد صﻮﺼﺨﺑ
ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺎـﺑ و هدﻮﻣزآرﺎـﻛ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ رﺎﻴﺴـﺑ يﺎـﻫ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ فﺮﺻ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ راد هﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺋارا
ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ
ﻲﺘـﺷاﺪﻬﺑ يﺎـﻫ -
ﻲﻧﺎـﻣرد
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺎـﻳآ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا نآ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲـﺳﺎﺳا لاﻮﺌﺳ اﺬﻟ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو ،ﺪـﻟﻮﺗ ﻪـﺒﺗر ،هﺪﻜﺸـﻧاد ،ﺲﻨـﺟ ،ﻦـﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ لﺎﺳ ،ﻞﻫﺎﺗ و ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺪﻣآرد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ،هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ دورو
ﻲﻠﻴﺼـﺤﺗ مﺮﺗ لﺪﻌﻣ )
ﺖﻓﺮﺸـﻴﭘ ﻲـﻨﻴﻋ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ناﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ
ﻲﻠﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ( ﻪــﻄﺑار نﺎــﻧآ ﻲــﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ﺎــﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺮﻴﺧ ﺎﻳ دراد دﻮﺟو يراد .
ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﻞـﻳﺎﻤﺗ مﺪـﻋ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻞـﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻗد مﺪﻋ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
ﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸ
ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺖﻗو دﻮﺒﻤﻛ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
،ﺎـﻫ
هﺪﻜﺸـﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎـﻤﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻪـﻤﻫ ﻦﺘﻓﺮـﮕﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ رد يﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻳدوﺪـﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻞﻛ رد هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﺎـﻫ
ي
ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﻧﺎﻣز و يا ﻪﺟدﻮﺑ .
و داﻮﻣ شور ﺎﻫ
يرﺎـﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦـﻳا
ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ –
ﻪﺴـﻳﺎﻘﻣ و يا
لﺎــﺳ رد ﻪــﻛ ﻲــﻌﻄﻘﻣ 1391
ﻪــﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ ﺖــﻓﺮﮔ مﺎــﺠﻧا
نارﺪـــﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜـــﺷﺰﭘ مﻮـــﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸـــﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـــﻧاد
رد 6
هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد اﺮﻴﭘ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ،ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ناﺪﻧد
،يزﺎﺳوراد ،يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ
دﻮﺑ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ .
ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪـﻘﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ مﺎـﺠﻧا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢـﺠﺣ و
يا ﻪــﻠﺣﺮﻣ ود يﺪــﻨﺑ ﻪــﻘﺒﻃ شور
، نﺎــﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﺐﻳﺮــﺿ 95
ﺪــﺻرد يﺎــﻄﺧ و 05
/ 0 ، 320 ﺪــﺷ دروآﺮــﺑ ﺮــﻔﻧ ﺎــﺑ ﻪــﻛ
ﺪﺻرد ﺶﻴﺑ ي ﺮﺗ 350 ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا هﺪﺷ هﺎﺗﻮﻛ مﺮﻓ
28 ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﻟاﺆـﺳ
گﺮﺑﺪــﻠﮔ ﻲﻣﻮــﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ
(GHQ-28)
دﻮــﺑ . و ﻻﺎــﺑرﻮﻧ
رد ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﺖﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺐــﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪــﺑ نآ شﺮــﺑ ﻪــﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮــﺘﻬﺑ 3
/ 92 ﺪــﺻرد و 5 / 70
ﺪﺻرد ﺑ ﻪ ﺖﺳد ﺪﻧدروآ
) 6
شور ﻪﺑ ار نآ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ يﻮﻘﺗ و (
ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪـﺑ خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﻛ يﺎـﻔﻟآ و ندﺮـﻛ ﻪﻤﻴﻧود ،ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآزﺎﺑ 7 / 0،93 / 0 و 9 / 0 شراﺰﮔ دﻮﻤﻧ
) 7
.(
شور ﻪــﺳ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸــﺳﺮﭘ ﻲــﻳاور ،ﺎــﻣ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ياﺮــﺑ ﻢﻫ
ﻫ نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ،نﺎﻣز هﺮـﻤﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎ
ﺪـﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻞﻛ .
زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﻲـﻳاور
ﺲﻜﺴـﻟﺪﻴﻣ نﺎﺘـﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ياﺮﺟا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ
(M.H.Q)
ا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧ 55
/ 0 ﻞﺻﺎﺣ
دﻮﺑ نآ . ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ
سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳا يﺎـﻫ
ﻞﻛ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ هدﺮﺧ 72
/ 0 ﺎﺗ 87 / 0 دﻮﺑ . ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ياﺮﺑ
،ﻲﻳﺎــﻳﺎﭘ 10 يرﺎــﻣآ ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸــﺳﺮﭘ )
ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا ﺮــﻴﻏ
ﻲﻠﺻا ( خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﻛ يﺎـﻔﻟآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ 83
ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﺋﺎﺗ .
ﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﻲــﻗﻼﺧا تﺎــﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺖــﻳﺎﻋر رﻮــﻈﻨ ،
ﺮــﺑ هوﻼــﻋ
نآ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ زا ﺖﻳﺎﺿر ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ،ﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ
ﻪـﻛ ﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﻲﻫﺎﻔﺷ و ﻲﺒﺘﻛ ترﻮﺻ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ
و ﺖﺳا ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ فاﺪﻫا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ًًﺎﻓﺮﺻ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
يدﺮـﻓ
نآ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺮﺤﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ .
ﻢﻫ مﺎـﻧ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
نآ ذ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺸﻧ ﺮﻛ
.
هداد ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ راﺰﻓا مﺮﻧ
SPSS20
شور و و ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺗ
نﻮﻣزآ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤ
t-testيﺎﻫ ﻲـﻨﺘﻳو ﻦﻣ ،ود يﺎﻛو
ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﺲﻴﻟاو لﺎﻜﺳاﺮﻛ ،ﻮﻳ ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ
ﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و .
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و
زا 350 ،هﺪـــﺷ ﻊـــﻳزﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـــﺳﺮﭘ 334
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـــﺳﺮﭘ
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﺪﻴﺋﺎﺗ و يروآدﺮﮔ .
اﺪـﻌﺗ ﻦـﻳا زا د
153 ﺮـﻔﻧ ) 8 / 45
ﺪــﺻرد ( و ﺮﺴــﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد 181
ﺮــﻔﻧ ) 2 / 54 ﺪــﺻرد (
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺧد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد .
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد ﻦــﺳ ﻞﻗاﺪــﺣ ،ﻲﻨــﺳ ﺮــﻈﻧ زا 18
و لﺎــﺳ
نآ ﻦﺳ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ ﺎﻫ
28
دﻮـﺑ لﺎـﺳ )
4 /
±1 21 لﺎـﺳ ( . ﺮـﻈﻧ زا
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد لﺪـﻌﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ ،لﺪﻌﻣ 12
لﺪـﻌﻣ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪـﺣ و
نآ ﺎﻫ 19 دﻮـﺑ ) 43 /
±1 38 / 15 (.
رد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ زا ،ﺪـﻣآ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﺪﻣآرد ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ 250
ﺮﺜﻛاﺪـﺣ و نﺎـﻣﻮﺗ راﺰـﻫ
نآ ﺪﻣآرد ﺎﻫ 5 دﻮﺑ نﺎﻣﻮﺗ نﻮﻴﻠﻴﻣ )
±150 680 نﺎﻣﻮﺗ راﺰﻫ .(
ــﺗ ياﺮــﺑ ﺄ ﻲﻠﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸــﻴﭘ ﺮــﺑ ﻲــﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ﺮﻴﺛ
نﻮﻣزآ زا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ود t
ﺪـﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا يا .
يداﺮـﻓا
ﻢـﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ يوﺎﺴـﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﺮـﺗ
23 ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺷاد
153 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 7 / 45 ﺪﺻرد ( ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ هﺮـﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا و
24 ﺶﻴﺑ و ﺮﺗ 181 ) 2 / 54 ﺪﺻرد ( ﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ . يداﺮـﻓا
ﻢـﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ يوﺎﺴـﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﺮـﺗ
23 ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺷاد
لﺪﻌﻣ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ 37
/
±1 41 / 15
داﺮـﻓا ياﺮﺑ و
ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ 24
ﺶﻴﺑ و و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ،ﺮﺗ فاﺮـﺤﻧا
لﺪــﻌﻣ رﺎــﻴﻌﻣ 48
/
±1 36 / 15 ــﺑ ﻪ د ﺪــﻣآ ﺖــﺳ )
79 / 0
p = ( ﻪــﻛ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ لﺪﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ يراد
ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻳد هوﺮﮔ ود ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ .
ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺧد و ﺮﺴﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻢﻛ يوﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺮﺗ 23
رﺎـﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮـﺤﻧا و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ
لﺪــﻌﻣ 27 /
±1 15 و 37 /
±1 5 / 15 و ﺮﺴــﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد رد و
ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ هﺮـﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺧد 24
ﺶﻴـﺑ و
ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺗ
لﺪــــﻌﻣ رﺎــــﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮــــﺤﻧا و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــــﻴﻣ 29
/
±1 09 / 15 و
6 /
±1 57 / 15 ﻊﻳزﻮﺗﺎﺑ ، ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ F
114 / 0 و يدازآ ﻪـﺟرد 3
و 230
ﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻲ
لﺪـﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ يراد هوﺮـﮔ ود ﻦـﻳا يﺎـﻫ
ﺪﺸــﻧ هﺪــﻳد )
736 /
<0 (.p
توﺎــﻔﺗ درﻮــﻣ رد ﺮــﮕﻳد ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ هﺪﻜﺸـﻧاد رد يراد ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ياراد هوﺮـﮔ ود رد ﺎــﻫ
بﻮــﺧ ﻲــﻧاور x)
23≥
( ﻮﻜﺸــﻣ و ﻲــﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ﻪــﺑ ك
)
≥24 (x
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻳد
لﺪـﻌﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ يراد يﺎـﻫ
ﺖـﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ ود ﻦﻳا .
ﻢـﻫ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﺎـﺑ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺎـﻫ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد دﻮﺧ درﻮﻣ رد ﻪـﻄﺑار
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻳد يراد .
يدازآ ﻪــﺟرد ﺎــﺑ ﺪــﻟﻮﺗ ﻪــﺒﺗر 328
و 4 ) 927 /
p≤0
،
001 /
f=0 ( ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو و يدازآ ﻪـﺟرد ﺎﺑ
2 و
328 ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲ
ﺖـﺷاﺪﻧ ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ يراد )
231 /
p≤0
،
5 /
f=1 .(
ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎـﺑ دﺮـﺠﻣ داﺮـﻓا رد جاودزا ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو ﺎﻣا ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ 4 /
±1 4 / 15
ﺘﻣ داﺮﻓا رد و ﺄ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻫ
4 /
±1 98 / 14
نﻮﻣزآ هرﺎﻣآ ﺎﺑ ، ) t
12 /
t=2 ( يدازآ ﻪﺟرد و
323 ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲ ﺖﺷاد ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ يراد )
034 /
p=0 .(
ﻢﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ يدورو لﺎﺳ
ﻢﻴـــﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـــﻧاد رد
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـــﻴﻣ ﻂـــﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎـــﺑ لوا لﺎـــﺳ
09 /
±0 4 / 15
ﻢﻴﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ مود لﺎﺳ
23 /
±0 14 / 15 يدازآ ﻪﺟرد و 330
و 1
ـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲ يراد
ﺪﻳدﺮﮕﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ )
927 /
p≤0 ،
f=1 .(
ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ
ﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻣآرد ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻧﺎ
شﺮﺑ 650 نﺎـﻣﻮﺗ راﺰﻫ )
ﺮـﻳز ﺪـﻣآرد ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا 650
راﺰـﻫ
ﺪـﻣآرد ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا و ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺪـﻣآرد ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ،نﺎﻣﻮﺗ يﻻﺎﺑ 650 ﺪـﻣآرد ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎـﺑ داﺮﻓا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﻣﻮﺗ راﺰﻫ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ (
هﺮـﻤﻧ ﻪـﻛ يداﺮـﻓا ،ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻢﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ يوﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺮﺗ
23 د ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا رد ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺷا
ﺪﻣآرد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻣآرد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ 2
/
±1 7 / 14 و
ﺪـﻣآرد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪـﻣآرد ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا رد 14 /
±1 1 / 16 ﻲﻣﻮــﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ هﺮــﻤﻧ ﺎــﺑ داﺮــﻓارد و 24
و
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻣآرد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا رد ﺮﺗ
ﺪﻣآرد 2 /
±1 7 / 14 و رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا رد ﺪﻣآ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺪﻣآرد 3 /
±1 3 / 16 ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد .
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﻮـﻣزآ
t
يا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ود )
11
t= - ( يدازآ ﻪـﺟرد و )
330 و 1 ( ﻪـﻄﺑار
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ
و ﺪﻣآرد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ يراد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ لﺪﻌﻣ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸـﻣ
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ) 001 /
p≤0 ،
f=1 .(
ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ تﻻاﻮﺳ دﺎﻌﺑا
،GHQ
ﻪـﻛ
ﻢـﻳﻼﻋ ﺪـﻌﺑ رﺎـﻬﭼ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻧﺎﻤﺴـﺟ
ﻲ لﻼﺘـﺧا و باﺮﻄـﺿا ،
ﻲﮔدﺮﺴـﻓا ﻢﻳﻼﻋ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ رد لﻼﺘﺧا ،باﻮﺧ شﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ 23
ﺮـﻳز ترﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ :
ﺪﻌﺑ ياﺮﺑ
ﻢﻛ شﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧرد ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ زا ﺮﺗ
23
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ 150
دﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ 47
ـﺑ ﺪﺻرد ﻪ ياﺮـﺑ و ﺪـﻣآ ﺖـﺳد
ﺳ ﺖﻣﻼ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ و ناور
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
هرود
مﻮﺳ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،
109 ، ﻦﻤﻬﺑ
1392 244
ﻪــﻄﻘﻧ ﺶﻴــﺑ شﺮــﺑ زا ﺮــﺗ
23 ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ ﻪــﻛ 177
،دﻮــﺑ ﺮــﻔﻧ 53
ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ .
باﻮـﺧ لﻼﺘـﺧاو باﺮﻄﺿا ﺪﻌﺑ ياﺮﺑ
رد
ﻢﻛ شﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ زا ﺮـﺗ
23 ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻪـﻛ 157
ﺮـﻔﻧ دﻮـﺑ
، 47
ﺑ ﺪﺻرد ﻪ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
ﺶﻴـﺑ شﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﺮـﺗ
زا 23 ﻪـﻛ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 177 ﺮﻔﻧ دﻮﺑ
، 53 ﺪـﻌﺑ ياﺮـﺑ و ﺪـﺷ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺪﺻرد
رد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻢﻛ شﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺮـﺗ زا 23 ﻪـﻛ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 75 ﺮﻔﻧ دﻮﺑ
، 5 / 22 ﺻرد ﺑ ﺪ ﻪ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ياﺮﺑ
ﺶﻴﺑ شﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ
زا 23 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ 259
ﺮﻔﻧ دﻮـﺑ
، 5 / 77 ﺪـﺻرد
ﺑ ﻪ
ﺰـﻴﻧ و ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
رد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴـﻓا ﺪـﻌﺑ ياﺮـﺑ شﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ
ﻢﻛ ﺮـﺗ زا 23 ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻪـﻛ 174
ﺮـﻔﻧ دﻮـﺑ
، 1 / 52
ـﺑ ﺪـﺻرد ﻪ
ﺶﻴﺑ شﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ياﺮﺑ و ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﺮﺗ
زا 23 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ 160
ﺮﻔﻧ دﻮﺑ
، 9 / 47 ﺑ ﺪﺻرد ﻪ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪـﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫو 2
/ 54 ﺪـﺻرد
ناور ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ رد لﻼﺘــﺧا ﻪــﺑ كﻮﻜﺸــﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد زا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﻣآ
ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮـﻴﻈﻧ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد
زاﻮــﻫا ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ مﻮــﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸــﻧاد ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻃﺎــﻘﻣ 8
/ 41
ﺪـﺻرد
) 5 (
ﻲﻣﻼــﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸـﻧاد يرﺎﺘــﺳﺮﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ،
دوﺮﻫﺎــﺷ 1 / 66 ﺪــﺻرد
) 8
و (
و ﻲﻤﻐﻴــﺿ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ ﺞﻳﺎــﺘﻧ
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ
) 9
نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ(
داد 6 / 63 ﺪﺻرد درﻮـﻣ ﺖـﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا
اد ﻲﻧاﻮـﺨﻤﻫ ،ﺪـﻧراﺪﻧ ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ در
. فﺮـﻃ زا
ﺮﮕﻳد توﺎﻔﺗ ، رد هﺪـﺷﺮﻛذ يﺎـﻫ ناﺰـﻴﻣ
لﻼﺘـﺧا ﻪـﺑ ﻼﺘـﺑا
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧاور
ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ و راﺰـﺑا توﺎـﻔﺗ زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ يا
) ﻲــﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يدﺎﺼــﺘﻗا ،ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺮــﻓ (
ناﺰــﻴﻣ ﺰــﻴﻧ و
ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳد ناﺰﻴﻣ و ﻲﻧاور لﻼﺘﺧا ﻢﻳﻼﻋ زا داﺮﻓا ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ يﺎﻫروﺎﺸﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ
) 9
.(
ﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ )
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ مﺪﻋ يراد
طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﺳ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻲـﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ (
، ﺮـﮔ
ﻲــﻣ هرﺎــﺷا دﻮــﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ رد ناﺮــﻬﻣ ﻪــﭼ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻨﻛ
لﺎﺳ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد باﺮﻄـﺿا ﻪـﺑ ﻼﺘـﺑا ﺚﻴﺣ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
دراﺪـﻧ دﻮـﺟو ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ
) 11
ﺎـﻣا ،( Davidson
ﻪـﻛ داد نﺎﺸـﻧ
رد باﺮﻄﺿا ناﺰﻴﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺶﻴﺑ يﺪﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
ﺖﺳا ﺪﺷرا
) 12
. (
ﻢﻫ
ﻢﻴـﻧ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪـﺑ يدورو لﺎـﺳ
ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ توﺎـﻔﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يراد
،ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻳد ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز ﻦـﻳا رد نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻣﺮﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻢـﻫ دراد دﻮــﺟو ﻲﻧاﻮــﺧ
) 13
. (
ﺮــﺿﺎﺣ ﻖــﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮــﮕﻳد ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ )
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ مﺪﻋ طﺎﺒﺗرا يراد
ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻨﺟ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـــﻧاد (
هداز ﻲﻠﻛﻮـــﺗ تﺎـــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎـــﺘﻧ ﺎـــﺑ ،
) 14
،(
ﻲﺘﻌﻳﺮــﺷ
) 15
ﻢــﻫدا و ( ) 16
ﻢــﻫ (
دراد ﻲﻧاﻮــﺧ .
ﺮــﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎــﻣا
ﻲــﻨﻌﻣ ﻪــﻄﺑار جاودزا ﺖﻴﻌــﺿو ﻲــﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ ﺎــﺑ يراد
رﺎﮔزﺎــﺳ نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و ﺶﺨﺒﺧﺮــﻓ ﺞﻳﺎــﺘﻧ ﺎــﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﺖــﺷاد ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 17
.(
ﻢﻫ نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻬﻟاﺪـﺒﻋ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﺞﻳﺎــﺘﻧ ﺎــﺑ ﺪــﺷ مﺎــﺠﻧا نﺎﺘﺴــﻠﮔ رد ﻪــﻛ ﺮــﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ
ﻢﻫ ﺖﺷاد ﻲﻧاﻮﺧ
) 18
.(
ﻢﻫ
يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ،ﺪـﻟﻮﺗ ﻪـﺒﺗر
ﻦﻳﺪـﻟاو ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﺪﻜﺸـﻧاد و ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﺎـﺑ ﻞﻴﺼـﺤﺗ ﻞـﺤﻣ ه
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻧاور
ﺸـﻧ هﺪﻳد يراد ﺪ
. ﻞﻴﺼـﺤﺗ
يﺎﻫ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻪﻄﺑار ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﺎﺑ يا
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ نﺎﻧآ ﻲﻧاور نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ
دﻮﺑ
) 19
.(
ﻢﻫ ياراد ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺪـﻣآرد ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار
ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ يراد ﻮﺑ
د ) ﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻣآرد ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا
ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺪـﻣآرد ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒﺴـﻧ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻧاور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺪــﻧراد ( نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و هداز ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻴﻠــﺳ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎــﺑ ﻮﺴــﻤﻫ ﻪــﻛ
ﺖﺳا
) 20
.(
دﻮﺑ نآ زا ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺮـﺜﻛا ﻪـﻛ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺪـﻌﺑ رﺎـﻬﭼ ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ تﻻﻼﺘـﺧا زا ﻲﺗﺎﺟرد
ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ار
) ﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎـﻛ لﻼﺘـﺧا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ 5
/ 77
ﺪـﺻرد ،
ﺮـﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴـﺟ ﻢﻳﻼﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ و باﺮﻄﺿا و باﻮﺧ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺪﻌﺑ ود 53 ﺪﺻرد ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺪﻌﺑ و 9
/ 47 ﺪﺻرد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ،
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و يرﺎﺼﻧا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد
) 21
ماﺪـﻛ ﺮـﻫ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ(
ﻪـﻛ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ زا 5
/ 62
ﺪـﺻرد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد زا
،بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎـــﻧ ﻲﻋﺎـــﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎـــﻛ ياراد 6
/ 34 ﺪـــﺻرد
،باﺮﻄﺿا ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻪﺑ كﻮﻜﺸﻣ 8
/ 33 ﺪﺻرد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا
ﺰــﻴﻧ و ﻲﻤﺴــﺟ ﺖﻣﻼــﺳ رد لﻼﺘــﺧا ﻪــﺑ كﻮﻜﺸــﻣ 1
/ 17
ﺻرد ﺪ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ باﺮﻄﺿا و ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﻪﺑ كﻮﻜﺸﻣ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ود ﺮﻫ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ دﺮﻛرﺎـﻛ ياراد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﺪﻫد
ﺶﻴﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﮕﻳد دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ناور ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻊﻳﺎﺷ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪـﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ًﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺮﻛﺬـﻟا قﻮـﻓ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻢــﻫ دراد ﻲﻧاﻮــﺧ
) 20
.(
ﻢــﻫ ﻦﻴــﻨﭼ مارﻻد ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎــﺘﻧ و
د ﻪﻛ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا دﺮﻛﺮﻬﺷ ر
ﻢـﻛ ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎـﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻖـﻓﻮﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد زا ﺮـﺗ
ﺖﺳا . ﺴﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺄ و ﻲﺑاﺮﻄـﺿا ﺪـﻌﺑ رد ﻪﻟ ﺖﻣﻼـﺳ ﻲﮔدﺮﺴـﻓا
سﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ دﻮﺑ ﺮﺗ
) 22
(.
ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺎﭘ رد ﻧ
ﺞﻳﺎـﺘ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻪـﺑ
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻲﻧاور و دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺼـﺤﺗ
ًﻼﻣﺎـﻛ
ﻞــﺑﺎﻗ ﻪــﻴﺟﻮﺗ و شﺮﻳﺬــﭘ
،ﺖــﺳا اﺮــﻳز ﻢــﻫ ﺖــﻓا ﻲﻠﻴﺼــﺤﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺪﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻲﻧاور دﺮﻓ ددﺮـﮔ و ﻢـﻫ
تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﻲﻧاور
ﻲﻣ ﻧاﻮﺗ ﻨ ﺪ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﻓا دﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺼـﺤﺗ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ . عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳا ﻪـﺑ يﺪـﺟ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺮـﮕﻳد فﺮـﻃ زا لﺎـﻌﻓ و نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻲﻧاور ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﺖـﺳا يروﺮـﺿ يﺮـﻣا ،ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ يزﺎﺳ .
ﻢــﻫ ﻲــﻣ ﻪﻴــﺻﻮﺗ ﻦﻴــﻨﭼ ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ مﺎــﺠﻧا ﻦﻤــﺿ دﻮــﺷ
يﺎــﻫ
،هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ
ناور ترﻮﺸـﻣ ﺎـﺑ
ناور و نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎـﺑ و نﺎﻜـﺷﺰﭘ
مﺪــﻗ ﺮــﻄﺧ ﻞــﻣاﻮﻋ ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ ﺖــﻬﺟ رد نﻻﻮﺌﺴــﻣ ﻚــﻤﻛ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺷادﺮﺑ .
ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ،ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد و ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ترازو نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻲﻜـﺷﺰﭘ مﻮـﻠﻋ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ار تﻻﻼﺘـﺧا زا يﺮﻴﮕﺸـﻴﭘ ﺖـﻬﺟ يﺰـﻳر
ﺟ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد رد ﻲــﻧاور ﺐــﻠ
ﺪــﻳﺎﻤﻧ . ﻲﻳﺎــﺳﺎﻨﺷ تﻼﻜﺸــﻣ
ناور ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﺘﺴـﻫ
هروﺎﺸـﻣ يﺎـﻫ رد
هﺎﮕﺸـــﻧاد هﺎـــﮔرﺎﻛ يراﺰـــﮔﺮﺑ و ﺎـــﻫ يﺎـــﻫ
ﻲـــﺷزﻮﻣآ و
رد ﻞﻣﺎﻛ يزﺎﺳﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز
ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮـﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ناور
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ يﺎﻘﺗرا ،دﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
يﺪﺟ
ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ زا روﺎﺸـﻣ نادﺎﺘـﺳا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗ
ﻄـﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺢ
ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﺎﻫ هﺰـﻴﮕﻧا يﺎـﻫ نﺎﺸـﻳا ﺪـﻧﻮﻴﭘ و ، ﻢﺠﺴـﻨﻣ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﻦﻳا زا هوﺮﮔ
و ﺪﻴﺗﺎـﺳا ﺰـﻛاﺮﻣ
،ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد هروﺎﺸـﻣ زا
ﺮـﮕﻳد
يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻦﻳا
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ
ــﺑ ﻪ ا ﻦــﻳ ﻪــﺘﻴﻤﻛ ﺰــﻴﻧ و ﻰﺸــﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖــﻧوﺎﻌﻣ زا ﻪﻠﻴــﺳو
ﻪـﻛ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ا مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻜﻣا
ﻢـﻫ و ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳ زا ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ىرﺎــﻳ ار ﺎــﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ ﻦــﻳا ىاﺮــﺟا رد ﻪــﻛ يداﺮــﻓا ﻪــﻴﻠﻛ ﻰﻣ ﻰﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﺮﻜﺸﺗ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ددﺮﮔ
.
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ﺳ ﺖﻣﻼ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ و ناور
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
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