LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Concepts of Policy Implementation
2.2.5 Analysis of Related Researches: Causal Factors That Affect on the Integrated Policy Implementation Integrated Policy Implementation
2.2.5 Analysis of Related Researches: Causal Factors That Affect on the
Table 2.4 Table of Synthesizing Causal Factors into Policy Implementation
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Allison and Zelikow (1971) X X - X X - - - - Van Meter and Van Horn
(1975)
X X X X X X X - X X X -
Sebring (1977) - - - X X - X - X X - -
Berman et al. (1977) X - X - X - - - - X - -
Bardach (1977) - X - X - X - - X - - -
Attewell and Gerstein (1979)
X - X X - X X - X - X -
Montjoy and O'Toole (1979)
X - X X - - - -
Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979)
X - X X X X X X X - - -
Larson (1980) X - - - X - X X - -
Edward (1980) - - X - X - X X - - - -
Sabatier and Mazmanian (1980)
X - X X X X X X X - - -
Alexander (1982) X - - - X X X - - - - X
Hambleton (1983) X - X X - X X - X - - -
Sorg (1983) X X X X - X X X - X X X
Pressman and Wildavsky (1984)
X X - X X - - X X X - -
O'Toole Jr and Montjoy (1984)
X X X X X - - X X X - -
Markle (1988) X - - X - X - - - -
Akom Chaikeaw (1990) X - X X X X X X X - - - Goggin et al. (1990) X X X X X X X X X - - -
Kla Tongkow (1991) X X - X X X X X X X X X
Choi (1991) X X - - - X - X - - - -
Wansiri Wongsupaluk X - - X - - X X X X - -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 (1991)
Baum (1992) X - - X X X - - X - - -
Tongbai Sudcharee (1992) X - X X X X X - X X - - Theppasak Boonyarataphan
(1993)
X - X X X X - X X - - -
Kitti Boonnark (1993) X X X X X X - X - X X X Makawan Suwanaruang
(1993)
X X X - X X - X X X - -
Lawn-Day (1994) - X - X X X X X - X X -
Matland (1995) X X X X X X X X X X X X
Kachai Soprasert (1996) X X X X X X X X X X X X
Blair (1996) X - - - X X X - - -
Brinkerhoff (1996) - - - X X X - - X - - -
Crosby (1996) X X X X - X X X X - X X
Suraporn Sainsalai (1996) X X X - X X X - - - - - Nantasak Poolsuk (1996) - - - X X X - X X - - - Watchara Promcharoen
(1996)
X - - - - X - - - -
Tsukada (1997) X - X X X X X X X X - -
Rawipa Homsettee (1998) X - X X - X X - X X X - Sunitda Tesniyom (1998) - X X X X X X X X X - - Chuluay Yaiswaswong
(1998)
- - X - - X - X - - - -
Attia (1999) - X X - - - X X X X - -
Dararat Kaewsalabsee (1999)
- - X X - X X X X - - X
Duangta Jatuporn (2000) X X X X - X - - X X - -
Schroeder (2001) X X - X - X X X X X - -
Schofield (2001) - - - X X X X X X X - -
Kenneth (2001) X - - X - X X X X - - -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Panidol Niyomka (2001) X X X X X X - X X - - X Rumjuan Benjasiri (2002) X X - X X X - - - - Chanad Bhowbhandee
(2002)
- X X X X X X - X X - -
Spillane et al. (2002) X - X - - X X - X - - -
Fisun Yuksel (2002) - X X X X - X X X X - -
Hanqin Zhang et al. (2002) - - X X - - - X X X - -
Sanchez (2003) X X - - - X X X X - - -
Giacchino and Kakabadse (2003)
X X X X X X X X X X X
Honig (2004) X X X X X - X X X X - -
Dusit Thamdee (2004) - - X - - X X - X - - -
Makinde (2005) X X X - - X - X X X - -
Oratai Krutwaysho (2006) X - X X - - X X X X - -
Ali (2006) X X X X X X X X X - - -
Paycharin Imphan (2006) - - - X X X - X X X - - Chokbandransuk (2007) X X X X - X - - - -
Lundin (2007) X - X X - - X X X - - -
May and Winter (2007) X - - X X X - - X X - -
Pitts (2007) X X X X X X - X X X - -
Dodds (2007) X X - X - X X X X X - -
Prateep Natetaweewat (2008)
- X X X X X - X X X X -
Wanna Jerupan (2008) X - - - X - - - - - Erasmus and Gilson (2008) X - X X - X - - X - - - Chedsada Mingchai (2009) X - X - - - X X X - - - Kan Sekkhunthod (2009) X X X X X X - - X X - - Oramanee Soonthornnonta
(2009)
X X X X - X X - X X X -
Watts (2009b) X - - X - - X - X - X -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Watts (2009a) X - - X - - X - X - X -
Maytinee Bhongsvej et al.
(2009)
X - X X - X X - X - X -
Kitti Intharakul (2010) - - X - - X X - X X - - Dodds and Butler (2010) X - X - - X X X X X - - Oratai Krutwaysho and Bill
Bramwell (2010)
X X X X - X X X X X - -
Thipvipa Thapvisarn (2010)
- X X X - X - X X X - -
Thanaporn Buakampa (2010)
- X X - X X X X X - X X
Lipsky (2010) - - X - X X - - - - -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
X X - X - - - X X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
- - X X - X - - - -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
- X - - X X - - X - - -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
X - - - - X - - - -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
- X - X - X X X X - - -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
- - - X X - X - X - X -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011)
X X X - X - X - X - - -
Saowalak Wiboonkarn (2011)
X X X X - X X X X - - -
Sirikarn Iamardharn (2011) X X X X X X - X - X X X Orrawan Kummak (2011) X - X X X X X - X X - -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Chawadee Koson (2011) - - X X X X - - X - - -
Tummers (2011) X X - X X X - X - - X -
C.-H. Liu et al. (2012) X X X - - X X - X X - - Gong and Janssen (2012) X X - X X X - - X - - - Vallop Sauppan (2012) - - X X - X - - - - Hatsaya Pimsaket (2012) X X X X X X X X X X - - Varanya
Rangseevanicharun (2012)
X - X - - X X X X - - -
Watcharin Sutthisai (2012) X - - X X X X - X X X - Narupon Rattanasamaharn
(2012)
X X X X X X X X X X - -
Tummers et al. (2012) X - - X X X - X X - - -
Tummers (2012) X X X X X X X X - - X -
Thannaphat Khotsing (2013)
X - X X - X X X X - - -
C. D. Hall (2013) X X - - - X X X -
Wang and Ap (2013) - X - X - - X X X - - -
Supahp Chumrum (2013) X X X X X X - - X - - - Chaiyon Praditsil (2013) X X X X X X X X - - - - Pornpimol Plangsrisakul
(2013)
X - X X X X X - - - - -
Narunat Yãnaviriyo (2013) - - X X - X - - - - Rodriguez et al. (2014) - - X X X X X X X X - - Tummers and Bekkers
(2014)
X X X - - X X - - - - -
Rojana Inkong (2014) X - X X - X X X X - - - Sarochar Phraepasa (2014) X - - X - - X - X - - - Sirilucksm Tantayakul
(2014)
- X - X - X - X X X X -
Prapussorn Yotaruk (2014) - X - - X X - X - - X -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Surachet Kantichapipat
(2015)
X - X - - X - X X - - -
Kaewta Muangasame and McKercher (2015)
- - - X X X X X X X - -
Pisan Banchusuwan (2015) X X X X X X X X X X - - Duangta Promraksa (2015) - - X X X X - X X X - - Napaporn Janchai (2015) - - - - X X - - X - X X
Kalaba (2016) - - X X - X X X X X - -
Chanapol Techvitul (2016) - - - X X X X X - Pradtana Yossuk and
Pongsakorn Kawichai (2017)
X - - X - X X X - - - -
Petcharat Saisombut (2008) X X X - - X X X X X - - Total 124 studies 86 59 78 90 63 96 75 71 93 54 28 14
Note: Remarks: 01 = Competence of Policies, 02 = Process of Policies, 03 = Resources for Policies, 04 = Attribute of Organization, 05 = Attribute of Leader, 06 = Attribute of Implementor, 07 = Environment of Policies, 08 = Stakeholders in Policies, 09 = Attribute of Coordination, 10 = Public Relations, 11 = Planning and Controlling, 12 = Monitoring and Evaluation
According to the table 2.4, it indicated that causal factors that appeared in various studies have an impact on driving the policy implementation under several circumstances or directly affect towards efficiency or effectiveness that various studies were defined. There are 8 factors that generated the study and were verified from the results of study that affect on the policy implementation. Over half of study, there are many factors in terms of competence of policies, resources for policies, stakeholders in policies, environment of policies, attribute of organization, attribute of leader, attribute of implementor and attribute of coordination.
As mentioned all of 8 casual factors above, when the consideration was based on elements of policy implementation and literature reviews, it found that theoretical framework utilized in the research of policy implementation considered as a main idea that conducts in educational process. Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) indicated that the study of policy implementation paid attention about the capabilities that can push all of important mechanism work to achieve the target results. Therefore, the contents of theoretical framework that use in all studies focused on finding the explanation about phenomenon or empirical information that happened inside the procedure of policy implementation in terms of quantitative or qualitative data or the combination of quantitative and qualitative data. So, independent variables of each factor have causal relationship and results with variables based on driving the policy towards the implementation.
Eight factors include competence of policies, resources for policies, stakeholders in policies, environment of policies, attribute of organization, attribute of leader, attribute of implementor and attribute of coordination. In addition, these eight factors are under a causal variables that were studied in the study of Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980), Van Meter and Van Horn (1975), Voradej Chandarasorn (2011), and Ruengwit Ketsuwan (2008). These eight factors are included in the potential facilities variable. Therefore, the synthesis can be explained as follows;
2.2.5.1 Synthesizing the Variable of the Potential Facilities Variable and Factors……….
Potential facilities variable is a relationship that affects on the policy implementation originated from two theories. The first theory is a system theory that examines the mechanism, administration, operation or implementation systematically.
Moreover, it divides the operations under the system that sub-sectors work together.
Also, the operation of system will be occurred when the factor is put into the process which is controlled by various conditions of environment or the context of system.
Furthermore, the feedbacks which are results or productivities derived from the process can be used as an input factor or component of next input factor (Bañares- Alcántara, 2010). According to the study of policy implementation in the system theory, it was applied in the research of Pressman and Wildavsky in 1970 that studied the variables of policy component or the characteristics of public policy which led the
policy to the achievement (Chanida Jittaruttha, 2018). Based on the theory of Easton (Easton, 1953, 1965a, 1965b, 1965c), it was a systematic study that emphasized on the major processes of political system which linked between environment and politic system that had the input factors, the response of political system and output factors or subsequent productivities and results.
For the second theory, it is an organization system which is an analysis framework in the beginning of the study of policy implementation. In addition, Stoker (1991) indicated that when the policy is determined, it must have an organization to encourage the policy and take the policy into the implementation. Based on Friedman (2006), when the evaluation is found that the policy fails besides the consideration of policy component that supports the achievement or failure, it must consider the issues related with the organizations as well. This is due to the fact that if the policy is good, it is possible that the implementation conducted by the organizations fails. So, there is an increase in factors about an organization continuously. Additionally, it corresponds to Voradej Chandarasorn (2016) that emphasized on studying the problem of creating the relationship and acceptance to respond the psychological and social demands of human being through the organization development model that focused on the participation of organization importantly. Ruengwit Ketsuwan (2008) indicated that the organizations should be responsible to respond the individual demands by establishing the structure that people are activated to participate in and have a relationship. Moreover, this concept pays attention on the interaction between groups or organizations because it views that the efficiency and effectiveness depend on the quality of cooperation and harmony. Therefore, overview of the concept of organizational situation possesses an organization, leaders, individuals and cooperation which are considered as an important factor that can lead the policy implementation to the expected achievement.
Therefore, when combing these two theories which consist of system theory and organization theory in the implementation, it connects to the occurrence of various factors. Additionally, there are 8 factors including competence of policies, resources for policies, stakeholders in policies, environment of policies, attribute of organization, attribute of leader, attribute of implementor and attribute of coordination. In this research, potential facilities mean the qualifications of factor that
facilitate the policy implementation to achieve the defined goals including competence of policies, resources for policies, stakeholders in policies, environment of policies, attribute of organization, attribute of leader, attribute of implementor and attribute of coordination.
Thus, it can provide the example of study results which indicate that the factors under potential facilities variable influence on the policy implementation under various forms of research methodology. For instance, the study of Giacchino and Kakabadse (2003) on “Successful Policy Implementation: The Route to Building Self-Confident Government” through the process of qualitative research. According to researching the documents and conducting in-depth interview with people who play an important role in the policy implementation, it can conclude that the success process in the policy implementation will be occurred through the policy component that comprises of resource factor, stakeholder factor, environment factor, competence of policies. These are considered as an important part that influences on the mind and attitudes of individuals to generate the intention in the policy implementation. Also, these affect directly on the cooperation that will lead the policy to the successful implementation. In addition, the study of Rodriguez et al. (2014) on “Tourism Innovation Policy: Implementation and Outcome” proposed the study results through the analysis of collaborative process between top-down concept and bottom-up concept by the process of mixed methods research. Also, important variables that affect on those policy implementations to achieve as expected are the policy component which is one of important part that influences on the cooperation or integration in the policy implementation to reach the expected achievement.
The study of Chawadee Koson (2011) on “Effectiveness of Tourism Policy Through Implementation of Tourism and Sport Department, Sukhothai Province” through the process of mixed methods research revealed the study results that the organizational conditions including leaders, officers, organization and coordination are very crucial to affect on the efficiency of policy implementation as statistically significant in the quantitative test results which are confirmed through the interviews with individuals and sectors from related departments. In the qualitative process, it indicates that those results correspond with the real phenomena of research area. It is similar to the study of Duangta Promraksa (2015) on “Taking Tourism
Promotion Policy for Implementation: Case Study of Kon Panyee Island in Phangnga Province through the process of mixed methods research. According to the qualitative and quantitative researches, these are conducted by data collection from the field, observation, interview, questionnaire, group discussion and the research on related documents. As a result, these lead to facts about processes and important variables that have an impact on the process of policy implementation. Also, the organizational conditions including organizational competence, sectors’ competence, executives, coordination, officer, implementor, support and participation from other sectors and people are important to affect on the achievement of policy implementation in the area as statistically significant and correspond to the actual phenomenon.
Additionally, the study results derived from the literature reviews in over 120 related researches are the origin of the first hypothesis. In this study, potential facilities variable affects directly on the integrated policy implementation in the context of tourism administration and development in Thailand as shown in the figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8
The Factors Under the Potential Facilities Variable Affect on Policy Implementation.
Then, the variable of the potential facilities is derived from extracting relationships that affects to the policy implementation. As shown in the figure 2.5, there are 124 research findings in quantitative research as statistical significance, qualitative research that was consistent with real circumstances from the source of information or mixed methods research as statistical significance and consistent with the circumstances.
Table 2.5
The Factors Under the Potential Facilities Variable Affect on Policy Implementation.
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Allison and Zelikow (1971) X - - - X X - -
Van Meter and Van Horn (1975) X X X - X X X X
Sebring (1977) - - X - X X - X
Berman et al. (1977) X X - - - X - -
Bardach (1977) - - - - X - X X
Attewell and Gerstein (1979) X X X - X - X X
Montjoy and O'Toole (1979) X X - - X - - -
Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979) X X X X X X X X
Larson (1980) X - X - - - - X
Edward (1980) - X X X - X - -
Sabatier and Mazmanian (1980) X X X X X X X X
Alexander (1982) X - X - - X X -
Hambleton (1983) X X X - X - X X
Sorg (1983) X X X X X - X -
Pressman and Wildavsky (1984) X - - X X X - X
O'Toole Jr and Montjoy (1984) X X - X X X - X
Markle (1988) X - - - X - X -
Akom Chaikeaw (1990) X X X X X X X X
Goggin et al. (1990) X X X X X X X X
Kla Tongkow (1991) X - X X X X X X
Choi (1991) X - - X - - X -
Wansiri Wongsupaluk (1991) X - X X X - - X
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Baum (1992) X - - - X X X X
Tongbai Sudcharee (1992) X X X - X X X X
Theppasak Boonyarataphan (1993) X X - X X X X X
Kitti Boonnark (1993) X X - X X X X -
Makawan Suwanaruang (1993) X X - X - X X X
Lawn-Day (1994) - - X X X X X -
Matland (1995) X X X X X X X X
Kachai Soprasert (1996) X X X X X X X X
Blair (1996) X - X X - - - X
Brinkerhoff (1996) - - - - X X X X
Crosby (1996) X X X X X - X X
Suraporn Sainsalai (1996) X X X - - X X -
Nantasak Poolsuk (1996) - - - X X X X X
Watchara Promcharoen (1996) X - - - X -
Tsukada (1997) X X X X X X X X
Rawipa Homsettee (1998) X X X - X - X X
Sunitda Tesniyom (1998) - X X X X X X X
Chuluay Yaiswaswong (1998) - X - X - - X -
Attia (1999) - X X X - - - X
Dararat Kaewsalabsee (1999) - X X X X - X X
Duangta Jatuporn (2000) X X - - X - X X
Schroeder (2001) X - X X X - X X
Schofield (2001) - - X X X X X X
Kenneth (2001) X - X X X - X X
Panidol Niyomka (2001) X X - X X X X X
Rumjuan Benjasiri (2002) X - - - X X X -
Chanad Bhowbhandee (2002) - X X - X X X X
Spillane et al. (2002) X X X - - - X X
Fisun Yuksel (2002) - X X X X X - X
Hanqin Zhang et al. (2002) - X - X X - - X
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Sanchez (2003) X - X X - - X X
Giacchino and Kakabadse (2003) X X X X X X X X
Honig (2004) X X X X X X - X
Dusit Thamdee (2004) - X X - - - X X
Makinde (2005) X X - X - - X X
Oratai Krutwaysho (2006) X X X X X - - X
Ali (2006) X X X X X X X X
Paycharin Imphan (2006) - - - X X X X X
Chokbandransuk (2007) X X - - X - X -
Lundin (2007) X X X X X - - X
May and Winter (2007) X - - - X X X X
Pitts (2007) X X - X X X X X
Dodds (2007) X - X X X - X X
Prateep Natetaweewat (2008) - X - X X X X X
Wanna Jerupan (2008) X - X - - - - -
Erasmus and Gilson (2008) X X - - X - X X
Chedsada Mingchai (2009) X X X X - - - X
Kan Sekkhunthod (2009) X X - - X X X X
Oramanee Soonthornnonta (2009) X X X - X - X X
Watts (2009b) X - X - X - - X
Watts (2009a) X - X - X - - X
Maytinee Bhongsvej et al. (2009) X X X - X - X X
Kitti Intharakul (2010) - X X - - - X X
Dodds and Butler (2010) X X X X - - X X
Oratai Krutwaysho and Bill Bramwell (2010)
X X X X X - X X
Thipvipa Thapvisarn (2010) - X - X X - X X
Thanaporn Buakampa (2010) - X X X - X X X
Lipsky (2010) - X - - - X X -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) X - - - X - - -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) - X - - X - X -
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) X - - - - X X X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) - - X X - - X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) - - X - X - X X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) X X X - X X - X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2011) - - - X - X
Saowalak Wiboonkarn (2011) X X X X X - X X
Sirikarn Iamardharn (2011) X X - X X X X -
Orrawan Kummak (2011) X X X - X X X X
Chawadee Koson (2011) - X - - X X X X
Tummers (2011) X - - X X X X -
C.-H. Liu et al. (2012) X X X - - - X X
Gong and Janssen (2012) X - - - X X X X
Vallop Sauppan (2012) - X - - X X -
Hatsaya Pimsaket (2012) X X X X X X X X
Varanya Rangseevanicharun (2012) X X X X - - X X
Watcharin Sutthisai (2012) X - X - X X X X
Narupon Rattanasamaharn (2012) X X X X X X X X
Tummers et al. (2012) X - - X X X X X
Tummers (2012) X X X X X X X -
Thannaphat Khotsing (2013) X X X X X - X X
C. D. Hall (2013) X - - - X
Wang and Ap (2013) - - X X X - - X
Supahp Chumrum (2013) X X - - X X X X
Chaiyon Praditsil (2013) X X X X X X X -
Pornpimol Plangsrisakul (2013) X X X - X X X -
Narunat Yãnaviriyo (2013) - X - - X - X -
Rodriguez et al. (2014) - X X X X X X X
Tummers and Bekkers (2014) X X X - - - X -
Rojana Inkong (2014) X X X X X - X X
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Sarochar Phraepasa (2014) X X X - - X
Sirilucksm Tantayakul (2014) - - - X X - X X
Prapussorn Yotaruk (2014) - - - X - X X -
Surachet Kantichapipat (2015) X X - X - - X X
Kaewta Muangasame and McKercher (2015)
- - X X X X X X
Pisan Banchusuwan (2015) X X X X X X X X
Duangta Promraksa (2015) - X - X X X X X
Napaporn Janchai (2015) - - - X X X
Kalaba (2016) - X X X X - X X
Chanapol Techvitul (2016) - - X X - - - X
Voradej Chandarasorn (2016) X X X X X X X X
Pradtana Yossuk and Pongsakorn Kawichai (2017)
X - X X X - X -
Petcharat Saisombut (2008) X X X X - - X X
Total of 122 studies results 87 79 76 72 92 64 97 94
Note: Remarks: 01 = Factors in competence of policies, 02 = Factors in resources for policies, 03 = Factors in environment of policies, 04 = Factors of stakeholders in policies, 05 = Factors in attribute of organization, 06 = Factors in attribute of leader, 07 = Factors in attribute of implementor, 08 = Factors in attribute of coordination
According to table 2.5, it explains about factors under the variables extracted from studying, reviewing and synthesizing related researches as follows;
2.2.5.2 Factors in Competence of Policies
According to the literature reviews and lots of related academic documents from overseas and Thailand, it found that the achievement of policy implementation or driving the policy into the implementation must initially generate a good competence of policies. This would mean that it was a policy that needs validity of theory and can be able to support the policy of each category that affects on
different implementation. According to the studies of academicians in pioneer era, Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980) defined that competence of policies should have an appropriate theory to support as well as the study of Alexander (1982) that the results of study support previous concepts that competence of policies should have sufficient potentials to resolve the problems of policy (Attewell & Gerstein, 1979;
Goggin et al., 1990; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975). Moreover, many academicians in the next era pointed out the competence of policies that needs to be consistent with the reality, target group and center as well as other related policies in order to be able actual implementation. In addition, it needs the clarity in objectives and purposes of policy, defined indicators and the standard of achievement clearly. Therefore, some of Thai academicians studied and then found the findings that support the studies in overseas such as Kitti Boonnark (1993); Theppasak Boonyarataphan (1993); Tongbai Sudcharee (1992). Furthermore, they are the first group of Thai academicians that support those ideas and Orrawan Kummak (2011); Pisan Banchusuwan (2015);
Pradtana Yossuk and Pongsakorn Kawichai (2017) at present. Therefore, factor in competence of policies can be concluded in the part that many academicians explained in the table 2.6 as follows;
Table 2.6 Related Researches of Factors in Competence of Policies
Factor Creator/Year
[01] Factor in competence of policies
[01.01] Ability to resolve policy issues
[01.02] Ability of policy to define the operational structure
[01.03] Clarify of objectives and purposes of policy [01.04] Policy that has appropriate theory to support [01.05] Policy is consistent
Akom Chaikeaw (1990); Alexander (1982); Ali (2006); Allison and Zelikow (1971); Attewell and Gerstein (1979); Baum (1992); Berman et al. (1977); Blair (1996); Brinkerhoff (1996);
Chaiyon Praditsil (2013); Chedsada Mingchai (2009); Choi (1991); Chokbandransuk (2007);
Crosby (1996); Dodds (2007); Dodds and Butler (2010); Duangta Jatuporn (2000); Erasmus and Gilson (2008); Giacchino and Kakabadse (2003); Goggin et al. (1990); Gong and Janssen (2012); C. D. Hall (2013); Hambleton (1983);
Hatsaya Pimsaket (2012); Honig (2004); Kachai
Factor Creator/Year with the desires of target
group
[01.06] Policy is consistent with central policy and other related policies
[01.07] Policy is consistent with the reality
[01.08] Determination of indicators and the clear standards of achievement
Soprasert (1996); Kan Sekkhunthod (2009);
Kenneth (2001); Kitti Boonnark (1993); Kla Tongkow (1991); Larson (1980); C.-H. Liu et al. (2012); Lundin (2007); Makawan
Suwanaruang (1993); Makinde (2005); Markle (1988); Matland (1995); May and Winter (2007); Maytinee Bhongsvej et al. (2009);
Montjoy and O'Toole (1979); Narupon Rattanasamaharn (2012); O'Toole Jr and Montjoy (1984); Oratai Krutwaysho (2006);
Oratai Krutwaysho and Bill Bramwell (2010);
Orrawan Kummak (2011); Panidol Niyomka (2001); Petcharat Saisombut (2008); Pisan Banchusuwan (2015); Pitts (2007); Pornpimol Plangsrisakul (2013); Pradtana Yossuk and Pongsakorn Kawichai (2017); Pressman and Wildavsky (1984); Rawipa Homsettee (1998);
Rojana Inkong (2014); Rumjuan Benjasiri (2002); Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980);
Sanchez (2003); Saowalak Wiboonkarn (2011);
Sarochar Phraepasa (2014); Schroeder (2001);
Sirikarn Iamardharn (2011); Sorg (1983);
Spillane et al. (2002); Supahp Chumrum (2013);
Surachet Kantichapipat (2015); Suraporn Sainsalai (1996); Thannaphat Khotsing (2013);
Theppasak Boonyarataphan (1993); Tongbai Sudcharee (1992); Tsukada (1997); Tummers (2011, 2012); Tummers and Bekkers (2014);
Tummers et al. (2012); Van Meter and Van Horn (1975); Varanya Rangseevanicharun
Factor Creator/Year
(2012); Voradej Chandarasorn (1990, 2011);
Wanna Jerupan (2008); Wansiri Wongsupaluk (1991); Watchara Promcharoen (1996);
Watcharin Sutthisai (2012); Watts (2009a, 2009b)
Total 87 studies
According to revising the literature reviews and academic documents above, the factor in competence of policies means the ability of policy and being a push for individuals to create driving the policy into the implementation in the responsible projects in order to be higher or beyond the criterions/purposes of defined policies. In addition, it can be measured by the ability in solving the problems of policy, the ability of policy in determining the operational structure, the clarity of policies’ objectives and purposes, the policies that have an appropriate to support, the policies that are consistent with the desires of target group, the policies that are consistent with central policy and other related policies, the policies that are consistent with the reality and determination of indicators and the clear standards of achievement.
2.2.5.3 Factors in Resources for Policies
According to the literature reviews and lots of related academic documents in overseas and Thailand, it found that resources for policies are necessary.
It is obvious that various academicians and theoreticians have a consistent agreement that expenditures or financial resources are very important. From the supportive studies of Berman et al. (1977); Kitti Boonnark (1993); Sabatier and Mazmanian (1979, 1980); Tongbai Sudcharee (1992); Van Meter and Van Horn (1975); Voradej Chandarasorn (2011), they indicated about the importance of sufficient financial resources and the suitability of financial resource management through their studies.
Besides of financial resources, there are various resources of operating policy in other dimensions such as equipment, location, machine or human resources that are also essential as well as the preparation and allocation of resources into other related sectors sufficiently. According to this findings, many researches at present gained the
results of research and those outcomes were consistent as well. For example, the study of Pisan Banchusuwan (2015) indicated regarding the importance of physical resources that have an impact on driving the educational policy of the instructors toward the efficient implementation. Additionally, the study of Duangta Promraksa (2015) found that factors in resources for policies have related with driving the policy implementation in the same directions. Importantly, the sectors that have suffered the shortage of financial and human resources will lead to lacks of driving the policy implementation inflexibly and so on. Therefore, the factors in resources for policies can be concluded in terms of the explanation of many academicians in the table 2.7 as follows;
Table 2.7 Related Researches in Factors of Resources for Policies
Factor Creator/Year
[02] Factors of resources for policies
[02.01] Adequateness of financial resources [02.02] Readiness of
physical resources (material, equipment, machine,
technology and location) [02.03] Suitability of financial resource management
[02.04] Allocation and distribution of resources into other sectors suitably [02.05] Adequateness of human resources
Akom Chaikeaw (1990); Ali (2006); Attewell and Gerstein (1979); Attia (1999); Berman et al.
(1977); Chaiyon Praditsil (2013); Chanad Bhowbhandee (2002); Chawadee Koson (2011);
Chedsada Mingchai (2009); Chokbandransuk (2007); Chuluay Yaiswaswong (1998); Crosby (1996); Dararat Kaewsalabsee (1999); Dodds and Butler (2010); Duangta Jatuporn (2000); Duangta Promraksa (2015); Dusit Thamdee (2004); Edward (1980); Erasmus and Gilson (2008); Fisun Yuksel (2002); Giacchino and Kakabadse (2003); Goggin et al. (1990); Hambleton (1983); Hanqin Zhang et al. (2002); Hatsaya Pimsaket (2012); Honig (2004); Kachai Soprasert (1996); Kalaba (2016);
Kan Sekkhunthod (2009); Kitti Boonnark (1993);
Kitti Intharakul (2010); Lipsky (2010); C.-H. Liu et al. (2012); Lundin (2007); Makawan
Suwanaruang (1993); Makinde (2005); Matland (1995); Maytinee Bhongsvej et al. (2009);