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Pain Taxonomy- Classifying Needle Inflicted Pain Sensation

by

Jenani Jayavalan

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Bachelor of Technology (Hons) (Information Technology)

December 20 l l

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar

31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

Pain Taxonomy- Classification of Needle Inflicted Pain Sensation

Approved by,

Dr Suz·

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by Jenani Jayavalan

A project dissertation submitted to the lnformation Technology Programme

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Hons) (JNFORMA TION TECHNOLOGY)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK

December 2011

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.

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JENANI JAY A V ALAN

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ABSTRACT

Acupuncture is an interesting area in traditional healing. It has proven to be effective in healing many types of ailments. Namely pain related ailments like headache, flu and minor back pains. Acupuncture has also managed to heal certain cases that couldn't be healed by modern medicine like cancer and stroke in some patients. Ironically, many patients are greatly phobic of treatments that involve piercing of needles. Mainly because of the pain inflicted. So they tend to hinder taking the treatment even when they really need it.

The motivation of this study is to help reduce phobia towards needle inflicted pain sensation using haptic technology. The study proposes a taxonomy to classify needle inflicted pain sensation in the haptic domain. The objectives are to eliminated vagueness of describing pain sensation.

Also in further views, the study is seen to be futuristic as it is the stepping stone to research in the area of pain related phobia reduction in both haptic and virtual reality sector. Having established a taxonomy to classify needle inflicted pain sensation will help in being the baseline to build future systems in Virtual Reality and touch solutions to reduce pain related phobia.

It will also greatly help the acupuncture field to gain client's confidence as vagueness of describing pain sensation will be eliminated.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible. Many people have assisted me through the whole process of developing this project. I would like to first thank God for his blessing in completing my final year project.

I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr Suziah Sulaiman for her full support, encouragement and supervision from the preliminary to the concluding level of my project. It would have been next to impossible to write this thesis without her help and assistance.

I also would like to make a special reference to DR SS Jayabalan, the Acupuncture Doctor of the clinic who helped me with this project. My gratitude also goes to my beloved family who gave me the moral support I required. Lastly, I offer my regards to my friends and all of those who have directly or indirectly encouraged me in any aspect in concluding this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION.

ABSTRACT . iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . iv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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¹

1.1 Project Work Background

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.2.1 Problem Identification. 2 1.2.2 Significance of the Project 3

1.3 Objective . 3

1.4 Scope of Study 4

1.5 The Relevancy of the Project 4 1.6 The Feasibility of the Project 5

CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

CHAPTER3: METHODOLOGY . 32

3.1 Research Methodology. 32

3.2 Solution Methodology 37

CHAPTER4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION. 39

4.1 Survey Results for Study I. 39

4.2 Interview Results for Study 2 50

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4.3 Validation Exercise 1- Card Sorting Activity. 63 4.4 Validation Exercise 2- Expert Interview . 73

CHAPTERS: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76

REFERENCES 77

APPENDICES 81

Appendix A-Gantt Chart 81

Appendix B-Questionnaire 82

Appendix C-Survey 92

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 The Human Nerve System 7

Figure 2 Illustration of the Nerve Cell 8

Figure 3 Illustration ofthe Spinal Cord 9

Figure 4 Illustration of Acute Pain Occurrence to

Figure 5 Brief Pain Inventory Form 15

Figure 6 Virtual Reality in Practice 17

Figure 7 Virtual Reality in Practice 18

Figure 8 Three Styles in Describing Sensation 20

Figure 9 Three Styles in Describing Sensation 21

Figure 10 System Development Life Cycle 30

Figure II Question 1 from the survey 31

Figure 12 Importance of eliminating pain 32

Figure 13 Question 2 from the survey 32

Figure 14 Opinion on Virtual Reality in phobia reduction 33

Figure 15 Question 3 from the survey 33

Figure 16 Respondents' familiarity towards virtual reality 34

Figure 17 Question 4 from the survey 34

Figure 18 Respondents' familiarity of pain threshold 35

Figure 19 Question 5 from the survey 35

Figure 20 Opinion of treatment requiring piercing 36 vii

Figure 21 Fear level rating of respondents 37

Figure 22 Question 7 from the survey 38

Figure 23 Aspect that influences the fear of piercing 39 Figure 24 Breakdown of factors influencing treatment seeking 43

Figure 25 Fear towards shape of needle 44

Figure 26 Does the shape influence degree of pain 44

Figure 27 Significance of needle shape towards pain inflicted 45

Figure 28 Pain felt during needle in skin 47

Figure 29 Pain felt during needle in skin 49

Figure 30 Level of fear after treatment 51

Figure 31 Significance the treatment played in reduction of phobia 52 Figure 32 Taxonomy in helping to eliminated vagueness of pain sensation 53

Figure 33 Acupuncture Clinic information 62

Figure 34 Acupuncture Clinic Location 62

Figure 35 In the Clinic 62

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