INTRODUCTION
1.7 Terminology
the direction of driving the second national tourism development plan (2017-2021), plan, action plan, or project which was adapted from the second national tourism development plan (2017-2021) and the policy of tourism in Thailand into the implementation.
Ruengwit Ketsuwan, 2008; Sombat Thamrongthanyawong, 2017; Tongbai Sudcharee, 1992; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975; Voradej Chandarasorn, 1990).
6) Competence of policies means a feature of policy capability to push people to be able to create a driving policy implementation in their own responsible projects higher or beyond the criteria/purposes of defined policy. Then, it can be measured by solving-problem ability of policy, policy capability in determining operational structure, clear objectives and purposes of policy, policies that are supported by appropriate theories, policies that are consistent with the requirements of target group, consistence with central policy and other related policies, policies that is consistent with the reality, policies that contain an indicator and the clear standards of achievement (Alexander, 1982; Attewell & Gerstein, 1979; Goggin, Bowman, Lester,
& O'Toole Jr, 1990; Kitti Boonnark, 1993; Orrawan Kummak, 2011; Pisan Banchusuwan, 2015; Pradtana Yossuk & Pongsakorn Kawichai, 2017; Sabatier &
Mazmanian, 1979, 1980; Theppasak Boonyarataphan, 1993; Tongbai Sudcharee, 1992; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975).
7) Resources for policies means a thing that the organizations holds and has limited possession. Then, people need to utilize these things for generating the highest benefits to the policy implementation or driving policy implementation based on organizations’ receiving successfully. Therefore, it can be measured by financial resources such as expenditure as well as physical resources including materials, equipment, machines, technologies and locations and human resources such as workforces and so on. Then, those holding things are required a sufficiency, suitability and distribution to the organizations for operating thoroughly (Berman et al., 1977; Duangta Promraksa, 2015; Kitti Boonnark, 1993; Pisan Banchusuwan, 2015; Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1979, 1980; Tongbai Sudcharee, 1992; Van Meter &
Van Horn, 1975; Voradej Chandarasorn, 2011).
8) Environment of policies means a thing surrounding individuals, groups or organizations in terms of living and non-living. Additionally, it is considered as tangible thing as concrete object and intangible thing as abstract object in order to facilitate individuals or organizations to drive the operations efficiently or interrupt the failures. Then, it comprises of the effects from economic, social, political and technological conditions, the effects from resistance and objection to the policies from
several parties, the effects from the morality of society, the supports from society, politics and law, the supports from central department of the government and local departments, the participation of external people, the attention of mass media to the occurred problems and the directions of relationship between environment of policies and implementation (Attewell & Gerstein, 1979; Berman et al., 1977; Sabatier &
Mazmanian, 1979, 1980; Voradej Chandarasorn, 2011).
9) Stakeholders in policies means a person, group, sector or organization that associates in the operations. Otherwise, a person gains or loses benefits from the policy implementation directly and indirectly. Furthermore, those people affect and gain impacts from the decisions of government. Therefore, it can be measured by the attitudes of stakeholder to the policy implementation, the supports from population, the understanding in received benefits and drawbacks that might happen, bargaining ability of sectors’ representative and the relationship of representative (Kitti Boonnark, 1993; Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1980; Voradej Chandarasorn, 2011).
10) Attribute of organization means a social sector or other sectors that contain groups. Additionally, a group of people combines together officially and systematically in order to operate the process of policy implementation or drive the policy implementation together for accomplishing efficiently based on the purposes through concrete and abstract components. Then, there are various features that can be measured by the organizational structure (building supervisory structure properly by considering the knowledge and abilities of implementors), regulations of organizational operation, abilities in sustainability of organization, flexible operation inside the organizations, competences in previous policy implementations of the organizations, the communication process inside and outside organizations, official interaction inside organizations and coordination, learning characteristics of organization/creating knowledge, determining standards of organizational operation, consistence of organizational implementation with external organizations, values and organizational cultures and atmosphere of organization (Bardach, 1977; Goggin et al., 1990; Kitti Boonnark, 1993; Pisan Banchusuwan, 2015; Prapussorn Yotaruk, 2014;
Rodriguez et al., 2014; Rumjuan Benjasiri, 2002; Sarochar Phraepasa, 2014; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975).
11) Attribute of leader means a person in the organization that can persuade or guide other people to drive the operations for achieving defined objectives efficiently and effectively. Additionally, these people can administer the organization to progress in operations and accomplish the purposes by using the influence or power beyond the attitudes and actions of other people to implement based on the requirements of organization. Therefore, the attribute of leader can be measured by leadership, skills and understanding in administration, authority and duty of being a leader, uncomplicated decision process, leaders’ supports, participation of leader, understanding level in real conditions of leaders’ operation, capability in building motivation to the implementors, creating the relationship to members inside the organization, solving-problem ability and being acceptable from external sectors for accomplishing the results as defined purposes of organization (Berman et al., 1977;
Chawadee Koson, 2011; Duangta Promraksa, 2015; Pressman & Wildavsky, 1984;
Rumjuan Benjasiri, 2002; Sebring, 1977; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975).
12) Attribute of implementor means a person who is working inside the organization operates a general work and gains an assignment from the organization or leader to be responsible about policy, plan or project. Furthermore, each person has a duty in operating the organization to drive policy implementation successfully based on the purposes. Therefore, the attribute of implementor can be measured through both of physical and psychological elements. For the physical elements, it consists of implementor selection, personality of implementor, knowledge and capability, ability in working as a teamwork, loyalty to the organization, scope of occurred transformation to the implementors, adaptable ability to transformations derived from policies, bargaining ability, learning ability from experiences, training, teaching, advising. For the psychological elements, it comprises of attitudes, skill in operations, acceptance levels in the objectives and purposes, willingness in the implementation (employees’ cooperation) and the responding direction to implementors’ policies (Goggin et al., 1990; Hambleton, 1983; Kitti Boonnark, 1993; Sabatier & Mazmanian, 1980; Van Meter & Van Horn, 1975; Voradej Chandarasorn, 2011).
13) Attribute of coordination means a feature of individuals, group, sector or organization that coordinate closely in operating based on strategic plan, policy, plan or project together for achieving the defined purposes and maximizing efficiency.
Thereby, the attribute of coordination can be measured by the perception and understanding in policy co-implementation, unified management system, ability in coordinating between various departments or organizations that are responsible to the policy implementation, accuracy and regularity of communication between organizations, role or attribute of interaction and external network of organization, complication of interaction and external network of organization, official interaction with external organizations and co-responsibility level of related sectors (Napaporn Janchai, 2015; Pisan Banchusuwan, 2015; Sarochar Phraepasa, 2014).
14) Aggregation of sub-units means the combination or participation of people, groups, sectors, organizations or other associations in several levels for acting or implementing something or some activities to achieve the expected objectives (Benjawan Timsuwan & Rachanee Sunsern, 2012; Piyawan Kongprasert, 2008).
15) Relatedness of sub-units means the cooperation between individuals, groups, sectors, organizations or associations that was connected to each other and depended on skills, knowledge and missing resources in order to fulfil the capabilities of administration to achieve the expected objectives (Office of the Public Sector Development Commission, 2003; Phra Brahmagunabhorn (Por. Oar. Payutto), 1997).
16) Holistic of sub-units means working as a teamwork or alliances of individuals, groups, sectors, organizations or associations over two units. These units share expenditures or costs, knowledge, skills, capabilities, resources and future benefits for enhancing potentials in some implementation as the goals that they need to succeed (Nguyen, 2018; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat & Sookyuen Tepthong, 2015)